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PubMed2002

Mammaglobin expression in gynecologic malignancies and malignant effusions detected by nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.

The detection of micrometastatic disease remains a challenge for the diagnosis and monitoring of malignant disease. RT-PCR for human mammaglobin (hMAM) was recently shown to provide a sensitive method for assessing circulating breast cancer cells in peripheral blood. This study was aimed at investigating hMAM expression in normal and malignant tissue from the female genital tract and the prostate as well as in malignant effusions derived from gynecologic malignancies. hMAM expression was analyzed with nested RT-PCR in 152 samples of normal (n = 73) and malignant epithelial tissues (n = 79) and in 33 specimens of various normal mesenchymal tissue types. We found hMAM expression was not restricted to the normal mammary gland and breast carcinoma but was also detectable in most specimens of benign and malignant epithelial tissue from the ovary (97% versus 95%), uterus (both 100%), and cervix (91% versus 90%). Notably, hMAM expression was also found in benign prostatic hyperplasia (45%) and in prostate cancer (55%). A much lower expression rate was found in various normal and benign mesenchymal tissues (12%). In keeping with our previous data, hMAM expression was absent in all control samples (n = 124) of peripheral blood and bone marrow from healthy volunteers and patients with hematologic malignancies. In pleural or peritoneal effusions (n = 42) from patients with carcinomas of the breast, endometrium, or ovary, hMAM positivity was noticed in the majority of cases (74%), whereas only 52% of the specimens were cytologically positive for tumor cells. In conclusion, hMAM expression assessed by nested RT-PCR is a sensitive molecular marker for detecting micrometastatic tumor spread into pleural effusions and ascites from patients with breast cancer and various other gynecologic neoplasms.

Female↗

PubMed1998

Malignant tumors of the eyelid: a population-based study of non-basal cell and non-squamous cell malignant neoplasms.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative frequencies, average annual incidences, and patient characteristics of non-basal cell and non-squamous cell malignant neoplasms of the eyelid in a defined geographic population. DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective study using the Florida Cancer Data System to identify malignant tumors of the eyelid, except for basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, from 1981 through 1994. Cases were limited to persons who resided within Florida. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incidence of histologically confirmed malignant eyelid tumors. RESULTS: Two hundred six primary malignant eyelid tumors were identified. The 3 most common, in order of frequency, were melanoma, sebaceous carcinoma, and lymphoma. The median age at diagnosis for all patients was 73 years. Only 3 of the 206 malignant neoplasms occurred in blacks. The annual incidence of eyelid melanoma and sebaceous carcinoma in whites older than 20 years was 0.6 and 0.5 per million, respectively. Kaposi sarcoma was the most common type of mesenchymal tumor. Eleven different histologic types of lymphoma were found in the eyelid. Only 2 of 27 lymphomas had T-cell lineage. CONCLUSIONS: Malignant tumors of the eyelid other than basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma are uncommon and usually occur in elderly white persons. Primary eyelid tumors of any type are rare in blacks. The risk of a non-basal cell and non-squamous cell malignant neoplasm of the eyelid in Florida is 6.4 times greater for whites than for blacks (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1-20.2). A variety of B-cell lymphomas can be manifested as primary eyelid tumors.

Adenocarcinoma, Sebaceous↗

PubMed2006

The presentation of malignant tumours and pre-malignant lesions incidentally found on PET-CT.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to determine the general and organ-specific presentation of incidental primary tumours on PET-CT. METHODS: PET-CT reports of 2,360 consecutive patients were reviewed and revealed 156 lesions suspicious for a new unexpected malignancy, in 151 patients. One hundred and twenty of these lesions, in 115 patients, were further assessed, by biopsy (n=84 patients) or by clinical and imaging follow-up (n=31 patients) for a mean of 17+/-4 months (range 12-25 months). RESULTS: Forty-four unexpected malignancies were found in 41 of the study patients (1.7%). Twenty-seven of the 44 incidental tumours were identified on the basis of their location, which was uncommon for metastasis of the known malignancy. Eight were detected as a result of either the difference in FDG avidity of the known malignancy and the incidental lesion or the presence of an incidental non-FDG-avid mass on the CT part of the study. Four tumours were synchronous carcinomas in patients with known colorectal malignancy, three were identified by virtue of the discordant response to treatment compared with the known primary tumour and two were detected as new sites of disease after a prolonged disease-free period. There was organ variability in the positive predictive values (PPV) of PET-CT findings for incidental primary malignancy or pre-malignant lesions: 62% for colonic lesions, 54% for lung lesions and 24% for thyroid lesions. CONCLUSION: Incidental primary tumours may be identified on PET-CT based on their location, FDG avidity, response to therapy and time of appearance. The PET and CT parts of the study appear to complement each other and assist in identification of these incidental tumours.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Ultrastructural study of benign, low-malignant potential (LMP), and malignant ovarian tumors.

Ultrastructural characteristics of benign, low-malignant potential (LMP), and malignant ovarian tumors were investigated, considering the aspects of histologic subtypes and histologic grading. In addition, the histogenesis of ovarian cancer was histologically investigated in an attempt to elucidate whether malignant tumor was generated from benign or LMP tumor, or whether it was generated de novo from normal tissues. Although all the benign, LMP, and malignant tumors appeared to be derived from Mullerian duct in serous tumors, the origin of endometrioid or mucinous tumor could not be ultrastructurally clarified. However, there was ultrastructural similarity between benign and malignant tumors among serous, endometrioid, and mucinous tumors, and it was suggested that benign adenoma may be the developmental origin of malignant tumors regardless of the histologic subtype. In addition, the investigation of endometrioid tumors revealed that the differences of histologic grading in malignant tumors reflected the ultrastructural differences, and that G1 tumor had an ultrastructure that was more similar to that of benign and LMP tumors than to that of G2 tumor.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation and cell therapy for malignant and non-malignant diseases.

The conditioning prior to allogeneic stem cell transplantation was originally designed as a myeloablative conditioning, designed to eliminate malignant or genetically abnormal cells and then use the transplant procedure for rescue of the patients or to replace missing bone marrow products. However, allografts can induce effective graft vs. malignancy effects and can also eliminate undesirable hematopoietic stem cells in patients with genetic disorders and autoimmune diseases, thus documenting that alloreactive effects mediated by donor lymphocytes post-grafting can play a major role in eliminating hematopoietic cell of host origin, as well as provide effective immunotherapy for the treatment of disease recurrence. The efficacy of donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) could be improved by activation with rIL-2 or by donor immunization. The cumulative experience over the years suggesting that alloreactive donor lymphocytes were most effective in eliminating tumor cells of host origin resulted in an attempt to reduce the intensity of the conditioning in preparation for the transplant procedure used for the treatment of hematological and other malignancies as well as life-threatening non-malignant disorders for which allogeneic stem cell transplantation may be indicated. Our working hypothesis proposed that the myeloablative conditioning which is hazardous and may be associated with early and late side effects, may not be required for treatment of patients with any indication for allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Instead, nonmyeloablative conditioning based on the use of reduced intensive preparatory regimen, also known as nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation, may be sufficient for engraftment of donor stem cells while avoiding procedure-related toxicity and mortality, followed by elimination of undesirable cells of host origin by post-transplant effects mediated by alloreactive donor lymphocytes infused along with donor stem cells or administered subsequently as DLI. Improvement of the immediate outcome of stem cell transplantation using NST due to a significant decrease in transplant related mortality has broadened the spectrum of patients eligible for allogeneic stem cell transplantation, including elderly patients and other patients with less than optimal performance status. Likewise, the safer use of stem cell transplantation prompted expanding the scope of potential indications for allogeneic stem cell transplantation, such as metastatic solid tumors and autoimmune disorders, which now are slowly becoming much more acceptable. Current strategies focus on the need to improve the capacity of donor lymphocytes to eliminate undesirable malignant and non-malignant hematopoietic cells of host origin, replacing abnormal or malignant stem cells or their products with normal hematopoietic stem cells of donor origin, while minimizing procedure-related toxicity and mortality and improving the quality of life by reducing the incidence and severity of hazardous acute and chronic GVHD.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Teratoma with malignant transformation: diverse malignant histologies arising in men with germ cell tumors.

PURPOSE: Teratoma with malignant transformation refers to a form of germ cell tumor in which a somatic teratomatous component becomes morphologically malignant and develops aggressive growth. We evaluated the spectrum of histologies, chromosomal abnormalities and clinical outcome in patients with teratoma with malignant transformation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 46 patients with germ cell tumor meeting morphologic criteria for malignant transformation. Histology, disease extent and treatment were correlated with survival. Tumors in 12 patients were studied by conventional cytogenetics or molecular genetic techniques for the isochromosome 12p [i(12p)], a marker for germ cell tumor, as well as other chromosomal abnormalities. RESULTS: The site of first detection of malignant transformation occurred in the primary tumor of 21 cases (44%), at a metastatic site in 20 (43%) and in both sites in 5 (10%). Sarcoma was the most frequent histology, identified in 29 patients (63%) with rhabdomyosarcoma the most common subtype. Seventeen tumors (37%) contained a solid tumor histology other than sarcoma, with adenocarcinoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor as the most common histologies. Four patients with mediastinal germ cell tumor containing sarcoma also had hematological malignancies, including a focus of nonHodgkin's lymphoma in the mediastinal primary tumor (1) and nonlymphocytic leukemia in spleen or bone marrow (3). Patients who had teratoma with malignant transformation components confined to the testis or retroperitoneum completely resected experienced a longer survival than those with distant metastases or incompletely resected tumors (p = 0.003). Chromosomal abnormalities associated with germ cell tumor (i[12p]) were identified in 11 of 12 tumors containing adenocarcinoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, sarcoma and leukemia. In addition to i (12p), chromosomal rearrangements characteristic of the transformed histology were detected in 4 tumors. CONCLUSIONS: A variety of nongerm cell histologies, including sarcoma, adenocarcinoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor and leukemia, may occur in association with germ cell tumor. Chromosomal abnormalities in these tumors include i (12p), reflecting germ cell tumor clonality, as well as chromosomal abnormalities associated with the transformed histology. These tumors do not respond like germ cell tumor to cisplatin-containing chemotherapy regimens. Treatment should be tailored according to that used in standard management of the transformed histology, and surgical resection is the mainstay of therapy.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1980

Malignant properties and DNA content of daughter clones from a mouse fibrosarcoma: differentiation between malignant properties.

Freshly isolated cones of high cloning efficiency from a mouse fibrosarcoma were examined for DNA content, cell size, protein content, and malignant characteristics such as artificial lung-colony-forming ability, s.c. tumour take, host survival, and spontaneous metastatic ability. These malignant characteristics and other cell properties were heterogeneous among these clones; the malignant characteristics could vary and were not "all or none" in their nature. The higher the DNA content or the larger the cell volume, the higher the malignancy in terms of artificial lung-colony forming, efficiency, s.c. tumour take, and host survival. Despite variability of each parameter, the ratio of DNA content to cell size or protein content remained constant through these variations: the increased DNA paralleled increased protein and increased cell volume. The increased DNA was correlated with the more malignant characteristics of local growth and lung-colony-forming efficiency. Spontaneous metastasis to the lung was totally different from the local growth abilities; the small-cell clone produced more metastases. The graded nature of malignant properties and the differentiation between local growth and metastatic potential among the daughter clones indicate that malignancy reflects a complex moiety of cell properties.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Metastatic malignant melanoma resembling malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: report of 16 cases.

We report 16 cases of metastatic malignant melanoma presenting clinically as lymphadenopathy or a soft-tissue mass and histologically resembling malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST). In two cases, the metastatic malignant melanoma was preceded by a primary cutaneous malignant melanoma; in four cases, it presented synchronously with such a tumor; and in 10 cases, there was no evidence of a previous or concomitant malignant skin lesion. Histologically, the tumors were characterized by a malignant-appearing spindle cell proliferation arranged in fascicles, often accompanied by a peritheliomatous growth pattern, alternating hypercellular and hypocellular areas, numerous mitoses, and foci of necrosis. In nine cases, there was residual lymph node tissue. In none of the cases was there evidence of an anatomic connection with a nerve, a coexistent neurofibroma, or the stigmata of neurofibromatosis. Fourteen of the cases showed strong and generally diffuse immunoreactivity for S-100 protein, and five cases showed positivity for HMB-45. Four of eight patients with follow-up information died of the disease. Tumors with a microscopic appearance compatible with MPNST but showing strong diffuse S-100 protein staining and featuring remnants of lymph node may represent metastatic malignant melanomas and should elicit a search for a previous or concomitant tumor in the skin and other sites. The similarities these tumors share with MPNST are probably related to their common neuroectodermal histogenesis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Potentially malignant and malignant lesions of the lip. Role of silver staining nucleolar organizer regions, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, p53, and c-myc in differentiation and prognosis.

The cellular changes leading to carcinoma of the lip are still not completely understood. This study was carried out on 44 malignant and potentially malignant lesions of the lower lip [30 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), 7 actinic cheilitis, 3 leukoplakias, and 4 nodal metastases from lower lip SCC]. Silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) and the immunohistochemical expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p53, and c-myc were evaluated on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. The results indicate that the size and numbers of AgNORs and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells are sensitive parameters for discriminating between potentially malignant lesions and SCC, and for the prognostic sub-typing of lower lip SCC. Furthermore, while p53 positivity was found more frequently in high-grade carcinomas, p53-positive cellular clones were also found in some potentially malignant lesions, a finding probably related to ultraviolet-related cellular damage. These p53-positive lesions could be considered at higher risk of progression to malignancy than the p53-negative ones, although there is no evidence for this as yet. c-myc positivity was found only in some high-grade carcinomas and metastases, and appeared correlated with the later phases of lip carcinogenesis. The combined evaluation of the proliferation status, together with the changes in p53 and c-myc oncoproteins, might constitute useful markers for the prognostic evaluation of potentially malignant, as well as malignant, lesions of the lip.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Suprabasal p53 immunoexpression is strongly associated with high grade dysplasia and risk for malignant transformation in potentially malignant oral lesions from Northern Ireland.

AIMS: No good predictive marker for the malignant transformation of potentially malignant oral lesions (PMOLs) is currently available. This study re-evaluated the value of p53 immunoexpression to predict malignant transformation of PMOLs after discounting possible confounding factors. METHODS: PMOLs from 18 patients who showed progression to carcinoma, 16 of the respective carcinomas, and PMOLs from 18 matched controls were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for p53 expression. A mouse monoclonal antibody that detects wild-type and mutant forms of human p53 was used. The p53 immunostaining pattern was also correlated with the degree of dysplasia. RESULTS: Suprabasal p53 staining was significantly associated with high grades of dysplasia (p < 0.01). The specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) for malignant transformation of suprabasal p53 staining were superior to the assessment of dysplasia, but sensitivity was inferior. All carcinomas derived from PMOLs with suprabasal p53 showed strong p53 immunostaining. However, the absence of suprabasal p53 staining and/or dysplastic changes did not preclude malignant transformation in a considerable proportion of PMOLs. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms and extends previous findings that suprabasal p53 immunoexpression has a high PPV for malignant transformation of PMOLs and can be used as a specific marker for lesions that are at high risk for malignant transformation. The absence of suprabasal p53 staining (that is, absence of, or basal, p53 staining) is non-informative for prognostic purposes. Because of its limited sensitivity, p53 IHC is not a substitute for the assessment of dysplasia in the evaluation of PMOLs. Instead, p53 IHC emerges as a clinically useful supplement of histopathological assessment in the prognosis of PMOLs.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

The distribution of actin cables and microtubules in hybrids between malignant and non-malignant cells, and in tumours derived from them.

Cell fusion provides a genetic test for linkage between cellular phenotypic markers and malignancy. We have examined hybrid cells in which malignancy is suppressed and malignant segregants derived from them, to test whether the reappearance of malignancy is regularly associated with loss or abnormality of actin cables or microtubules. Immunofluorescence studies did not reveal any difference between the malignant and non-malignant hybrids in the number and distribution of microtubules that they contained. All the hybrids, whether tumorigenic or not, contained elaborate patterns of cytoplasmic microtubules. Furthermore, no consistent relationship was observed between the absence of actin cables and malignancy.

Actins↗

PubMed1980

Studies on the surface properties of hybrid cells. II. Sialyl-transferase activity on the surface of malignant and non-malignant cells.

A measurable surface activity of sialyl-transferase is demonstrated by a number of different methods to exist on the plasma membranes of both malignant and non-malignant cells. The amount of enzyme present on the surface of malignant cells is found to be higher than that on the non-malignant ones in a wide range of malignant and non-malignant cell lines. It is proposed that the difference in apparent activity results in part from the presence of incomplete glycoproteins in the surface membranes of the malignant cells and in part from an increased rate of membrane synthesis in these cells.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

[Sensitivity and specificity of screening cutaneous pre-malignant and malignant lesions].

OBJECTIVE: The incidence of melanoma is increasing worldwide, prevalence of malignant epithelial tumors is high and early diagnosis reduces significantly the morbi-mortality of these diseases. The purpose of the study is to estimate the prevalence of pre-malignant and malignant skin lesions and to determine the sensitivity and specificity of screening tests. METHODS: A cross-sectional population-based study was carried out using 48 census tracts randomly selected from urban zone of southern, Brazil. A total of 2,112 dwellings were visited and 1,292 individuals aged 50 years or more were interviewed. The questionnaire consisted of specific questions about new skin lesions in the last six months and/or the presence of lesions on exposed areas. Those who answered affirmatively were referred to the university's outpatient clinic for medical skin examination (gold standard). For assessing specificity the same doctors investigated a sub-sample of those who replied negatively to the questionnaire. RESULTS: The prevalence of pre-malignant and malignant skin lesions was 20.7%. The screening sensitivity was 20.1%, specificity 86.9%, positive predictive value 29%, negative predictive value 80.4%, and accuracy 72.9%. Using different cut-off points, the maximum sensitivity value was 38.8% and specificity remained almost the same. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed a high prevalence of skin lesions both pre-malignant and malignant in adults. Skin lesion screening revealed low sensitivity and unsatisfactory specificity, regardless the cut-off points set.

Brazil↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Angiogenesis in benign, pre-malignant and malignant vulvar lesions.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva (SCC) accounts for about 4% of all gynaecological malignancies. It has an incidence of about 1.8 per 100,000. However, after the age of 75 the incidence of vulvar carcinoma peaks at approximately 20 per 100,000, making it as common as cervical carcinoma. Benign and pre-malignant vulvar lesions can be broadly divided into non-neoplastic epithelial disorders of the vulva (NNEDV), vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and Paget's disease of the vulva (PDV). NNEDV lesions include lichen sclerosus (LS) and squamous hyperplasia (SH). To date no solid prognostic tools are available to predict which pre-malignant vulvar lesions will progress to SCC. About 4.5% of patients develop SCC following a history of LS and ca. 4% of treated VIN lesions go on to become vulvar SCC. In PDV, 28% of patients have an underlying cancer. Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels from existing vasculature, is an essential component of solid tumour growth and metastasis. Several angiogenic factors are expressed by many tumours, suggesting that tumours promote their own vascularisation by activating the host endothelium. This review follows the progress of research in angiogenesis in vulvar disease as assessed by a variety of methods, such as in situ hybridisation (ISH), microvessel density measurements (MVD), immunohistochemically-detected angiogenic growth factor expression, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase (PD-ECGF/TP), and serum concentrations of VEGF. Thus, the potential of angiogenesis as a prognostic and predictive tool for identifying which pre-malignant lesions could progress to SCC is discussed. A relatively high MVD and strong VEGF expression may serve as prognostic indicators of survival in invasive SCC. MVD and VEGF expression are also predictive factors in identifying which VIN lesions are more likely to become invasive. However VEGF is not a predictive marker in cases of LS likely to progress to carcinoma. The expression of PD-ECGF/TP in all types of lesions tested prevents its use as a prognostic tool, unlike VEGF. However, PD-ECGF/TP is involved in PDV pathogenesis, but is not a marker of the malignant progression of PDV. In PDV, VEGF was not expressed even in those cases associated with invasive disease. Serum concentrations of VEGF play a functional role in vulvar carcinogenesis. Although associated with impaired disease-free and overall survival, pre-treatment serum concentrations of VEGF are not an independent predictor of outcome in patients with vulvar cancer. These studies suggest that further angiogenic research will be important in both the therapy and prognosis of malignant and pre-malignant vulvar disease.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Variable cytotoxicity of amifostine in malignant and non-malignant cell lines.

Amifostine is the best known radioprotector and chemoprotector which has already been incorporated into general oncology practice. However, the data regarding its action at the cellular level remain unclear. The present study examined the effect of amifostine with and without ionizing radiation on the growth of malignant and non-malignant cell lines. Amifostine was found to have a remarkable cytotoxic effect on malignant epithelial cell lines but a modest cytotoxic effect on malignant melanoma and non-malignant cell lines. It demonstrated an additive effect with radiation therapy on the malignant cell line and a variable effect on the non-malignant cell line. Endothelial cells were not affected by amifostine, but the myoblast cells showed a synergistic effect of amifostine and radiation. These findings demonstrate that the cytotoxic as well as the radioprotective effect of amifostine are cell-specific. Thus, caution should be exercised in the use of amifostine as a radioprotector, and it should be tested for each model of disease.

Acridine Orange↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Jun activation domain-binding protein 1 expression in malignant lymphoma of the thyroid: its linkage to degree of malignancy and p27 expression.

BACKGROUND: Jab1 (Jun activation domain-binding protein 1) is known as a coactivator of the AP1 transcription factor, which contributes to carcinoma progression by degrading the p27/Kip1 protein. To date, the clinical significance of jab1 in human carcinoma, including malignant lymphoma, has not been studied in depth. In this study, we investigated jab1 expression in malignant lymphoma of the thyroid. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We immunohistochemically studied jab1 expression for 50 cases of thyroid lymphoma, as well as 10 cases of chronic thyroiditis. RESULTS: Although jab1 was only occasionally expressed in follicular cells in normal follicules, it was diffusely positive in those forming small follicules typical of chronic thyroiditis and malignant lymphoma. In infiltrating lymphocytes in chronic thyroiditis, jab1 was not overexpressed. On the other hand, in malignant lymphomas, jab1 overexpression was observed in 24 cases (48.0%). It was directly linked to MIB-1 labeling index (p < 0.0001), grade of malignancy (p = 0.0130) and aberrant p53 expression (p = 0.0145). Furthermore, an inverse relationship was observed between jab1 and p27 overexpression (p = 0.0130). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that: 1) jab1 plays a role in the regenerating of follicular cells attacked by lymphocytes in chronic thyroiditis and malignant lymphoma, and 2) jab1 contributes to the progression of malignant lymphoma especially with aggressive phenotypes, possibly by degrading p27.

COP9 Signalosome Complex↗

PubMed1979

[Origin of malignant tumors of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts and the ear. 4. Malignant rumors caused by irradiation. B. Special part (author's transl)].

The problem of radiation-induced tumors is explained in detail in the following chapters: 1. Malignant tumors in dial painters using luminous paint, 2. Malignant tumors after injection of Thorotrast, 3. Bronchial tumors in Uran-mineworkers, 4. Malignant tumors caused by radium-compresses and radium-moulages, 5. Thyroid cancer caused by irradiation, 6. Leukemia and malignant tumors following the atomic bomb detonation in Hiroshima and Nakasaki, 7. Malignant tumors in Lupus vulgaris, 8. Development of malignant tumors following the irradiation of praecancerous alterations, of benign tumors and other benign changes in head and neck, 9. Radiation induced soft-tissue and bone sarcoma in the skull, 10. Radiation-induced cancers in hypopharynx diverticula, 11. Radiation-induced cancers in the antethoracic skin graft esophagus, 12. Radiation-induced second-tumors, 13. Cancer caused by ultraviolet rays, 14. Increase of hematogenic metastases by irradiation. 15. Malignant tumors caused by irradiation of the fetus in utero.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

S-100 protein in melanocytic tumors. An immunohistochemical investigation of benign and malignant melanocytic tumors and metastases of malignant melanoma and a characterization of the antigen in comparison to human brain.

An immunohistochemical investigation regarding the presence of S-100 protein in benign and malignant, primary and metastatic melanocytic tumors is reported. The studied series consisted of 15 benign nevi, 3 blue nevi, 4 juvenile melanomas, 1 balloon cell nevus, 30 primary malignant melanomas of skin, mucous membranes and conjunctiva and 30 metastatic malignant melanomas. The immunohistochemical analysis showed positive staining for S-100 protein within the majority of the tumor cells in all benign tumors examined, except the balloon cell nevus, as well as in all the primary and metastatic malignant melanomas, including low-differentiated epitheloid or spindle-cell types without demonstrable melanin pigment. The results indicate that S-100 protein is a valuable marker for melanocytic tumors, especially in the fairly frequent dilemma of malignant melanoma presenting as a solitary non-pigmented metastasis of uncharacteristic light-microscopic appearance, and without known primary tumor. A characterization and quantification of the S-100 protein immunoreactivity in 5 metastatic malignant melanomas is presented. Using immuno-electrophoresis, the presence of 3 antigenic S-100 determinants was demonstrated within homogenates from the malignant melanomas, including the previously characterized S-100 A (alpha/beta) and S-100 B (beta/beta), and suggesting the presence of a hitherto undescribed variant of S-100 protein, possibly consisting of 2 alpha-subunits. Using rocket immuno-electrophoresis, the amount of S-100 protein was estimated.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗