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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Analysis of increasing antibiotic resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae relative to changes in chemotherapy.

Three antibiotic-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae responsible for outbreaks of systemic infection in a hospital nursery were analyzed. Each organism emerged after prolonged use of a drug to which it was resistant. The first strain (RO16) produced neomycin phosphotransferase and contained three plasmids with molecular weights of 24, 25, and 30 X 10(6) daltons, respectively. Resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, neomycin, and kanamycin was transferred by conjugation at a frequency of 10(-6). The second strain of K. pneumoniae (RO106) produced gentamicin adenyltransferase and maintained aminoglycoside resistance only when propagated in antibiotic-containing medium. DNA analyses revealed eight species of plasmid DNA: one species with a molecular weight of 70 X 10(6) daltons apparently accounted for conjugal transfer of resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin. The third strain (RO180) was resistant primarily to colistin and lacked plasmids. Control of the outbreak due to this strain was achieved by aminoglycoside therapy.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1990

Non-O group 1 Vibrio cholerae: a look at the epidemiology of an occasional pathogen.

Non-O1 V. cholerae is a ubiquitous environmental isolate. It is a common contaminant of shellfish, and in the developing world, it is frequently isolated from food and water. Asymptomatic carriage rates approaching 4 percent have been described among persons involved in high-risk activities, such as eating oysters in New Orleans or going on pilgrimage to Mecca. The actual occurrence of disease appears to be much less common. This is an "occupational" pathogen which may be responsible for outbreaks or a high frequency of isolation in certain areas at specific times but which generally ranks as a minor cause of diarrheal disease. While host susceptibility and infectious dose may help explain the relatively infrequent occurrence of non-O1 V. cholerae-associated disease, it also appears likely that only a small minority of strains carry the necessary virulence factors to cause gastroenteritis. Unfortunately, there does not appear to be a single mechanism by which these organisms cause diarrhea; it is likely that we will find a heterogeneous pattern of virulence mechanisms, similar to the heterogeneity seen among diarrheagenic E. coli. As our understanding of these pathogenic mechanisms improves, there should be a corresponding refinement in our understanding of the epidemiology of these widely distributed organisms.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

Microbe Profile: Salmonella Typhimurium: the master of the art of adaptation.

Salmonella Typhimurium is a major Salmonella serovar that is found globally. It is responsible for outbreaks of self-limiting gastroenteritis that are broadly linked to the industrialization of food production. S. Typhimurium is a pathogen with a broad host range and remarkable metabolic versatility. The ∼5 Mb genome includes the pSLT virulence plasmid and has a characteristic prophage repertoire. The major virulence determinants are encoded by a variety of pathogenicity islands. Emerging multidrug-resistant lineages of epidemics of S. Typhimurium are currently causing bloodstream infections in sub-Saharan Africa. The versatility and adaptability of S. Typhimurium pose an important public health challenge.

Salmonella typhimurium↗
PubMed1981

Differential plating medium for quantitative detection of histamine-producing bacteria.

A histidine-containing agar medium has been devised for quantitative detection of histamine-producing bacteria that are alleged to be associated with scombroid fish poisoning outbreaks. The responsible bacteria produce a marked pH change in the agar, with attendant color change of pH indicator adjacent to the colonies, thus facilitating their recognition. Proteus morganii and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the two most common histidine-decarboxylating species isolated from scombroid fish and mahi mahi.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of Vibrio cholerae O139 with V. cholerae O1 classical and El Tor biotypes.

Vibrio cholerae O139 is a recently identified non-O1 V. cholerae strain responsible for outbreaks of epidemic cholera in India, Bangladesh, and Thailand in the past 2 years. Other workers have demonstrated the presence of the cholera toxin genetic element in V. cholerae O139, unlike the situation for other non-O1 V. cholerae strains. We sought to compare further this strain with strains of V. cholerae O1, classical and El Tor biotypes, by classic microbiologic methods, Southern blot analysis for restriction fragment length polymorphisms with probes for iron-regulated genes of V. cholerae O1, and comparisons of outer membrane protein profiles. Our results were similar for V. cholerae O139 and the El Tor biotype of V. cholerae O1, with the exception of the constitutive expression in V. cholerae O139 of OmpS, an outer membrane protein that was maltose inducible in comparison strains of V. cholerae O1.

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins↗
PubMed1975

Equine infectious respiratory disease.

During the past 20 years the equine population of Great Britain and Ireland has increased with the result that the practising veterinary surgeon is more frequently called upon to advise on equine problems. A significant portion of this advice is concerned with the examination of horses showing signs of this advice is concerned with the examination of horses showing signs of respiratory disease. Numerous pathogens, which include viruses, bacteria, parasites and moulds invade the respiratory tract causing similar signs of illness. It is therefore difficult to provide an aetiological diagnosis based on a clinical examination. Field studies supported by laboratory investigations have established that influenza and herpes viruses are frequently responsible for outbreaks of disease. Epidemiological studies suggest that other factors including the immune state of the equine population influence the distribution and severity of respiratory disease. The aetiology, diagnosis, treatment and control of equine infectious respiratory disease are discussed below.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1990

Recovery of hepatitis A virus from a water supply responsible for a common source outbreak of hepatitis A.

An outbreak of hepatitis A occurred in a north Georgia trailer park served by a private well. Of 18 residents who were serosusceptible to hepatitis A virus (HAV), 16 (89%) developed hepatitis A. Well water samples were collected 3 months after illness onset in the index case and 28 days after illness onset in the last trailer park resident. Hepatitis A virus antigen (HAVAg) was detected in the samples by enzyme immunoassay from three of the five cell lines following two 30-day passages and from a fourth cell line following a third passage of 21 days.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Human West Nile virus lineage 2 neuroinvasive infection as a cause of fatal Guillain-Barré syndrome.

BACKGROUND: West Nile virus (WNV) is now endemic in Europe and continues to spread to several countries, with strains 1 and 2 primarily responsible for outbreaks. According to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Italy accounts for the majority of locally acquired cases and West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND). CASE REPORT: We present the first case described in Italy and Europe of WNND-related Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the genome belonged to the WNV-2, sublineage 2a, clustering within sequences from genomes originating mainly from Hungarian 578/10 strain, a particularly virulent strain. CONCLUSION: The first case of GBS as a presentation of WNND in a European patient is reported, along with a review of all previously published cases of GBS related to WNND. The United States Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) documented 13% of WNV infections manifest as GBS, with a gradual and slow improvement, often with residual neurologic deficits of varying severity. Physicians should be aware that the presentation of a patient to an emergency department with GBS, during a certain epidemiological period of the year, should raise the clinical suspicion that the GBS may be related to a WNND.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

[Arnozán-Dubreuilh depilating folliculitis].

Male patient, aged twenty-six years. Having an eight-and-a-half-year- old dermatosis of localized evolution on scalp, under arms, thighs, pubis and legs, characterized by inflammatory papules and follicular and extra-adnexial pustules, tiny scars and lack of hair in the affected areas. The authors present a representative case of "depilating folliculitis" of (Arnozán and Dubreuilh) stressing the following: Uncommon frequency in our country but frequent in warmer climates where it is observed mainly among peasants and sugar-cane workers. Wide-depilated areas principally in folds. Seasonal outbreak. Good response to treatment. A revision of the theme is made emphasizing the histopathologic pathogenesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The virtual elimination of rubella and mumps from the United States and the use of combined measles, mumps and rubella vaccines (MMR) to eliminate measles.

The measles elimination effort, which began in 1978, has made dramatic contributions to the virtual elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) and the control of mumps in the USA. The use of combined MMR vaccine has resulted in immunization levels at school entry in excess of 95% against each of these diseases. As a result, record low levels of rubella, CRS, and mumps were reported in 1984. Continued use of MMR, along with improved surveillance and aggressive response to outbreaks, can be expected to eliminate rubella and mumps as well as measles.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1985

Water supply as a source of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a hospital for hematological malignancies.

This report details of an investigation on a significant increase in nosocomial bacteremias due to multiply-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains which occurred in a hematological ward. Serotyping according to Habs method showed a high frequence of the serotype 12. Control cultures identified in the hospital building water reservoirs the presence of the organism. After disinfection of these water reservoirs, the frequence of nosocomial septicemias caused by serotype 12 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains on the overall bacteremic episodes declined immediately and showed a declining trend in the following 13 months period. To conclude serotyping of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a useful epidemiological marker and allows to discover from where the diffusion of the organism responsible of outbreaks starts.

Cancer Care Facilities↗
PubMed1974

Epidemiological evaluation of influenza in Italy.

A statistical study of the mortality from all causes and from respiratory diseases was carried out in an evaluation of the influenza epidemics in Italy from 1956 to 1973. Type A influenzaviruses were responsible for outbreaks every 2-3 years. Type B influenzavirus appeared every 4 years and accounted for a single noteworthy epidemic in 1962-63. From the analysis of data on both general mortality and respiratory mortality a better evaluation of the extent of the influenza outbreaks could be made.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1976

The value of complement fixation and haemagglutination inhibition tests in the diagnosis of influenza A.

Antibody response of 133 influenza A patients from three outbreaks since 1972-73 was analyzed by complement fixation (CF) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) methods. During the first outbreak, a significant response was more often measured by CF than by HI. During the last outbreak HI appeared more useful than CF for routine serological diagnosis; 23% of cases verified by HI were missed by CF. The poor response of CF antibodies was associated with the high level of pre-infection antibodies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The immune response in a cat-related outbreak of Q fever as measured by the indirect immunofluorescence test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The isotypic immune response of 16 individuals who developed Q fever pneumonia following exposure to an infected parturient cat was studied. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) test was used to detect IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies to phase I and phase II Coxiella burnetii whole-cell antigens and to the phase I lipopolysaccharide. The indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test was also used to detect antibodies to phase I and phase II whole cells. None of the 16 subjects developed antibodies to the phase I lipopolysaccharide. The ELISA was more sensitive than the IFA test. IgM antibodies to phase II antigen were detectable by ELISA in 80% of the subjects at the time of onset of symptoms and were still present in 7 of the 8 tested at 32 weeks following the onset of symptoms. In all instances (ELISA: IgG, IgM; IFA: IgG, IgM) phase II antibodies developed earlier and reached higher levels than did phase I antibodies. The absence of antibodies to phase I lipopolysaccharide in acute Q fever combined with our unpublished findings of antibodies to phase I lipopolysaccharide in chronic Q fever suggests that this test may be used to distinguish acute from chronic Q fever.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Neonatal infections in puppies caused by Escherichia coli serogroups 04 and 025.

Three cases of neonatal E. coli infection in Newfoundland dogs are described. The serological examination showed that the implicated E. coli belonged to sero-group 04 in two outbreaks while sero-group 025 was responsible for one outbreak. In one of the kennels with implication of 04, this 0-group was also isolated from adult dogs with diarrheal conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Outbreak of nosocomial infections due to Klebsiella pneumoniae producing SHV-4 beta-lactamase.

One hundred and fifty-four clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to broad-spectrum cephalosporins, aztreonam and amikacin were responsible for an outbreak of nosocomial infections lasting eight months in a university hospital in Paris. This outbreak occurred in the intensive care unit (39 patients), haematology units (8 patients) and surgical and medical units (11 patients). Antibiotic resistant strains were isolated from the urinary tract (48%), wound and drainage fluids (21%), respiratory tract (14%), blood (12%) and stools (5%). High resistance to oxyimino-beta-lactams was mediated by a plasmid-encoded beta-lactamase with an isoelectric point of 7.8 (SHV-4). This CAZ-type enzyme conferred a higher level of resistance to ceftazidime and aztreonam (geometric mean MIC 135 mg/l) than to cefotaxime (geometric mean MIC 14 mg/l). All isolates were of the same biotype (weakly urease positive and no sucrose fermentation). Eight Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated in different units and at different times of the outbreak were of the same serotype, had common plasmid patterns and harboured a large self-transferable plasmid of about 180 kilobases encoding resistance to penicillins, oxyimino-beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracycline and trimethoprim. These eight large plasmids had indistinguishable EcoRI restriction patterns. These results suggest that a single strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae was responsible for this outbreak.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1980

Application of serological typing to the investigation of outbreaks of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning, 1970-1978.

Serological typing was used as an epidemiological tool in the investigation of 524 outbreaks of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning in the United Kingdom and 37 outbreaks in other countries. Five thousand five hundred and fifty-four (77%) of 7245 strains of C. perfringens associated with the 561 outbreaks were typable with the 75 Food Hygiene Laboratory antisera; in 354 (63%) of these outbreaks a specific serotype was established as being responsible for the outbreak. An assessment is made of the ability of two additional sets of antisera, prepared against 34 American and 34 Japanese strains of C. perfringens, to increase the number of strains which can be typed. The extent of cross-reaction between the three sets of antisera was determined and the results are discussed in relation to the source and history of the type strains.

Clostridium Infections↗