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Economic and social implications of multiple birth.

This paper provides the background statistics and trends on multiple births. It highlights a number of factors that influence parents with multiples, including social situation, psychological adjustment and economic circumstances. It is often assumed that these areas of concern arise only after the babies have been born, but clinicians should be aware that many are seen in the antenatal period as well. Apart from the socioeconomic cost to individual families, multiple births also carry a cost to society. A number of self-help groups and voluntary organisations can assist parents of multiples. This is especially important if parents find that family and friends cannot or will not come forward.

Attitude to Health↗

The social implications of questionable cancer therapies.

Questionable or "unorthodox" treatments are not selected in a vacuum; their degree of popularity and the particular types used are functions of their social and cultural context. The liquid preparations that were popular earlier in this century reflected fascination with bottled medicinals, consistent with the growing era of pharmaceutical medicine. Today's questionable remedies are similarly consistent with their social and cultural context. "Metabolic" therapies emphasizing diet, self care, vitamins, and internal cleansing, along with "immune-enhancing" regimens, represent today's reigning "alternatives." Such approaches reflect underlying social trends and values, such as belief in assuming personal responsibility for one's health, the importance of self care and physical fitness, patients' rights movements, dietary emphases encouraged by conventional and alternative medicine alike, the holistic medicine movement, and general disaffection with organized medicine. Just as questionable therapies are born of the values and beliefs of their culture, so these treatments and their use affect the social environment in which they exist. The relationship is reciprocal and cyclic, with social trends encouraging particular forms of questionable regimens and these regimens, in turn, reinforcing prevailing social beliefs. Public beliefs about cancer were reflected in responses to our studies of unorthodox cancer therapies and of psychosocial correlates of survival. Responses revealed widely held values and beliefs about cancer, cancer treatment, and medicine generally. These themes are described.

Complementary Therapies↗

The social implications of questionable cancer therapies.

Questionable or "unorthodox" treatments are not selected in a vacuum; their degree of popularity and the particular types used are functions of their social and cultural context. The liquid preparations that were popular earlier in this century reflected fascination with bottled medicinals, consistent with the growing era of pharmaceutical medicine. Today's questionable remedies are similarly consistent with their social and cultural context. "Metabolic" therapies emphasizing diet, self care, vitamins, and internal cleansing, along with "immune-enhancing" regimens, represent today's reigning "alternatives." Such approaches reflect underlying social trends and values, such as belief in assuming personal responsibility for one's health, the importance of self care and physical fitness, patients' rights movements, dietary emphases encouraged by conventional and alternative medicine alike, the holistic medicine movement, and general disaffection with organized medicine. Just as questionable therapies are born of the values and beliefs of their culture, so these treatments and their use affect the social environment in which they exist. The relationship is reciprocal and cyclic, with social trends encouraging particular forms of questionable regimens and these regimens, in turn, reinforcing prevailing social beliefs. Public beliefs about cancer were reflected in responses to our studies of unorthodox cancer therapies and of psychosocial correlates of survival. Responses revealed widely held values and beliefs about cancer, cancer treatment, and medicine generally. These themes are described.

Cultural Evolution↗