SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Breakfast”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Glucagon-like peptide-1 release and satiety after a nutrient challenge in normal-weight and obese subjects.

The present study was conducted to assess whether glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release and appetite after a breakfast with or without an additional galactose/guar gum stimulation is different in normal-weight compared with overweight/obese subjects. Twenty-eight overweight/obese (BMI 30.3 (sd 2.7) kg/m2; age 44.3 (sd 9.7) years) and thirty normal-weight subjects (BMI 22.8 (sd 1.4), age 31.5 (sd12.8) years) participated in a crossover study. Fasting and postprandial plasma GLP-1, insulin, glucose and free fatty acid concentrations were measured in response to either a galactose (50 g)/guar gum (2.5 g) load (836 kJ) and a standard breakfast (1.9 MJ; GG), or water (250 ml) and the standard breakfast (W) every 30 min relative to the ingestion for 120 min. Appetite was assessed using 100 mm visual analogue scales. GLP-1 concentrations were significantly increased after GG at 30 and 60 min compared with W in both groups. Plasma GLP-1 concentrations in the W condition were higher in normal-weight than overweight/obese subjects (P=0.03). No difference was observed in the GG condition between groups. Satiety was increased in normal-weight compared with overweight/obese subjects in the GG condition at 30 (P=0.02) and 60 (P=0.04) min. We conclude that after a standard breakfast with water, GLP-1 release was lower in the overweight/obese than the normal-weight subjects. However, postprandial GLP-1 release in overweight/obese subjects was no different from that of normal-weight subjects when galactose/guar gum was added to the breakfast. The latter was not mirrored by subjective feelings of satiety. Disturbed perception of the physiological feedback of a satiety hormone rather than disturbed feedback itself might contribute to obesity.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Slow release dietary carbohydrate improves second meal tolerance.

Breakfasts of lentils or wholemeal bread of identical carbohydrate content were taken by seven healthy volunteers. The lentils produced a significant 71% (p less than 0.001) reduction in the blood glucose area and flattened the plasma insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide responses by comparison with the bread. In addition, the lentil breakfast was followed by a significantly flatter blood glucose response to the standard bread lunch which followed 4 h later (by 38%, p less than 0.01). The blood glucose pattern was mimicked by feeding the bread breakfast slowly over the 4 h before lunch. Giving a bread breakfast containing a quarter of the carbohydrate reduced the breakfast glucose profile but resulted in a significantly impaired blood glucose response to lunch (168% of control, p less than 0.01). These results, together with breath hydrogen studies, performed on a separate group of four volunteers, indicate that the flattened response to lentils is not due to carbohydrate malabsorption. Slow release or "lente" carbohydrate foods such as lentils may form a useful part of the diets of those with impaired carbohydrate tolerance.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Concurrent ingestion of fat and reduction in starch content impairs carbohydrate tolerance to subsequent meals.

We examined the effect of breakfasts of different macronutrient compositions on blood glucose and insulin levels after a standard lunch fed 4 h later. Fat-containing breakfasts were compared with a breakfast of equal carbohydrate and protein content and another with higher carbohydrate but equal calorie content. Concurrent ingestion of fat resulted in a large impairment of glucose tolerance following the standard lunch 4 h later. There was no significant difference in glucose and insulin if the fat eaten was butter or peanut butter. When the fat breakfast was compared with the isocaloric larger carbohydrate meal, the effect of fat on carbohydrate tolerance at lunch was even greater. Part of the reason for this additional difference is an improved glucose tolerance at lunch due to the higher carbohydrate content of the breakfast. Concurrent ingestion of fat and reduction of starch content have a persistent effect on carbohydrate tolerance to subsequent meals.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Effects of normal meals rich in carbohydrates or proteins on plasma tryptophan and tyrosine ratios.

BACKGROUND: The delivery of circulating tryptophan to the brain and its conversion to serotonin vary directly with plasma concentrations of tryptophan and inversely with those of other large neutral amino acids (LNAAs). Although carbohydrate-rich, protein-free formula diets have been shown to elevate, and high-protein diets to depress, the tryptophan-LNAA ratio, few data are available about this ratio's responses to actual meals. OBJECTIVE: We determined whether carbohydrate-rich or protein-rich breakfasts, such as those Americans normally eat, produce substantial differences in the plasma tryptophan-LNAA ratio and in the corresponding ratio for tyrosine, the precursor of brain dopamine and norepinephrine. DESIGN: Nine overnight-fasted subjects consumed, 3-7 d apart, a carbohydrate-rich (69.9 g carbohydrate and 5.2 g protein) and a protein-rich (15.4 g carbohydrate and 46.8 g protein) breakfast. Blood samples collected at baseline and after 40, 80, 120, and 240 min were assayed for tryptophan, tyrosine, the 5 other LNAAs, and insulin. RESULTS: The carbohydrate-rich and protein-rich breakfasts had significantly different effects on both the plasma tryptophan-LNAA and tyrosine-LNAA ratios (each P < 0.01). Among the 8 subjects who consumed both breakfasts, the median difference for tryptophan:LNAA was 54% (range: 36-88%) and for tyrosine:LNAA was 28% (range: 10-64%). Insulin concentrations rose significantly after the carbohydrate but not after the protein meal. CONCLUSIONS: High-carbohydrate and high-protein breakfasts similar to those Americans normally eat can cause substantial differences in the plasma tryptophan ratio and thus, probably, in brain tryptophan concentrations and serotonin synthesis. Such meals also change the plasma tyrosine ratio and may thereby modify catecholamine synthesis.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Effects of sulfonylurea on the secretion and disposition of insulin and C-peptide.

In an attempt to examine the influence of sulfonylurea on the secretion, disposition and effect of insulin, 9 diabetic patients were studied during three one-month medications with (a) chlorpropamide (t1/2 greater than 24 h) once daily, (b) glipizide (t1/2 2-4 h) once daily, and (c) glipizide in divided dosage. The food intake of each patient was identical during each examination period. Blood concentrations of C-peptide, insulin, glucose, and drugs were determined before and after breakfast and lunch on the 4th day of each examination period. As expected, once-daily administration of glipizide led to higher after-breakfast concentrations of the drug than when the dose was divided. However, the C-peptide changes following breakfast were similar both during these two treatments and also during chlorpropamide, indicating that the amounts of insulin released from the pancreas were equivalent. In spite of this, glipizide once daily yielded 60-70% more insulin in systemic blood following breakfast than did the two other treatments. Reasonably, this signifies that the hepatic extraction of insulin was reduced during once-daily glipizide, allowing more insulin to reach systemic circulation. In addition, this was found to promote a more effective utilization of glucose following breakfast. Following lunch, the C-peptide release, the plasma insulin increase and the blood glucose reduction were greater when glipizide was given in divided dosage than when once-daily glipizide or chlorpropamide was employed. This occurred even though the after-lunch concentration of glipizide in systemic blood was lower rather than higher during divided than during once-daily administration. This supports the notion that the effect of orally administered sulfonylurea is determined not only by its concentration in systemic blood but also by its gastroenterohepatic appearance. Glipizide may offer greater therapeutic flexibility than chlorpropamide, but further studies are required to define the optimum choice and use of sulfonylureas.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

Meal composition affects postprandial fatty acid oxidation.

The influence of macronutrient content of a meal on postprandial fatty acid oxidation was investigated in 13 Caucasian males after consumption of a high-fat (HF) breakfast (33% carbohydrate, 52% fat, 15% protein) and after an equicaloric high-carbohydrate (HC) breakfast (78% carbohydrate, 6% fat, 15% protein). The HF breakfast contained short- and medium-chain fatty acids, as well as long-chain fatty acids. Respiratory quotient (RQ) and plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) were measured during the 3 h after the meal as indicators of whole body substrate oxidation and hepatic fatty acid oxidation, respectively. Plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and lactate were also determined because of their relationship to nutrient utilization. RQ was significantly lower and plasma BHB was higher after the HF breakfast than after the HC breakfast, implying that more fat is burned in general and specifically in the liver after an HF meal. As expected, plasma FFA and triglycerides were higher after the HF meal, and insulin and lactate were higher after the HC meal. In sum, oxidation of ingested fat occurred in response to a single HF meal.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of food on the bioavailability of an enteric-coated tablet formulation of omeprazole 20 mg under repeated dose conditions.

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of food on the bioavailability of omeprazole (20 mg) given as an enteric-coated tablet under repeated dose conditions. This open randomized crossover study consisted of three seven-day treatment periods, each separated by a drug-free period. During each treatment period an enteric-coated tablet of omeprazole was taken once daily either under fasting conditions, or immediately before or after a standardized breakfast. On the last day of each treatment period, blood samples for the determination of plasma omeprazole concentrations were collected at baseline and at predetermined intervals over the 24 h period following drug administration. Fifty-seven male and female subjects, aged 18 to 52 years, completed the study according to the protocol. No statistically significant differences were found when comparing either the before breakfast or after breakfast treatment regimens with the fasting regimen for the estimated mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC). The maximum plasma concentration was not found to differ significantly among any of the treatment regimens. However, the lower limit of the CI for the comparison of fasting/before breakfast was not contained within the limits of bioequivalence. The time to reach maximum plasma concentration was significantly different when fasting and after breakfast regimens were compared. Thus, under repeated dose conditions, food has no influence on the bioavailability (expressed as AUC) of omeprazole given as the enteric-coated tablet formulation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Thermic responses to vegetarian meals and yoga exercise.

The thermic effect (TEF) of vegetarian meals was measured for breakfast and lunch in 6 lean healthy men (18-25 years) during normal feeding (NF) and with 20% overfeeding (OF) on 28 successive days. The energy contents of breakfast were 223 +/- 10 and 330 +/- 48 kcal, and those of lunch were 1,033 +/- 220 and 1,247 +/- 222 kcal in NF and OF, respectively. In NF, the TEF per 180 min was 32.7 +/- 8.6 and 54.8 +/- 6.3 kcal for breakfast and lunch, respectively. In OF, the TEF was 38.3 +/- 8.3 kcal for breakfast and 57.2 +/- 5.4 kcal for lunch. The increase in total TEF due to OF was nonsignificant (p greater than 0.2). In response to 20% OF, adaptive thermogenesis was manifested mainly through an increase in the resting metabolic rate of 4.9% (p less than 0.001). In both feeding, regimes, the percent TEF was higher for breakfast than for lunch (p less than 0.05). Regression analysis of TEF versus calorie load indicated a stable component of 42 kcal with a 2% rate of increase. Yoga exercises were performed from 16.00 to 17.00 daily. The thermic effect of yoga exercises observed from 17.10 to 18.30 was 21 kcal and persisted beyond 90 min, indicating the role of yoga in energy metabolism.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Effect of time of meal consumption on bioavailability of a single oral 5 mg tacrolimus dose.

Tacrolimus (FK506, Prograf) is marketed for the prophylaxis of organ rejection following allogenic liver or kidney transplantation. This study investigated the effect of timing of a standardized breakfast meal on both the rate and extent of tacrolimus absorption following a single 5 mg oral dose. The protocol used a randomized, open-label, four-period, four-treatment, four-sequence crossover design in 16 healthy, nonsmoking, drug-free male subjects between the ages of 22 and 45 years who were within 15% of their ideal body weight. The four treatments were the following: (A) fasting for 10 hours, (B) ingestion 1 hour before breakfast, (C) ingestion immediately following consumption of the breakfast, and (D) ingestion 1.5 hours after beginning consumption of the breakfast. The breakfast, which was consumed over 15 minutes, contained 848 kcal, with 30%, 16%, and 54% of calories derived from fat, protein, and carbohydrate, respectively. Tacrolimus absorption in the fasting state provided the greatest relative bioavailability (p < 0.05 compared with all other three treatments). AUC(0-infinity)) averaged 312, 276, 205, and 203 ng x h/mL for treatments A, B, C and D, respectively. In contradistinction to taking the drug 1 hour prior to a meal, which had a relatively minor impact on the relative extent of absorption (approximately 12%) compared to the fasting state, ingestion of tacrolimus immediately after a meal (treatment C) or 1.5 hours subsequent to a meal (treatment D) had a more pronounced influence. Mean AUC(0-infinity) ratios (fasting to either postmeal treatments) were approximately 1.5, indicating that absorption extent was considerably reduced by ingesting tacrolimus capsules immediately after eating or 1.5 hours thereafter. Absorption was also prolonged following drug ingestion after a meal, as indicated by a mean tmax value in the fasting state of 1.84 hours, relative to 3.41 hours (immediately aftermeal, p = 0.0035) and 3.22 hours (1.5 hours postmeal, p = 0.0094). The only discernable difference in parameters between treatments C and D was with Cmax, with values of 7.19 and 9.04 ng/mL, respectively, but was not statistically significantly different (p = 0.231). Based on these results and those from a prior study, it is recommended that under therapeutic conditions, oral tacrolimus be administered in a consistent manner, both with respect to the type of meal as well as timing of ingestion relative to consumption of the meal.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Effect of food on early drug exposure from extended-release stimulants: results from the Concerta, Adderall XR Food Evaluation (CAFE) Study.

Stimulant therapy is the mainstay of treatment for children, adolescents and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Once-daily, extended-release oral formulations offer long acting control of symptoms by modifying drug delivery and absorption. In particular, consistency in early drug exposure is important for symptom control during school or work hours. Because these once-daily formulations are usually taken in the morning, the timing of the doses with breakfast is important. This study compared the effect of a high-fat breakfast on early drug exposure from a morning dose of two extended-release stimulant formulations: the osmotic-controlled OROS tablet of methylphenidate HCI (CONCERTA) and the capsule containing extended-release beads of mixed amphetamine salts (ADDERALL XR). The study had a single-dose, open-label, randomised, four-treatment, crossover design in which healthy subjects received either 36 mg CONCERTA or 20 mg ADDERALL XR in the morning after an overnight fast or a high-fat breakfast. Serial blood samples were collected over 28h to determine plasma concentrations of methylphenidate and amphetamine. The food effect on early drug exposure and the pharmacokinetic profiles up to 8 h after dosing of the two extended-release stimulants were directly compared using partial area (AUC(p4h), AUC(p6h) and AUC(p8h)) fed/fasted ratios. Amphetamine concentrations were markedly lower when the subjects had eaten breakfast, resulting in lower early drug exposures (p < 0.0001). By contrast, methylphenidate concentrations over the same 8 h were unaffected by breakfast, providing consistent levels of early drug exposure. Therefore, as a child's or adult's eating pattern varies, methylphenidate exposure over the first 8 h would be expected to have less day-to-day variation compared with amphetamine exposure. The osmotic-controlled OROS tablet provides a reliable and consistent delivery of methylphenidate HCI, independent of food, for patients with ADHD.

Absorption↗

PubMed2006

The effects of food on the bioavailability of fenofibrate administered orally in healthy volunteers via sustained-release capsule.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of food on plasma concentration and bioavailability of fenofibrate administered as a sustained-release capsule. METHODS: Twenty-four healthy Korean volunteers were enrolled in a randomised, open-label, balanced, three-treatment, three-period, three-sequence, single oral dose, crossover pharmacokinetic study. A single dose of fenofibrate (250 mg sustained-release capsule) was administered on three occasions -- after overnight fasting, after consumption of a standard breakfast and after a high-fat breakfast. Serial blood samples were collected for the next 72 hours. Plasma fenofibric acid concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. RESULTS: The pharmacokinetic parameters were significantly affected by food intake. The high-fat breakfast affected the rate of absorption of fenofibrate more than the standard breakfast and fasted conditions. Specifically, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC(infinity)) and peak plasma concentration (C(max)) increased 2.45-fold and 2.89-fold, respectively, between the fasted and standard-fed conditions (p < 0.01). In addition, the high-fat meal caused 3.34-fold and 3.82-fold increases compared with the fasted condition in AUC(infinity) and C(max), respectively. A one-compartment open model with lag time successfully described the plasma concentrations of fenofibric acid. CONCLUSION: In healthy volunteers, AUC(infinity) and C(max) of fenofibrate, when administered via sustained-release capsules immediately after the consumption of food, was increased significantly from the fasting conditions (p < 0.01). The greatest AUC(infinity) and C(max) occurred when the capsules were taken after a high-fat breakfast.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1999

[Morning blood glucose determination in the monitoring of metabolic control in type 2 elderly diabetic cases treated by oral hypoglycemic agents].

Daily blood glucose profiles were measured in 163 Type 2 elderly diabetic cases to evaluate whether a fasting (before breakfast) or a post-prandial (after breakfast) blood glucose concentration is able to predict blood glucose values throughout the day. In the diet-treated alone group (n = 61), the percentage of daily blood glucose profiles having plasma glucose values less than the 08:00 hours (before breakfast) value were as follows: 59.0%, 32.8%, 59.0%, and 55.7% at 18.00 (before supper), 24.00, 03.00, 06.00 hours, respectively. In group treated by oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) (n = 102), these were as follows: 45.1%, 26.5%, 52.9%, and 67.6%, respectively. In the OHA group, the mean plasma glucose value at 08:00 hours was significantly higher in patients with the lowest plasma glucose levels between 60-79 mg/dl than in patients with these levels between 80-99 mg/dl (103.7 +/- 19.6 vs 118.7 +/- 16.9 mg/dl, p < 0.01), but that at 10:00 hours was similar in the two groups (218.8 +/- 43.9 vs 214.5 +/- 40.1 mg/dl). In patients with lowest plasma glucose levels of between 60-99 mg/dl, the 08:00 hours value correlated positively with that of 24:00 (r = 0.40), 03.00 (r = 0.53), and the 06.00 hours value (r = 0.69), but no correlation was observed with the 18.00 hours value. On the other hand, the 10:00 hours value was not associated with these time-points values. Our results reveal that before breakfast plasma glucose values are more predictive of low blood glucose values in the night during sleep than after-breakfast blood glucose values, but do not predict low blood glucose values before supper in patients on OHA.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2003

Glycemic control with different premixed insulin in Taiwanese people with type two diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to compare the clinical responses between Mixtard 50 HM (premixed insulin with 50% regular insulin (RI) and 50% neutral protamine Hagedom (NPH)) and Mixtard 30 HM (premixed insulin with 30% RI and 70% NPH) among type 2 diabetic patients. The acceptability of NovoPen 3 and traditional syringe was also evaluated among these patients. METHODS: Twenty-six patients were injected with Mixtard 30 HM initially using traditional syringe, which was switched to Mixtard 50 HM eight weeks later. When the switch commenced, patients were randomly assigned to two groups. One group used traditional syringe and the other used NovoPen 3. Blood glucoses were measured before breakfast, before lunch and at bedtime for two days in a week by patients themselves. Hemoglobin A(1c)(HbA(1c)) was checked at week 8 and week 16. At the end of the trial, patients completed 1 questionnaires regarding their acceptability of NovoPen 3. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in mean blood glucose levels measured before breakfast, before lunch, or at bedtime, or in HbA(1c), between Mixtard 30 HM and Mixtard 50 HM treatment periods. However, blood glucose after breakfast declined more in Mixtard 50 HM treatment period than in Mixtard 30 HM treatment period. Up to 96.2% of the study subjects reported that NovoPen 3 was more convenient in use than traditional syringe. CONCLUSIONS: Blood glucose declined more from pre-breakfast level to pre-lunch level when patients used Mixtard 50 HM instead of Mixtard 30 HM. We suggest that Mixtard 50 HM is more appropriate for post-breakfast hyperglycemic diabetic patients. NovoPen 3 results in a similar clinical glycemic response but is better accepted by the patients than conventional syringe.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Influence of food intake on the bioavailability of urapidil in healthy volunteers.

The influence of food intake on the pharmacokinetics of a single dose (30 mg) of urapidil in a tablet and a sustained-release capsule form were examined in 12 healthy volunteers in a double crossover trial. Drug administration under fasting conditions requires that a standardized breakfast be eaten, 4 h after drug intake. Drug application with breakfast requires drug intake with the standardized breakfast. Blood was sampled and blood pressure measured before and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 15, 18, 21, 28 and 32 h after drug administration. Urapidil was determined by HPLC. AUC, Cmax, tmax and t1/2 were calculated. Food intake did not influence the bioavailability of urapidil in tablet form. After the administration of the sustained-release capsule Cmax and tmax were increased while t1/2 was decreased by food intake. Despite these differences, the AUC was not influenced by concomitant food intake with the sustained-release capsule. In the fasting state, the AUC of the sustained-release capsule was 28% lower than that of the tablet. Food intake together with the sustained-release capsule abolished this difference. Since blood pressure decreases in hypertensive patients treated with urapidil are most pronounced in the inclining part of the urapidil-serum concentration curve, maximizing this part of the curve, as is the case with the administration of the sustained-release capsule together with breakfast, should be advantageous. Therefore, the suggestion that the sustained-release capsule be taken with breakfast is of therapeutic significance.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of different types of food loads on the rate of emptying of the gastric stump in patients with the dumping syndrome after gastric resection].

The influence of carbohydrate, carbohydrate-fatty and protein test breakfasts on the rate of gastric stump evacuation was studied in 62 patients with dumping syndrome of mild and moderate severity, using the x-ray method developed by the authors. It has been established that in patients with dumping syndrome carbohydrate and carbohydrate-fatty food is most quickly evacuated from the gastric stump. Doubled amount of fat in the carbohydrate-fatty breakfast (up to 40 g) induced no significant deceleration in the gastric stump evacuation, moreover, in some cases its evacuatory function was accelerated. Intake of mineral water before breakfast did not noticeably influence the rate of gastric stump evacuation after carbohydrate and carbohydrate-fatty breakfasts, and significantly decelerates the gastric stump evacuation after protein breakfast.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Appalachian adolescents' eating patterns and nutrient intakes.

Meal and snack patterns of 114 male and 111 female adolescents in a southern Appalachian state were examined from 24-hour food records kept on a school day. Breakfast was skipped by 34% of the respondents, and 27% either skipped lunch or ate a snack-type lunch. The evening meal and snacks, each of which contributed about one-third of the daily energy intake, were eaten by 94% and 89%, respectively. Girls' mean intakes of vitamin A, calcium, and iron were low at all eating occasions throughout the day. Boys' mean intakes of iron were low at breakfast, lunch, and snacks; their vitamin A intakes were low at lunch and snacks. Adolescents who prepared their own breakfasts consumed less energy, protein, fat, and niacin at that meal than did adolescents who ate breakfasts prepared by their mothers. However, adolescent-prepared breakfasts were higher in nutrient density for calcium, riboflavin, and thiamin. Evening meals prepared by adolescents were similar in total nutrient content to meals prepared by their mothers but lower in nutrient density for iron and thiamin. Evening meals prepared by adolescents were more likely to include a sandwich and less likely to include a vegetable than were meals prepared by mothers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

The effects of aspartame versus sucrose on motivational ratings, taste preferences, and energy intakes in obese and lean women.

This study examined the effects of four breakfast preloads of different sweetness and energy content on motivational ratings, taste preferences, and energy intakes of 12 obese and 12 lean women. The preloads consisted of creamy white cheese (fromage blanc) and were either plain, sweetened with sucrose or aspartame, or sweetened with aspartame and supplemented with maltodextrin. Their energy content was either 300 kcal (1,255 kJ) or 700 kcal (2,929 kJ). Motivational ratings of hunger and the desire to eat were obtained prior to and at 30 min intervals after breakfast. Taste preferences were measured prior to and 150 min after breakfast. The subjects ate buffet-style lunch, snack, and dinner meals in the laboratory. Obese women consumed significantly more energy at meals (2,596 kcal or 10,862 kJ) than did lean women (1,484 kcal or 6,209 kJ); derived a greater proportion of energy from fat (39.9% vs. 35.5%), and had lower dietary carbohydrate-to-fat ratios. Consumption of low-energy as opposed to high-energy breakfast preloads was associated with elevated motivational ratings by noon. However, energy intakes at lunch, snack, or dinner did not vary as a function of preload type, and no compensation was observed for the energy consumed at breakfast. Taste preferences were not affected by preload ingestion or by preload type. The study provided no evidence that aspartame promotes hunger or results in increased energy intakes in obese or in lean women.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

The influence of food on the oral absorption of bevantolol.

The bioavailability of bevantolol was compared in 12 healthy volunteers given single doses of the drug as the HCl salt after an overnight fast, or 15 minutes before or after a standardized breakfast in a nonblind, randomized crossover design. Bevantolol was rapidly absorbed in all three treatment groups, with maximum concentrations (Cmax) observed at 1.0, 0.9, and 1.8 hours for the fasting, before breakfast, and after breakfast groups, respectively. Time to Cmax was significantly longer than fasting only when bevantolol was given after breakfast. Food ingestion did not significantly affect Cmax, total of absorbed drug, or the drug elimination rate. Since food only slightly decreases the drug absorption rate and has no measurable effect on the extent of drug absorption, the relationship of bevantolol administration to meals is not expected to influence therapeutic efficacy.

Absorption↗