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PubMed1993

Effect of parity on colostral mineral concentrations of Holstein cows and value of colostrum as a mineral source for newborn calves.

Colostrum samples for 93 Holstein cows and blood samples of 49 newborn calves fed only colostrum for 1 wk postpartum were collected to clarify the effect of parity on colostral and plasma mineral concentration. The concentrations of colostral Ca, P, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn were highest at parturition and decreased rapidly by 24 h postpartum. Three cows had an extremely low concentration of colostral Ca and P. Colostral Ca, P, and Mg at parturition decreased as lactation number increased and stabilized after the third lactation. Colostral Zn of primiparous cows at parturition tended to be higher than that of multiparous cows, but no effect on colostral Fe, Cu, and Mn was due to parity. Blood hematocrit and hemoglobin of newborn calves increased with greater lactation number of the dams, and the blood values were lowest at d 6 postpartum for calves born from primiparous cows. Plasma Ca of calves born from primiparous cows tended to be higher than those of calves from multiparous cows, and blood hemoglobin and plasma inorganic P concentrations of female calves were higher than those of males at d 1 postpartum. Blood hematocrit and hemoglobin and plasma Mg decreased with time postpartum, but plasma Zn and Cu increased. In general, lactation number was a major factor for alteration of colostral minerals of cows and mineral status of newborn calves.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1994

Effects of unilateral prepartum milking on concentrations of immunoglobulin G1 and prolactin in colostrum.

Concentration of IgG1 in colostrum of Holstein cows is often low at calving. Unilateral prepartum milking was applied twice daily beginning 10 d prepartum to seven dry cows to determine whether premature lactogenesis caused cessation of IgG1 transfer into secretion. All four quarters were milked twice daily for 3 d postpartum. Samples of blood sera and mammary secretion were collected at each milking and analyzed for IgG1, progesterone, and prolactin. Four cows that produced > 4 L/d of milk by 4 d prepartum were retrospectively designated as responders. Three cows produced less and were designated as nonresponders. Milk volume was greater for responders than nonresponders from 6 d prepartum through parturition. Concentrations of prolactin and IgG1 in secretion were lower for responders than nonresponders and for milked than unmilked sides by 6 d prepartum. For responders, cumulative secretions of IgG1, milk, and prolactin were higher for milked than unmilked sides. For non-responders, the trend was similar, but differences were not significant. Cumulative secretion of IgG1 was higher for nonresponders. Differences between sides indicate that local control is important to the regulation of colostrogenesis. Differences in IgG1 between response groups indicate that maintenance of transport and dilution are important determinants of IgG1 concentration in colostrum.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Isolation of bovine immunoglobulin G subclasses from milk, colostrum, and whey using immobilized egg yolk antibodies.

Immunoaffinity columns were made with specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (Ig) Y against bovine IgG1 and IgG2 and were used to isolate pure IgG1 and IgG2 from Cheddar cheese whey or colostrum. About 10% of the IgY was specific for IgG, and 3% of the IgY was subclass-specific after hyperimmunization of laying hens with either IgG1 or IgG2. Up to 38% of the potential binding capacity of IgY was obtained after immobilization by reductive amination. The IgY columns were stable, and one column could be reused for more than 50 times for over a year with minimal loss in binding capacity. Milk that was free of either IgG subclass was successfully produced by the selective removal of IgG1 or IgG2 subclasses. Double-immunodiffusion analysis confirmed the isolation of subclasses from whey and colostrum and also confirmed that their removal from milk was specific.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of vitamin D3 in bovine colostrum, early and later milk.

A simplified and accurate method for determination of naturally occurring vitamin D3 in bovine milk was established by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using successively reversed-phase and straight-phase columns. Exactly 25.0 ml of a sample of bovine milk was taken and the lipid was extracted with a solvent mixture of petroleum ether and ethyl ether (1:1) with small amounts of ethanol and Triton X-100, present. The extracted lipid was subjected to the first preparative HPLC using a Nucleosil 5C18 column (reversed-phase type) with acetonitrile-methanol (1:1) as the mobile phase, and a fraction containing vitamin D3 was isolated. The fraction was subsequently subjected to the second analytical HPLC using a Zorbax SIL column (straight-phase type) with 0.4% isopropanol in n-hexane as the mobile phase. Vitamin D3 was assayed by estimating the peak height on the chromatogram. The overall recovery and CV values were 92.1 +/- 8.7% and 9.4%, respectively, which were satisfactory. The proposed method was applied to several kinds of colostrum, early and later bovine milk in pairs. The assayed values in the colostrum of the group with large amounts of vitamin D3 administered before delivery to prevent parturient paresis were higher than those in the group with no administration. However, the values of the former group generally decreased in the respective early and later milk in step and there were few differences among those in the later milk of the two groups. The assayed values in later milk were 30-80 IU/liter.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Colostrum from cows immunized with Eimeria acervulina antigens reduces parasite development in vivo and in vitro.

Experiments were undertaken to determine whether passive immunization utilizing hyperimmune bovine colostrum (HBC) specific for Eimeria acervulina (EA) antigens conferred protection against coccidiosis in chickens. The HBC was produced by immunizing three pregnant, nonmilking Jersey cows with EA antigens administered via one intramuscular injection followed by three intramammary infusions at approximately 10, 8, 6, and 4 wk before parturition. One cow was immunized with sporozoites (SZ), the second with merozoites (MZ), and the third with recombinant merozoite antigen (rMZ). A fourth cow, unimmunized, provided normal colostrum (NC) for control purposes. Colostral whey from each cow was tested by ELISA for antibody against SZ, MZ, and rMZ antigens. In all immunized cows, antiparasite titers were elevated above those of the control. Antibodies from MZ- and rMZ-immunized cows recognized both MZ and rMZ antigen. Separate groups of 2-wk-old chickens received two oral doses of anti-SZ, -MZ, or -rMZ HBC or NC or PBS daily from 1 day before through 6 days after oral inoculation (DAI) with EA oocysts. Feces from each group were examined for oocysts. Intestines were examined for lesions 6 DAI. Histologic sections of duodenum were examined for asexual stages and gametocytes utilizing monoclonal antibody and fluorescence microscopy. In Experiments 1 and 2, oocyst production was reduced in all HBC-treated groups, except one treated with rMZ HBC, compared with PBS- or NC-treated groups. In Experiment 2, the severity of lesions was significantly reduced in all HBC-treated groups compared with those that received NC or PBS. Significantly fewer developmental stages were found in histological sections from all chickens treated with anti-SZ and anti-rMZ HBC than from controls. Anti-SZ HBC significantly reduced the number of intracellular SZ found 24 h after their inoculation into cultures of primary chicken kidney cells. These results suggest that HBC specific for certain EA antigens can inhibit parasite development and reduce severity of parasite-related gut lesions.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Colostrum deficiency in mule deer fawns: identification, treatment and influence on neonatal mortality.

Glutaraldehyde coagulation test, zinc sulfate turbidity test, and total protein refractometry were adapted for use in detecting failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins to mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus). The results of all three tests were similar. Serum total protein concentration was directly correlated to gamma globulin concentration and gave the best indication of morbidity and mortality. Thirteen of 13 fawns with serum total protein concentrations of 5 g/dl or less at 1 to 7 days of age developed diarrhea and died before 17 days of age. Only 1 of 14 fawns having a serum protein concentration above this level became sick and died. Seven of 13 fawns that had serum total protein concentrations of 5 g/dl or less, and that had already developed diarrhea, were given 20 ml of plasma per kg body weight. Although this increased their serum gamma globulin concentrations 0.3 g/dl, none survived. Administration of bovine colostrum to one fawn increased its serum gamma globulin concentration suggesting that mule deer fawns are able to absorb gamma globulins from bovine colostrum.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Monitoring antibodies to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in sow colostrum--a tool to document freedom of infection.

In a survey in Finland in 1995, 14,919 colostral whey samples from 530 farrowing herds were analysed by a monoclonal blocking-ELISA to detect antibodies to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae). Antibodies were detected in 274 (1.8%) samples and in 42 herds (7.9%). The median prevalence of sows with antibodies in seropositive herds was 28.2% (range, 2.7-100%). According to clinical and pathological follow-up in finishing herds in 1996, all of the farrowing herds which were seronegative in 1995, were truly non-infected with M. hyopneumoniae. In acutely infected herds, samples collected earlier than 2 h after farrowing were 3 times more likely to contain antibodies than samples collected 2-12 h after farrowing (odds ratio, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.4-6.6). Repeated freezing or spoilage of the colostrum samples did not cause biologically relevant problems for the ELISA. Antibodies to M. hyopneumoniae were shown to persist up to 3 years in some sows. As a conclusion, colostrum samples were very sensitive samples for the screening of herds for M. hyopneumoniae infection and possibly also for a regular surveillance.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1979

Human immunoglobulin D in colostrum, saliva and amniotic fluid.

An antiserum raised to a partially purified preparation of secretory IgA isolated from human colostrum was shown to contain antibodies directed against human IgD. The inferred presence of IgD in the human colostrum was confirmed and also its association with antibody activity, as demonstrated by the presence of anti-E. coli antibodies. IgD was also shown to be present in whole saliva, parotid saliva and amniotic fluid, but could not be detected in jejunal juice.

Amniotic Fluid↗

PubMed1979

Immunological evidence of beta-lactoglobulins in human colostrum and milk.

Over thirty specimens of breast milk and colostrum were examined by the double diffusion method in agarose gel using antibovine beta-lactoglobulin antisera. Cross reactions were obtained showing the presence of beta-lactoglobulins in human milk and colostrum; the strength of these reactions was comparable with those already observed with porcine and equine mammary secretions. Identity reactions were obtained between human and sow's milk against anti-bovine beta-lactoglobulin antisera. Results are discussed from the immunological and structural point of view.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

The use of nuclear magnetic resonance for assessment of time variation in composition of human milk and colostrum: a case study during pregnancy and post-partum.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectra were collected on milk and colostrum obtained from the author during the pregnancy and post-partum periods for two births. Peak features in the downfield region, containing antibody and aromatic resonances (6.0 to 9.0 ppm), varied over time. This time variation pattern, while nearly identical for milk following the author's two births, differed dramatically from the colostrum of another woman in labor. A possible pattern unique to each woman should be further investigated by monitoring NMR spectra on a larger sample. Downfield peak pattern variations were less intense between five women in later stages of lactation. Other spectral regions showed only minor variations with time and patterns did not differ significantly. These five women excreted proteins and/or small aromatic compounds in a time variant pattern assessable with NMR spectrocopy.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Antibodies against invasion plasmid coded antigens of shigellae in human colostrum and milk.

Colostral and milk samples of Swedish, Vietnamese and Costa Rican mothers living under various socioeconomic conditions were tested for the presence of shigella invasion plasmid coded antigen (Ipa) specific antibodies. IgA antibodies of this specificity were found in significantly higher titres in samples of Vietnamese (600 +/- 338) than in samples of Swedish or high income Costa Rican mothers (190 +/- 224 and 290 +/- 241, respectively; p < 0.05). Specific IgA titres in the low income group of Costa Rican mothers (470 +/- 338) did not differ significantly from the values obtained in Vietnam. While no Ipa specific IgM could be detected in any of the samples tested, specific IgG was found in 90% of the Vietnamese colostrum. These data indicate that antibodies which could be responsible for the dysentery-preventing effect of breast feeding are indeed present in human colostrum and milk in areas where shigellosis occurs with relatively high incidence.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed2004

[Do colostrum tablets have a symptomatic effect on sore throat?].

BACKGROUND: Throat infections are common conditions in general practice. Pain and discomfort can be considerable in all kinds of throat infections and it would be of great clinical relevance to find out if either of the two types of colostrum tablets sold over the counter in Norway shortens the duration of symptoms in throat infections not caused by group A streptococci. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was prospective, double-blinded, randomised and placebo-controlled. 148 adult patients with sore throat were recruited in five Norwegian military camps during the winters 1999-2001. The main outcome measures were the degree of sore throat and malaise as experienced by the patients, measured by visual analogue scale, and the number of days until recovery. The patients were divided in three groups who received either one of the two brands of tablets or placebo which they would use more or less continuously until recovery. RESULTS: 148 patients completed the study. Patients in all three groups reported a reduction of pain on the visual analogue scale of approximately 50% after 6 days. There were no significant differences in pain reduction between the groups. As to malaise, the Curamed group had a somewhat lower, non-significant start value and also experienced less reduction in symptoms. The differences between the groups were not significant. There was no significant difference between the groups as to the duration of pain until recovery. INTERPRETATION: In this study we found no symptomatic effect of neither of the colostrum tablets used by patients with sore throat.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Therapeutic properties of proteins and peptides from colostrum and milk].

Colostrum and milk are rich in proteins and peptides which play a crucial role in innate immunity when transferred to the offspring and may accelerate maturation of the immune system in neonates. The immunotropic properties of these proteins prompted investigators research their potential application in prevention and therapy. Lactoferrin (LF) exhibits antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitice, and antitumoral activities. It is protective with regard to intestinal epithelium, promotes bone growth, and accelerates the recovery of immune system function in immunocompromised animals. LF was tried in the treatment of hepatitis C infection and the intestinal form of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). A proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) demonstrated a variety of immunotropic functions, including the promotion of T-cell maturation and inhibition of autoimmune disorders. PRP, in the form of chewable tablets (Colostrinin) was recently found to improve or stabilize the health status of Alzheimer's disease patients. Casein and casein-derived peptides showed protective activities in enamel demineralization and as caries-preventing agents. The protein hydrolyzates were also protective in diabetic animals, reduced tumor growth, had antihypertensive activity and diminished colicky symptoms in infants. Glycomacropeptide (GMP), a peptide derived from kappa-casein, exhibited various antibacterial and antithrombotic activities. Alpha-lactalbumin (LA) demonstrated antiviral, antitumoral and anti-stress properties. LA-enriched diets were anxiolytic, lowered blood pressure in rats, prevented diarrhea, and led to a better weight gain in malnourished children. HAMLET, a complex of LA and oleic acid, was effective in patients with cutaneous papillomas. Lysozyme found application in infant formulas, the treatment of periodentitis, and the prevention of tooth decay. Milk enriched in lysozyme was used in feeding premature infants suffering from concomitant diseases. Interesting, antibacterial properties were exhibited by lactoperoxidase. Both lysozyme and lactoperoxidase required cooperative action with LF in combating bacteria. In conclusion, preparations derived from milk and colostrum are effective, easily bioaccessible, and safe, finding wide application in prevention and therapy for newborns and adults.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Total antioxidative status in colostrum. The influence of maternal smoking].

UNLABELLED: Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. The purpose of the antioxidative defense is to inactivate reactive oxygen particles. Human milk has antioxidative properties. The antioxidative barrier is impaired in smokers. THE AIM of the study was to evaluate the influence of maternal smoking during pregnancy and lactation on total antioxidative status (TAS) in colostrum. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 57 healthy women after natural delivery were included in the study. Group I - consisted of non-smokers (median 29 years; range 22-36 yrs), group 11-25 smokers (median 25 years; range 18-31 yrs). Milk samples were collected between 2nd and 4th day after delivery. RESULTS: Total antioxidative status in milk of non-smoking group (group I) was 4.55 mmol/l (range: 1.5-19.0) and 2.61 mmol/l (range: 1-23.9) in milk of smoking group (group II). Total antioxidative status was significantly decreased in milk of smoking mothers (group II) (test U; U=249; p<0.015). TAS in milk of smoking mothers is decreased by 11.9%. CONCLUSION: Smoking during pregnancy and lactation decreases the antioxidative properties of colostrum.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Affinity liquid chromatography method for the quantification of immunoglobulin G in bovine colostrum powders.

An affinity liquid chromatography (LC) method for the determination of bovine immunoglobulin G (IgG), using protein G coupled to an agarose support, was modified to permit the quantification of IgG in colostrum-based powders. Sample preparation included pH adjustment to 4.6 to precipitate casein and denatured whey protein. The method was applied to a range of colostrum powders and was compared with the alternative independent methods of surface plasmon resonance immunoassay, radial immunodiffusion, and reversed-phase LC. The method was rapid, and performance parameters included a working range of 10-150 microg IgG and precision relative standard deviation values of <10%.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Changes in serum immunoglobulin values in kittens after ingestion of colostrum.

Immunoglobulin values were determined in fetal and kitten sera. In the fetal and precolostral kitten sera, only IgG was detected, except in 1 case in which IgM was detected. The IgG, IgA, and IgM were transferred to the kittens through colostrum ingestion with some selectivity. Concentration of the transferred IgG, IgA, and IgM decreased significantly with half-lives of 4.15 +/- 1.29 days, 2.03 +/- 0.33 days, and 2.2 +/- 1.2 days, respectively. As a result of this decrease and increase of de novo immunoglobulin synthesis, IgG, IgA, and IgM were at their lowest values when kittens were 20 to 25 days, 14 to 20 days, and 8 to 10 days old, respectively. After their nadir was reached, IgG values increased gradually, IgA slowly, and IgM rapidly, as a result of de novo immunoglobulin synthesis. When the kittens were 90 days old, their immunoglobulin values were 80% (IgG), 7% (IgA), and 100% (IgM), compared with those of adult cats. These findings suggest that kittens that receive inadequate colostrum from their mothers will be particularly susceptible to infection after they are 5 weeks old.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

What is the role of cytokines in human colostrum?

No one has ever doubted that maternal milk, in comparison to formula milk, has a far superior nutritional value. Colostrum has a well acknowledge crucial value for the survival of the animal species that cannot receive immunoglobulins through the placenta. Until recently the presence of cytokines in colostrum was unsuspected but it has been now clarified that normally there are at least four cytokines, namely interleukin 1 and 6, tumor necrosis factor and interferon gamma, that may exert an important immunostimulatory role particularly on the oropharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue. As a corollary, physiological concentration of cytokines administered per os may exert a useful adjuvant activity in aged or immunodeficient people.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Production and preparation of hyperimmune bovine colostrum for passive immunotherapy of cryptosporidiosis.

Pregnant cows were immunized to produce hyperimmune bovine colostrum (HBC) by intramuscular injection or intramammary infusion (TI) followed by 3 successive TI boosters with Cryptosporidium parvum (Cp) oocyst antigen mixed with Freund's (F) or Ribi (R) adjuvant. Control cows received no Cp. Colostrum from all cows was skimmed of butterfat and tested for specific anti-Cp immunoglobulin isotypes by ELISA. The HBC from Cp-F and Cp-R immunized cows had IgG1 titers exceeding 1:400,000 and 1:800,000, respectively. Some HBC from Cp-F immunized cows was freeze-dried to facilitate storage and some were irradiated at 42.5 kGy to kill potentially contaminating pathogens. Freeze-drying, but not irradiation, reduced IgG1 titers by only one dilution. Neither treatment affected Western blot banding patterns.

Animals↗