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Results for “Coping”

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PubMed2004

Neurocognitive ability in adults coping with alcohol and drug relapse temptations.

Coping is important for preventing relapse, but may be utilized differently depending on the individual's level of cognitive functioning. Impaired reasoning, attention, and memory are commonly observed in alcohol-dependent individuals. This study describes the prospective relationship between neuropsychological functioning and utilization of coping strategies in predicting outcome one year after discharge from an inpatient alcohol treatment program. Male veterans (n = 43) hospitalized in an alcohol treatment facility were given structured interviews, coping questionnaires, and neuropsychological testing, and were followed three and 12 months after discharge. Neuropsychological ability moderated the relationship between coping and drinking outcomes one year after treatment. This was particularly true for patients with better neurocognitive functioning. Specifically, patients with higher neurocognitive performances and more maladaptive coping responses, such as self-blame, had a greater percentage of drinking days at follow-up. Alcohol-dependent adults with good neuropsychological functioning may be able to benefit more from coping skills training. For those with neuropsychological deficits, coping skills training may need to take cognitive limitations into consideration.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Internet breast health information use and coping among women with breast cancer.

The objective of this work was to study, among breast cancer patients, if Internet health information use is associated with coping. Questionnaires were completed (n = 178) regarding Internet use and also coping as measured by the Brief Cope. MANOVA analyses were conducted for the 14 coping subscales. Following a significant MANOVA omnibus test, univariate ANOVA and multivariate ANCOVA analyses adjusting for covariates were performed. Univariate ANOVA showed acceptance, active coping, self-blame, and denial coping associated with Internet use but these results were not maintained in the multivariate ANCOVA models. Internet health information use is not associated with psychological coping in breast cancer patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

End-of-life caregiving: what helps family caregivers cope?

Patient care needs and patient quality-of-life (QOL) deficits can be significant stressors for family caregivers. Often, greater caregiving demands and poorer patient QOL are associated with greater caregiver strain. However, caregiver coping behavior can attenuate the effect of caregiving stressors on caregiver strain. This study examined the relationships among caregiving stressors, coping, and caregiver strain in a sample of 31 family caregivers and their terminally ill loved ones enrolled in home hospice programs. Caregiving stressors included patient activity of daily living (ADL) needs and dimensions of patient QOL. Coping was measured with the Family Crisis Personal Evaluation Scale (F-COPES), which has five coping scales: acquiring social support, reframing, seeking spiritual support, passive appraisal, and mobilizing the family to acquire and accept help. Caregiver strain was significantly correlated with patient ADL needs (r = 0.51), patient psychological distress (r = 0.42), and patient existential QOL (r = -0.65). Regression equations indicated that reframing coping lessened caregiver strain. Caregivers who accepted their loved one's illness, redefined illness-related problems in a more manageable way, and felt capable of solving illness-related problems had less caregiver strain than caregivers who used less of a reframing coping style.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1996

Age differences in stress, coping, and appraisal: findings from the Normative Aging Study.

Controversies exist concerning the influence of age on the stress and coping process, in part due to differences in methods across studies. We examined age differences in stress, appraisal, and coping, using both semistructured interview questions and a coping checklist in middle-aged, young-old, and old-old men. Despite extensive probing, nearly a quarter of the old-old reported having had no problems and they expended less coping effort even when they did have problems. The types of problems reported varied systematically with age. Middle-aged men were more likely to appraise their problems both as challenges and as annoyances than the older men. Different age patterns emerged from the coping interviews vs the checklists, but controlling for type of problem significantly attenuated age differences. However, there were no age differences in perceived stressfulness of the problem, appraisals of harm/loss, or helpless appraisals, number of emotions reported, or coping efficacy. One interpretation of these results is that the nature of stress changes with age, from episodic to chronic, which in turn affects appraisal and coping processes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1988

The relationships of coping responses to physical health status and life satisfaction among older women.

This study examined a model specifying the causal links between the physical, functional, and subjective components of physical health status and life satisfaction among older women, and assessed the effects of three coping responses (direct-action, positive-cognitive, and passive-cognitive coping) at each point in the process. Based on interview data with 281 older women, a series of regression analyses indicated that, before the inclusion of the coping variables, physical conditions directly contributed to functional impairment, and both indirectly lowered life satisfaction through their direct negative effects on subjective health assessments. Further analyses indicated that positive-cognitive coping buffered the effects of physical conditions at each point in the model, that passive-cognitive coping generally had deleterious effects on health status, although it prevented negative health assessments from lowering life satisfaction, and that direct-action coping had little effect. These findings emphasize the importance of a multidimensional conceptualization of physical health status in understanding its relationship with life satisfaction as well as the specific functions of coping at different points in the process for older women.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1989

Age differences and changes in the use of coping mechanisms.

Two cross-sectional studies of coping conducted on 405 men and women aged 21 to 91 in 1980 (McCrae, 1982) formed the basis for longitudinal analyses in 1987. At Time 2, 191 of the original subjects were retested, and data were also gathered from a new sample of 207 men and women. Subjects reported on a single event classified as a loss, threat, or challenge; responses were scored for 28 specific coping mechanisms and 2 broad coping factors. Cross-sectional analyses showed evidence of age or cohort differences in the use of several coping mechanisms, but none of these effects was consistently paralleled by changes in repeated measures and cross-sequential analyses. These findings suggest that aging has little effect on coping behavior in a community-dwelling sample. Retest correlations demonstrated modest stability of individual differences in most coping mechanisms, suggesting that coping responses are in part a function of enduring characteristics of the individual.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

Effects of persuasive message order on coping with breast cancer information.

The current study explored the impact of varying the order of message components on coping with breast cancer information. In a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design, threat information, coping information and order of information were manipulated. College students read persuasive essays that varied in emphasis on threat of developing breast cancer and effectiveness of breast self-examination (BSE) in averting the threat of cancer. Participants who read the high-threat message reported higher intentions to perform BSE, more rational problem solving and more hopelessness than did those who read a low-threat message. The coping information messages produced a similar pattern of results. In addition, those who read the high-coping message reported less fatalism than did participants who read the low-coping message. When threat information was presented first, the high-threat message led to less hopelessness and reliance on religious faith than when the coping information was presented first. These results demonstrate the threatening health information energizes one to act in both adaptive and maladaptive ways, and that coping information decreases the tendency to respond maladaptively to the health threat. They also suggest that the order of presentation of the information may affect the extent to which people respond adaptively.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Definite involuntary childlessness: associations between coping, social support and psychological distress.

BACKGROUND: Around 4% of all couples remain involuntarily childless. These people often experience insufficient social support, which further aggravates the distress symptoms such as physical health problems, anxiety, depression and complicated grief. This study investigates the association of coping style and the degree of satisfaction regarding social support from primary support groups with distress symptoms of involuntarily childless individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects in this cross-sectional study were people who wanted to have children with their partner but were unable to conceive and had acknowledged their involuntary childlessness. The sample consisted of 116 persons (response 88%) with an average age of 39 years (SD = 6.0), with 75% women. The sample group completed a questionnaire consisting of passive and active coping styles from the Utrecht Coping List (UCL), the discrepancy variant of the Social Support List (SSL-D), the short version of the Questionnaire on Experienced Health Complaints (VOEG-21), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Inventory of Complicated Grief-Revised (ICG-R), adapted for this study. RESULTS: Women especially experienced more health complaints, more anxiety and depression symptoms and more complicated grief than the general population. Regression analysis shows that when controlled for sex and the duration of involuntary childlessness, the concepts passive coping style and dissatisfaction with social support were positively associated with health complaints, depression, anxiety and complicated grief. The concept active coping style was negatively associated with depression, anxiety and complicated grief. Explained variance of the different distress symptoms varied from 30 to 65%. A moderating association of perceived social support is only found between a passive coping style and health complaints. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial interventions should be continued after the childlessness has become definite. By teaching couples how to cope actively with their childlessness and how to ask for support, the negative consequences of their childlessness may be decreased.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1995

Family coping with pediatric leukemia: ten years after treatment.

As part of a longitudinal study of family coping with pediatric leukemia, 28 former patients (16 male; 12 female; M age = 19.1 years) and their parents (23 mothers; 12 fathers) participated in a follow-up study at 10 years posttreatment. Measures included the Current Adjustment Rating Scale, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Ways of Coping Scale, the Family Coping Scale, and a semistructured interview. Long-term survivors and their parents continued to be well-adjusted to life posttreatment. Coping and perceived adjustment in long-term survivors were positively related to socioeconomic status and mother's coping and negatively related to academic problems. A strong bidirectional relationship was found between survivors' and mother's adjustment. Coping strategies were variable and not significantly correlated with coping adequacy or adjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1996

Hope, coping, and adjustment among children with sickle cell disease: tests of mediator and moderator models.

Tested mediator and moderator models of hope, coping, and adjustment in 39 children with sickle cell disease. In home interviews parents provided information on demographics and functional adjustment. Children self-reported levels of hope, coping strategies, and psychological adjustment. Coping strategies moderated, but did not mediate, the relationship between hope and adjustment. Hope was negatively associated with anxiety when active coping, support coping, and distraction coping was high. Avoidance coping did not moderate the hope-adjustment relationship but was positively related to anxiety. No effects were found for depressive symptoms or for the functional measures of adjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Longitudinal study of observed and perceived family influences on problem-focused coping behaviors of preadolescents with spina bifida.

OBJECTIVE: To study coping socialization longitudinally by examining reported and observed family environment and parenting variables in relation to children's problem-focused coping in a sample of 68 families of preadolescents with spina bifida and 68 matched able-bodied comparison families. METHODS: Family environment and parenting variables were assessed with mother and father reports and observational measures. Children's problem-focused coping was self-reported. RESULTS: Prospective analyses revealed that maternal responsiveness, paternal responsiveness, and family cohesion predicted an increase in children's use of problem-focused coping strategies, while change in paternal responsiveness and maternal responsiveness and demandingness was related concurrently to change in coping. Few group (spina bifida vs. able-bodied) or gender differences with respect to parenting and family influences on children's coping behaviors were found. CONCLUSIONS: Multimethod findings suggest that the quality of parenting and family environment is associated with children's problem-focused coping behaviors. We discuss clinical implications.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

A child-focused intervention for coping with procedural pain: are parent and nurse coaches necessary?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy of training children to cope with immunization pain without the assistance of trained coaches and determine whether untrained parents or nurses are more effective at decreasing children's distress. METHODS: We compared the procedural coping and distress behavior of 31 3- to 7-year-old children trained in coping skills to 30 who did not receive training. The behavior of the untrained parents and nurses was evaluated as it related to child coping and distress. RESULTS: Children demonstrated understanding of the training, but they did not use the coping skills during the procedure. In general, the nurses' behavior was associated with child coping and parents' behavior with child distress. CONCLUSIONS: More extensive child training or the involvement of coaches for procedural distress might be necessary. Nurses' behavior appears to center on encouraging child coping, and parents tend to comfort child distress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1994

Disease-specific stressors in rheumatoid arthritis: coping and well-being.

Results with Coping with Rheumatic Stressors (CORS) are reported. The CORS measures eight coping styles directed at the most important chronic stressors of RA i.e. pain, limitations, and dependence. The relation between coping and well-being was analysed while controlling for relevant disease status variables. Comforting cognitions, decreasing activity and diverting attention were styles of coping with pain that were related to well-being, when level of pain was controlled. Optimism, pacing, and seeking creative solutions were styles of coping with limitations. Both optimism and pacing were related to well-being, when functional capacity was being controlled. Acceptance and showing consideration were styles of coping with dependence. Consideration was the only coping style related to well-being, when functional capacity and social network were being controlled.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1994

Stress, coping, and well-being among third-year medical students.

BACKGROUND: Medical school is recognized as a stressful environment that often exerts a negative effect on the academic performance, physical health, and psychological well-being of the student. METHOD: Stress, coping, depression, and somatic distress were examined among 69 third-year students completing a psychiatry clerkship in 1992-93 at the University of Mississippi School of Medicine. Stress was assessed using the Medical Education Hassles Scale-R. Coping was assessed using the Coping Strategies Inventory. Depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, and somatic distress was assessed using the Wahler Physical Symptoms Inventory. Statistical methods included correlational analysis and hierarchical regression. RESULTS: Clinical levels of depression were found in 16 (23%) of the students, and 39 (57%) endorsed high levels of somatic distress. Stress accounted for a large percentage of the distress variance (i.e., 29% to 50%). Coping efforts contributed significant variance to the prediction of distress above and beyond that accounted for by stress alone, especially in relation to depression. Coping efforts classified by Engagement strategies were associated with fever depressive symptoms, while coping efforts classified by Disengagement strategies were associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Because students who employed coping efforts characterized by Engagement strategies suffered from fewer depressive symptoms, the results suggest that training in these types of strategies may be a useful intervention to lessen the negative consequences of stress among medical students.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Gender differences in the use of coping strategies among Taiwanese parents whose children have cancer.

This study explores parental gender-based similarities and differences in the use of coping strategies when their children suffer from cancer. The data from the 171 parent-couples who served as subjects for this study were selected from a larger data set of surveys from parents whose children were receiving treatment or follow-up care for cancer. The results show that no major differences were found between fathers and mothers in coping behaviors while caring for children with cancer. In addition to quantitative measure of coping behaviors, a qualitative orientation with more in-depth data is needed to explore how parents cope with children with cancer. More data are needed on additional variables that may influence coping such as the presence and severity of child's illness. Nurses need to be aware of the various coping behaviors that mothers and fathers use while caring for children with cancer. Assessment of coping strategies is a prerequisite to planning care for parents with cancer.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Hope and coping in patients with cancer diagnoses.

This descriptive correlational study explored hope and coping in patients with various cancer diagnoses. Four groups of patients with gastrointestinal/ genitourinary, breast, head and neck, or hematologic malignancies completed the Herth Hope Scale, the Jalowiec Coping Scale, and a basic demographic form. Subjects were recruited from the oncology outpatient clinic of a large mid-Atlantic teaching institution. Information about tumor site and stage was obtained from a chart review. Fifteen different malignancies were represented. Seventy-one percent of the 183 participants had metastatic or recurrent disease. No significant differences were found in the levels of hope or coping style use and coping effectiveness by type of cancer. The level of hope was relatively high, even in those patients who knew that their disease was in an advanced stage. A positive relationship was found between hope and coping style use (P =.013) and coping effectiveness (P <.001) in all 4 groups. The findings demonstrate that the level of hope was high and was positively related to coping in patients with cancer, regardless of gender, age, marital status, education, or site of malignancy. These findings support the need for nurses to continue to practice hope-inspiring behaviors, to implement hope-fostering interventions, and to avoid hope-hindering practices among their patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The role of religious coping in adjustment to prostate cancer.

This study explored the role of religious coping in men's long-term adjustment to prostate cancer. Thirty-four men with prostate cancer completed questionnaires on demographic and illness factors, religious and general coping, and physical, social, and emotional functioning. Results showed that religious coping was related to poorer role, social, and emotional functioning for these cancer survivors. In contrast, religious coping was related to positive aspects of cognitive appraisal and to both active and avoidance forms of general coping. Notably, religious coping may be used to help cancer survivors "block out" their everyday experience of the prostate cancer and its related complications. Such results suggest that religious coping functions in a complex manner within the context of long-term prostate cancer survival.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Coping with the consequences of a stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Having a stroke constitutes a major life event which engenders some types of adaptation in order to try to resume to a "normal" life. The objectives of this study were (1) to explore the type of coping strategies used following a stroke; (2) to verify if coping strategies change over time, and (3) to verify if the coping strategies used are related to age, gender, actualization of potential, handicap level and depression. METHODS: A convenience sample of 76 participants who had had a stroke was recruited upon discharge from a functional intensive rehabilitation unit. Data were collected 2 weeks later and 6 months later in their own home. Coping strategies were measured using a modified version of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire. Actualization of potential was measured using the Measure of the Actualization of Potential and handicap level was quantified with the LIFE-H. Finally, the Beck Depression Inventory was used to evaluate the presence of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that long after the end of an intensive rehabilitation programme, some coping strategies might be more effective in dealing with the consequences of a stroke whereas others might be related to some form of inadaptation. However, the results should be treated with caution. More research on coping following a stroke using mixed methodologies is needed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗