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PubMed1989

Injuries due to deliberate violence in areas of Denmark. II. Victims of homicide in the Copenhagen area.

As part of a transcultural investigation of injuries due to deliberate violence in Denmark and South America, homicides in the Copenhagen area were studied for a 1-year period. Forty-five cases corresponding to a rate of approximately 2/10(5) per year were recorded. The rate seems to be increasing and the pattern changing with a higher frequency of stabbing and with an increasing frequency of high blood-alcohol concentrations in the victims. The highest number were killed at home. In the majority of cases the aggressor and the victim knew each other. A reduction in alcohol consumption is indicated as a possible preventive measure.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Injuries due to deliberate violence in areas of Denmark. III. Lesions. The Copenhagen Study Group.

As part of a transcultural investigation of violent behavior in Denmark and South America, the lesions from accidents involving deliberate violence registered in three Danish emergency wards during a 1-year period were studied. A quantity of 2211 lesions were diagnosed in 1316 patients (953 male and 363 female patients). Sixty-five percent of the lesions were in the head/neck region, 13% in truncus, 18% in the upper extremities and 5% in the lower extremities. The most frequent diagnosis was an open wound in the head/neck region. Adding contusions and fractures in the same region this amounted to more than half of the total number of lesions. In the upper extremities 62% of the lesions were contusions or open wounds. Serious lesions of internal arteries were few, however always caused by sharp instruments (knives). Serious lesions due to firearms were not recorded/reported. Strangulation had been used against 1.1% of the victims, the male/female ratio being 1:6. The main part of the lesions were of minor severity when assessed on the basis of the scores in the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). The lesions were, however, more serious compared to other recent studies, and it appeared that the female victims had fewer but more serious lesions than the male victims. The need for treatment and hospitalization was in the range of other recent studies.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Autopsied cases of drowning in Denmark 1987-1989.

In the 3-year period 1987-1989, 219 drowning cases were submitted to medico-legal autopsy in Denmark. The demographic data including the manner of death and the external findings are reported. In 74 accident cases analysis for blood-alcohol concentration was performed. In 53% a concentration of more than 0.1% was found. In 91 drowning cases (age more than 18 years and where the time interval in the water was less than 24 h) the average weight of both lungs was 1.411 g, compared to 994 g in 20 control cases. In 7% of the drowning cases the weight was less than 1.000 g, so called dry lungs. Finally the weight of the lungs and the amount of pleural transsudate in relation to the time interval in the water were registered in 198 cases. For a longer time interval in the water the weight of the lungs decreased, while the amount of pleural transsudate increased. By adding these two parameters, the combined weight was between 1.000 and 2.200 g in more than 75% of the cases as long as the interval in the water was less than 30 days.

Accidents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Emergency burn treatment in Denmark.

Historically, burn treatment in Denmark has included several unique elements. Current Danish treatment includes prolonged tap water irrigation of burns, which largely replaces the use of narcotics for pain control in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. Burns on hands and feet are dressed for maximum mobility. Other burns are left open. Mortality is 10% to 15% below expectations.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Infant feeding patterns during the first year of life in Denmark: factors associated with the discontinuation of breast-feeding.

We prospectively studied 500 infants born consecutively in a university-affiliated community hospital in Copenhagen, Denmark, over the first 12 months of life using a detailed monthly mailed questionnaire (overall response rate = 73%) which focused on feeding practices and illnesses. Seventy-seven percent of respondents breast-fed their infants at 1 month of life compared to 19% at 12 months of life. Analysis of breast-feeding behavior using survival analysis showed that 50% of the mothers who breast-fed since the first month of their infant's life were still breast-feeding at 7 months of life. Also, there was a greater than two-fold increase in the rate of discontinuation of breast-feeding for infants in daycare compared to infants not attending daycare (RR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.43, 3.01). Discontinuation of breast-feeding was not significantly associated with the number of children in the family or with social class. These results give insight into infant feeding patterns in a developed country and suggest that: (1) breast-feeding is the dominant method of feeding during the infant's first year of life, and (2) the rate of discontinuation of breast-feeding is increased by the entry of these infants into daycare.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1995

Decline in mortality from heart disease in Denmark: some methodological problems.

Mortality rates in Denmark from ischemic heart diseases (IHD), other heart diseases and unknown causes are presented for the period 1968-92. In all age groups, mortality from IHD is higher at the beginning of the period than at the end. For other heart disease, the plot of the mortality rate is U-shaped for the age groups 65-84 and > or = 85, but first decreases and is then constant for the age group 30-64. There are an increasing number of deaths from symptomatic heart disease. For the group of unknown causes, the rates are increasing for all sex and age groups. The relationship between deaths from IHD and deaths from unknown causes varies with period, age, sex and region. For women in Copenhagen in the age group 30-64, the mortality rate from unknown cause is higher than the rate for IHD at the end of period. Vital statistics must therefore be used cautiously in analysing trends for IHD, and even the validity of temporal changes within a country must be questioned.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in Denmark 1988-1991. Early results and complications.

During the years 1988-1991 6319 patients underwent cardiac surgical procedures in Denmark. In 183 patients (2.9%) with left ventricular failure intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) was used. Four percent of the IABP were placed preoperatively, 86% intraoperatively and 10% postoperatively. Severe complications occurred in 16 patients (8.7%) and were mainly vascular due to limb ischemia. The incidence of complications was independent of the duration of balloon pumping. Sixty percent of the patients were weaned from IABP. The 30-day mortality rate was 54%. During the observation period we found a gradual decrease in the use of IABP as well as a reduction in mortality.

Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗

PubMed2005

Extent and variations in mobile phone use among drivers of heavy vehicles in Denmark.

A substantial body of research has shown that use of mobile phones while driving can impair driving performance and increase the risk of being involved in accidents. Similarly, mobile phone use seems to be an increasing activity thus representing a relevant traffic safety issue. This paper investigates the extent and variations in mobile phone use among drivers of heavy vehicles in Denmark. The data was collected through written questionnaires and had a response rate of 58%. It was found that more than 99% of the drivers used mobile phones while driving. Despite a prohibition of hand-held mobile phone use while driving 31% of the drivers reported to do so. Analysis of the variations in usage found a positive significant relationship between driving hours and phone use. A negative linear effect was found between age and phone use. Similarly, a positive significant association was found between the number of stops and the amount of phone use. 0.5% reported that their use of mobile phones had contributed to an accident, while 6% had experienced their mobile phone use causing a dangerous situation. However, 66% reported experiencing dangerous situations because of others road users' mobile phone use. Various implications of the findings are discussed particularly in relation to the drivers with high exposure.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed2005

Health status of Mya arenaria bivalves collected from contaminated sites in Canada (Saguenay Fjord) and Denmark (Odense Fjord) during their reproductive period.

The purpose of this study was to examine the health status and gametogenetic activity in Mya arenaria clams collected at various sites in the St. Lawrence Estuary (Quebec, Canada) and in the Odense Fjord (Denmark). Clam soft tissues were analyzed for metals/metalloids and organotin compounds to confirm their exposure to these contaminants. Their health status was assessed by a test battery of biomarkers designed to measure the early biological effects of contaminants, which include expression of defence mechanisms such as xenobiotic conjugation (glutathione S-transferase), expression of stress proteins (i.e., heme oxygenase and metallothioneins), changes in gametogenetic activity, and individual morphometric characteristics. Clam tissues were also examined for the presence of oxidative damage to lipids, formation of DNA strand breaks, and alterations in heme metabolism. The results showed that clams sampled from sites with either ferry activity or intensive boat traffic in marinas were contaminated by metals/metalloids such as Ag, Al, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, V, and Zn. The clams also contained relatively high amounts of tributyltin (TBT) in their tissues (in the ng TBT/g range for both areas), with digestive glands containing more organotins than did gonadal tissues. Moreover, clams collected from TBT-contaminated sites had higher amounts of tin-heme adducts and lower total heme in their digestive glands. Condition factor, age distribution, and sex ratio were significantly altered in clams from impacted sites in the Saguenay Fjord and accompanied by an increased male/female sex ratio. Gametogenetic activity was also negatively affected, as revealed by reductions in gonadosomatic index, maturation index, aspartate transcarbamylase activity, and vitellogenin-like proteins. The Saguenay Fjord clams displayed a complex pattern of stress responses and damage such as increased heme oxygenase activity, phase 2 conjugation enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, and altered DNA strand breaks. The integration of biomarker response data into a biomarker index at the whole-individual level (morphometric characteristics) and for various organs (gill, digestive gland, and gonad) revealed that, relative to the control site, morphological characteristics and gonadal activity were most affected at the most contaminated site, while the effects were more pronounced in the digestive gland and gill at moderately impacted sites. We conclude that the health status of M. arenaria clams at these contaminated sites is compromised, with obvious disruption of reproductive activity.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Can the survival difference between breast cancer patients in Denmark and Sweden 1989 and 1994 be explained by patho-anatomical variables?--a population-based study.

Analyses of data from cancer registries have shown a 10% unit difference in 5-year relative survival between Danish and Swedish patients with breast cancer. This study investigates the effect of age and patho-anatomic variables on this survival difference. Hospital records were collected for women over 40 years of age diagnosed in 1989 or 1994 in east Denmark and south Sweden; patho-anatomical variables and survival were compared between 2289 Danish and 1715 Swedish women. Tumours were smaller, node-negative axillae more frequent and well-differentiated tumours almost 10% more frequent in Sweden. A superior 5-year relative survival in Sweden was found in the 50- to 79-year age group. The adjusted hazard rate ratio between countries was 1.7 in 1989 and 1.3 in 1994. Conditional survival after surviving the first 5 years was similar for the two countries. Adjusting for patho-anatomical variables reduced but did not eliminate the higher risk of death among the Danish patients. Higher population death rates could explain some but not all of the residual elevated risk for Danish women.

Age of Onset↗

PubMed2005

Diagnostic criteria and reporting procedures for pre-eclampsia: a national survey among obstetrical departments in Denmark.

OBJECTIVE: A precondition for the rational use of obstetric databases in biomedical research is detailed knowledge on how data are being generated. We identified the diagnostic procedures and criteria for pre-eclampsia (PE) and assessed the level of obstetric training of the personnel responsible for the records submitted to the patient registry at the Danish National Board of Health. STUDY DESIGN: A structured questionnaire, including three case stories, was sent to the chief consultant of the department. RESULTS: Thirty-three out of the 34 Danish departments (97%) returned the questionnaire. Reporters of pregnancy diagnoses to the National Patient Registry differed widely in training. For complicated pregnancies, departments ranged from having only specialists reporting all cases to secretaries reporting up to 50%. Cut off limits of blood pressure (BP) and protein loss used to diagnose pre-eclampsia showed large differences across departments. The diagnoses given to three case stories showed little correlation to the criteria the departments reported using. CONCLUSION: Even in a small country like Denmark with 34 obstetrical departments, there was little consensus on the diagnostic criteria for pre-eclampsia. The findings emphasize the need for standardizing diagnostic criteria and reporting practice and may have implications on how to interpret data regarding pre-eclampsia.

Blood Pressure↗

PubMed2006

Toxicity of water and sediment in a small urban river (Store Vejleå, Denmark).

The urban stream Store Vejleå (Denmark), which receives discharges of urban runoff, was investigated using a combination of biological toxicity tests and chemical analysis. The urban stormwater and road runoff gave low, but statistically significant, effects on the reproduction of the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. In all pre-concentrated water samples toxic effects were found and differences in toxicity depending on time and location of sampling were identified. Undiluted pore water samples from sediments collected in the stream were all toxic towards the algae and dilutions from 4 to 14 times were needed compared to a pore water sample from an unpolluted stream where a dilution factor of only 1.6 was required. A qualitative correlation between the toxicity of the pore water and the degree of pollution as evidenced by the metal concentration was observed, but statistically significant correlations could not be established by ranking procedures of, e.g. metal content or PAH-concentrations versus the observed toxicity.

Cities↗

PubMed2006

Antimicrobial resistance among Campylobacter jejuni isolated from raw poultry meat at retail level in Denmark.

Campylobacter jejuni isolated from raw poultry meat collected at retail shops in Denmark in the period 1996-2003 were tested for susceptibility to seven antimicrobial agents. The food samples consisted of raw chicken meat and other raw poultry meat of domestic or imported origin. The highest levels of resistance among C. jejuni were observed for tetracycline, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin, whereas macrolide resistance was rarely detected. C. jejuni originating from other poultry meat (mainly duck and turkey meat) exhibited the highest occurrences of antimicrobial resistance monitored; approximately one third of the isolates were tetracycline resistant (N=100). Among chicken meat isolates, the occurrence of tetracycline resistance was significantly higher (P<0.005) in C. jejuni isolated from imported chicken meat (N=88) than in C. jejuni from Danish chicken meat (N=367). The same tendency was observed for chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin (P<0.05). The trends in resistance in the period 1996-2003 among C. jejuni isolates from chicken meat indicate a decrease in the occurrence of resistance towards fluoroquinolones. This may be due to reduced application of fluoroquinolones for food animals. Monitoring of the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni isolated from raw uncooked poultry has been performed on a yearly basis since 1996, thus providing useful insight into consumer exposure to antimicrobial-resistant C. jejuni.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Detection of sul1, sul2 and sul3 in sulphonamide resistant Escherichia coli isolates obtained from healthy humans, pork and pigs in Denmark.

The occurrence of sulphonamide resistance was investigated in 998 Escherichia coli isolates, obtained from pig faeces collected at slaughter, Danish pork collected at retail outlets and from faeces from healthy persons in Denmark. In total 18% (n=35), 20% (n=38) and 26% (n=161) of the E. coli isolates obtained from humans, pork and pigs, respectively, were resistant to sulphonamide. All sulphonamide resistant E. coli isolates were investigated for the presence of sul1, sul2, sul3 and intI1 genes by PCR. The sul1 gene was detected in 40% (n=14), 29% (n=11) and 55% (n=88) of the sulphonamide resistant isolates from humans, pork and pigs, respectively. The sul2 gene was detected in 80% (n=28), 76% (n=29) and 50% (n=81) of isolates from humans, pork and pigs, respectively. None of the human isolates were PCR-positive for sul3, whereas sul3 was present in 5% of the pork isolates and 11% of the pig isolates. Of the 113 sul1 positive isolates, 97 carried the integron-associated integrase gene intI1. All 20 sul3 positive isolates were positive for intI1, and in 12 of these isolates sul3 was the only sulphonamide resistance gene detected. The origin of sul1 and sul2 found in isolates from healthy humans is speculative, but their spread from pigs to humans via the food chain is possible.

Abattoirs↗

PubMed2006

Trends in deliberate interpersonal violence in the Odense Municipality, Denmark 1991-2002. The Odense study on deliberate interpersonal violence.

A 12-year study was carried out to investigate the development of interpersonal violence based on A and E department and/or forensic data from a Danish urban population. Included in the study were all victims of violence from the Odense municipality treated at the Odense University Hospital or subjected to medicolegal autopsy at the Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Southern Denmark 1991-2002. Overall 14,316 victims of violence were included in the study. The incidence rates of violence were 9.9 and 3.4 per 1000 population/year for males and females. For males the incidence rate decreased in the study period whereas the incidence rate was unchanged among females. Less serious lesions and wounds were the most common type of lesions. The percentage of less serious lesions increased in the study period. The percentage of potential severe lesions such as bone fractures and deep lesions decreased in the study period. The percentage of patients stabbed or cut with knives, the percentage of gunshots, and the mortality rate did not change in the study period. The present study showed no evidence of an increased frequency or severity of interpersonal violence which contrasts with the increased public concern about violence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Transport of hydrocarbons from an emplaced fuel source experiment in the vadose zone at Airbase Vaerløse, Denmark.

An emplaced hydrocarbon source field experiment was conducted in the relatively homogeneous sandy geology of the vadose zone at Airbase Vaerløse, Denmark. The source (10.2 l of NAPL) consisted of 13 hydrocarbons (n-, iso- and cyclo-alkanes and aromates) and CFC-113 as a tracer. Monitoring in the 107 soil gas probes placed out to 20 m from the centre of the source showed spreading of all the compounds in the pore air and all compounds were measured in the pore air within a few hours after source emplacement. Seven of the fourteen compounds were depleted from the source within the 1 year of monitoring. The organic vapours in the pore air migrated radially from the source. The CFC-113 concentrations seemed to be higher in the deeper soil gas probes compared with the hydrocarbons, indicating a high loss of CFC-113 to the atmosphere and the lack of degradation of CFC-113. For the first days after source emplacement, the transport of CFC-113, hexane and toluene was successfully simulated using a radial gas-phase diffusion model for the unsaturated zone. Groundwater pollution caused by the vadose zone hydrocarbon vapours was only detected in the upper 30 cm of the underlying groundwater and only during the first 3 months of the experiment. Only the most water-soluble compounds were detected in the groundwater and concentrations decreased sharply with depth (approximately one order of magnitude within 10 cm depth) to non-detect at 30 cm depth. The groundwater table varied more than 1 m within the measurement period. However that did not influence the direction of the groundwater flow. Approximately 7 months after source emplacement the groundwater table rose more than 1 m within 1 month. That did not cause additional pollution of the groundwater.

Chlorofluorocarbons, Ethane↗

PubMed2006

Environmental sub models for a macroeconomic model: agricultural contribution to climate change and acidification in Denmark.

Integrated modelling of the interaction between environmental pressure and economic development is a useful tool to evaluate environmental consequences of policy initiatives. However, the usefulness of such models is often restricted by the fact that these models only include a limited set of environmental impacts, which are often energy-related emissions. In order to evaluate the development in the overall environmental pressure correctly, these model systems must be extended. In this article an integrated macroeconomic model system of the Danish economy with environmental modules of energy related emissions is extended to include the agricultural contribution to climate change and acidification. Next to the energy sector, the agricultural sector is the most important contributor to these environmental themes and subsequently the extended model complex calculates more than 99% of the contribution to both climate change and acidification. Environmental sub-models are developed for agriculture-related emissions of CH(4), N(2)O and NH(3). Agricultural emission sources related to the production specific activity variables are mapped and emission dependent parameters are identified in order to calculate emission coefficients. The emission coefficients are linked to the economic activity variables of the Danish agricultural production. The model system is demonstrated by projections of agriculture-related emissions in Denmark under two alternative sets of assumptions: a baseline projection of the general economic development and a policy scenario for changes in the husbandry sector within the agricultural sector.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2004

Polymorphisms in genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism and lung cancer risk under the age of 60 years. A pooled study of lung cancer patients in Denmark and Norway.

The genetic susceptibility hypothesis has been used to explain why only a minority of smokers develop lung cancer. Only few studies have studied the role of polymorphisms in phase-I and II metabolizing genes, among young lung cancer patients. We have pooled the individual data of three studies from Denmark and Norway, including 320 patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer at age 59 or below, and 618 age and gender matched controls. A questionnaire was used to determine relevant demographic and lifestyle characteristics, and polymorphisms in following genotypes were determined GSTM1, GSTM3, GSTP1, GSTT1, GPX1, MPO, NQO1 and NAT2. Based on the literature, the alleles of the genotypes were categorised as high- or low-risk alleles. No individual effect of the genotypes was found on the risk of lung cancer. Given a smoking exposure, the presence of high-risk alleles (or phenotypes) was generally found to increase the risk of lung cancer, although the effect modification did not reach statistical significance. A pattern of stronger protective effect was observed in carriers of more than one allele associated with lower risk of lung cancer, and a higher risk of lung cancer in carriers of one or more alleles associated with higher risk of lung cancer, but the results did not reach statistical significance. The effect modification was generally strongest at lower levels of smoking.

Adult↗