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PubMed1983

Diarrhea among infants and young children in Canada: a longitudinal study in three northern communities.

Diarrhea among neonates and their siblings was studied in 98 families living in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and in 31 native Indian families and in 15 Inuit (Eskimo) families living in isolated settlements in northern Canada. The rate of infection due to rotavirus in neonates was significantly higher and infection occurred more often in the first six months of life in the northern communities (range, 0.36 in Winnipeg to 1.07 in Eskimo Point). No protective effect of breast-feeding was discerned, since infection due to rotavirus occurred more frequently and earliest in neonatal life in Eskimo Point, the community with the highest rate of breast-feeding. In contrast, infection due to Norwalk virus was most common among the neonates of Berens River (0.15 infections per child per year), the only community with relatively unsafe water supplies. Infection due to rotavirus appears to be more frequent in the far North, whereas infection due to Norwalk virus appears to be related more to inadequate sanitation.

Child↗

PubMed1986

Invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in Alaska: background epidemiology for a vaccine efficacy trial.

In a previous study we demonstrated that Alaskan Eskimos had the highest endemic incidence of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease. In 1980 we established a prospective surveillance program for all invasive Hib disease throughout Alaska to characterize additional epidemiological features of disease in Native Alaskans to plan for a vaccine efficacy trial and define the epidemiology of Hib disease in all population groups in the state. For the three-year period, 1980-1982, 287 confirmed episodes of invasive Hib disease occurred. For children less than five years of age, the incidences for Eskimos, Indians, and non-Natives were 705, 401, and 129 cases per 100,000 population, respectively. The Native population represents only 16% of the population of Alaska but has 51% of all invasive Hib disease. Disease differed significantly among Eskimos, Indians, and non-Natives with regard to risk, age of onset, disease type, antibiotic susceptibility of strains, and regional incidence, but mortality and seasonal occurrence were similar. For Native Alaskans the cumulative Hib disease risk for the first two years of life was 4% (range, 1%-7% by region). This high endemic disease risk, concentrated in the first two years of life, provides a unique opportunity to prospectively evaluate the protective efficacy of a vaccine in a randomized, blinded, and placebo-controlled trial. Such a trial was initiated in December 1984.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Pharyngeal carriage and acquisition of anticapsular antibody to Haemophilus influenzae type b in a high-risk population in southwestern Alaska.

Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in Alaskan Eskimos is characterized by greatly increased disease incidence at younger ages. This suggests that Eskimo infants have increased exposure to the disease. Exposure was studied in 1982-1983 in children less than age three years who lived in four Eskimo villages, as well as in a random sample of their family members (354 people from 132 households). During a 12-month period, up to four pharyngeal cultures and two serum specimens were obtained from each participant. Colonization with H. influenzae type b was relatively uncommon (overall 2.5% of cultures, 6.8% of individuals) and was not associated with age, sex, season, or prior incidence of disease in the village. Biotyping and outer-membrane-protein typing of H. influenzae type b isolates revealed homogeneity within villages, with differences between villages. Matched sera revealed a significant decline in H. influenzae type b capsular antibody in the course of the study year. However, pharyngeal carriage of H. influenzae type b was associated with increases in antibody for carriers and members of their households. Antibody levels were positively associated with age. Only one case of H. influenzae type b disease developed during the study. Low carriage of H. influenzae type b was coincident with low incidence of disease and declining levels of capsular antibody in these villages. Mechanisms for increased exposure which would not be reflected in high carriage rates may exist for these young children.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Population differences in cellularity of the mastoid process.

Adult crania from four human skeletal population samples were radiographed in order to study variation of the air cell system in the mastoid process. Six types of processes were recognized, i.e., sclerotic, diploic, diplo-pneumatic, pneumatic, and highly pneumatic. Frequency of non-pneumatized (acellular) processes in Eskimos was significantly lower than that found in the other three populations. Female crania in each sample showed fewer acellular processes than male, but the differences were statistically significant only in the Whites, Eskimos, and total sex samples. While present in each population, frequency of asymmetry of type was significant in only Whites and Eskimos. These results provide some additional evidence that a genetic factor is operant in determining the degree of cellularity of mastoid processes.

Asian People↗

PubMed1994

[Ophthalmology in Greenland from the year 1000 until the year 2000].

The superstition of the Eskimoes exists even today also with regard to disease and treatment. The author has experienced this himself as ophthalmologist in Greenland. Snow blindness is a common complaint in Greenland and different types of primitive snowglasses to protect the eyes are described. Primitive eye operations were performed by the Eskimoes as long as 250 years ago. In 1721 Denmark commenced a colonization of Greenland when the missionary Hans Egede was sent there. The first physician arrived in Greenland in 1742 but was only there for 2 years. The next one was sent 18 years later. Since then innummerable physicians have worked for Greenland for shorter and longer periods. The observations of several doctors who have seen eye diseases among the Eskimoes are mentioned. During the past 70 years eye specialists have regularly visited the country and by screening and the following treatment helped many with eye lesions.

Greenland↗

PubMed1990

Atherosclerosis in native Greenlanders. An ultrasonographic investigation.

A low frequency of ischemic heart disease in Eskimos (Inuit) has been regarded as an expression of absent or low atherosclerosis. The true extent of atherosclerosis in the Eskimo populations of the World is not known due to low autopsy activity. In order to register atherosclerotic changes in the carotid and femoral arteries 61 Native Greenlanders from two settlements with a traditional Eskimo life style in the Uummannaq district of Northwestern Greenland were examined ultrasonographically with a portable scanner (Aloka) using a 7.5 MHz 4 cm linear array transducer. The results obtained were compared to an age and sex matched urban control group of 122 Danes from Copenhagen. The investigation showed that the Native Greenlanders had almost the same degree and extent of atherosclerosis in the carotid and femoral arteries as the Danes. Thus, the low incidence of ischemic heart disease in Native Greenlanders may not be attributed to lesser atherosclerosis. Further studies, particularly autopsy studies are needed.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics of fatty acid composition of phosphatidyl cholines and sphingomyelins of low-density lipoproteins in the plasma of native inhabitants of Chukotka].

Contents of cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol as well as phospholipid and fatty acid compositions of phosphatidyl cholines and sphingomyelins in low density lipoproteins (LDL) were studied in blood plasma of Chukot aborigenes--Eskimos as compared with Moscow inhabitants. In Eskimos content of HDL cholesterol was higher but concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides was lower in blood plasma. In LDL concentration of sphingomyelins was increased and fatty acid composition of phosphatidyl cholines and sphingomyelins was altered where amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids was elevated (20:5 + 22:5 + 22:6). The specific characteristics of the LDL phospholipids observed in Eskimos might be responsible for the higher liquid properties of the surface monolayer in the lipoproteins; this alteration might be important for the lipoprotein properties and transformation as well as for the properties of membrane-bound enzymes, for synthesis of thromboxane and prostacyclins.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Virus-associated cancers in Greenland: frequent hepatitis B virus infection but low primary hepatocellular carcinoma incidence.

The incidence of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) in Greenland between 1960 and 1981 was determined and compared with the rate of this disease in Denmark. The annual age and sex rate (per 100,000) was not significantly different (overall, 1.9 vs. 2.2) despite a large difference in the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HBs markers of hepatitis. On the basis of a recent report of a very strong risk of PHC among male HBsAg carriers, 4.0 cases of PHC per year were expected in male Eskimos, but only 0.2 cases per year were observed. The incidence rates of other cancers suggested to be virally associated, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, salivary gland cancer, and carcinoma of the cervix, were all high in Greenland compared to rates for the Danish population, and these high incidence rates are in accord with the markedly higher prevalences in Greenland Eskimos of viruses with which these other cancers have been associated. Thus Greenland Eskimos do not have a high incidence of PHC despite a high prevalence of HBsAg carriers, which suggests that other carcinogenic factors in this environment may be absent or that protective factors are present.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗

PubMed1984

Peopling of northern North America: clues from genetic studies.

The paper reviews the archaeological evidence for the length of human occupation in N. America and raises the question whether single or multiple movements of people out of Asia into America occurred, pointing out that considerable genetic variation can occur in small isolated populations in relatively short periods of time. The entire subarctic culture area is populated by speakers of either Athapascan or Algonkian language families. The archaeologic record for tracing the origin of these linguistic groups depends on items of material culture and these have been used to trace the origin of the modern peoples back for a few thousand years. Comparison between groups based on genetic data suffers from unevenness of the data for various Athapascan-and Algonkian-speaking groups. The problem is made more difficult by the smallness of populations and inadequate sample size. The gene diversity measure H of Nei has been used on data for the Athapaskan Dogrib. It suggests that there was probably significant gene diversity present in sub-arctic groups in pre-contact times. Probably this is true also for the Algonkians as typified by the Ojibwa. Examination of the apportioned gene diversity shows that the bulk of the diversity exists within groups rather than between groups. Genetic clues to the peopling of the Americas derive from specific marker genes and from genetic distance statistics. The distribution of the Dia and the GmZa; b03st alleles suggest that Athapaskan genetic links are towards the Bering Sea area while Algonkian connections are towards the south. Nei's genetic distance statistic was calculated for 13 populations using 14 blood group and enzyme loci. The dendrogram derived from the D matrix shows that Eskimos and Chukchi cluster together, and the Athapaskans are closer to the Eskimos than are the Algonkians. These relationships could be valid if the origin of Eskimos goes back to a population of Asiatic Beringia and that populations north of the late Wisconsin ice sheets included a group that led to the Athapaskans whilst populations south of the Wisconsin ice sheet led to the Algonkians.

Anthropology, Physical↗

PubMed1994

Prevalence of spondyloarthropathies and HLA-B27 in the native population of Chukotka, Russia.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the prevalence and nature of spondyloarthropathies (SPA) and the prevalence of HLA-B27 in the native selected circumpolar population of Chukotka, Russia. METHODS: We conducted a cross sectional study that included medical examinations and interviews of 355 of 498 (71.3%) native residents of 2 Eastern Chukotka settlements, Enmelen and Nunligran. RESULTS: Among them were 268 Chukchas, 7 Eskimos, and 80 subjects of mixed race. There were 9 subjects (2.5%) with SPA, 3 of 7 Chukchas had ankylosing spondylitis (AS) (1.1%), 2 reactive arthritis (ReA), 2 with undifferentiated SPA. Among the mixed race persons one Chukcha-Eskimo had AS, one Eskimo-Russian had psoriatic arthritis (PsA). We found a high percentage of HLA-B27 antigen in the population, 34% in Chukcha natives and 25% in mixed race. CONCLUSION: Our data complement other studies of circumpolar populations and reinforce the reported high prevalences of SPA and HLA-B27 among those populations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Distribution of the 9-bp mitochondrial DNA region V deletion among North American Indians.

The deletion of a 9-bp segment from the intergenic region between the mtDNA cytochrome oxidase II gene and the lysine tRNA gene has been documented mainly in individuals of East Asian ancestry and in individuals from East Asian-derived populations (e.g., Polynesia). Among Native Americans the deletion is absent among Eskimos and northern Na-Dene populations and present among most Amerind populations [sensu Greenberg (1987); i.e., all Native Americans except Eskimo-Aleut and Na-Dene] that have been studied. To better characterize the frequency and distribution of the 9-bp deletion in North America, we surveyed more than 400 individuals from 59 tribes representing a variety of linguistic groups. The absence of the deletion among Eskimo and northern Na-Dene populations is confirmed. Among Amerind groups the deletion is present in all groups represented by more than six individuals. The geographic distribution of the frequencies of the deletion appears to be clinal in North America. The deletion is absent in the Artic and Subartic and reaches its highest frequency in the Southwest. This distribution is consistent with the hypothesis that the ancestors of the Amerinds and Na-Dene arrived in the New World by means of separate migrations. The presence of the 9-bp deletion in high frequencies in all the major linguistic groups in the Southwest suggests that migration among tribes was common.

Base Sequence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Quantitative complete tooth variation among east Asians and Native Americans: developmental biology as a tool for the assessment of human divergence.

The quantification of total tooth structure derived from X-rays of Vietnamese, Southern Chinese, Mongolians, Western Eskimos, and Peruvian pre-Inca (Huari Empire) populations was used to examine dental divergence and the morphogenetics of change. Multivariate derived distances between the samples helped identify a quasicontinuous web of ethnic groups with two binary clusters ensconced within the web. One cluster was composed of Mongolians, Western Eskimos, and pre-Inca, and the other group consisted of the Southern Chinese and Vietnamese. Mongolians entered the quasicontinuum from a divergent angle (externally influenced) from that of the Southeast Asians. The Chinese and pre-Inca formed the polar samples of the distance superstructure. The pre-Inca sample was the most isolated, its closest neighbor being the Western Eskimos. Univariate and multivariate analyses suggested that the pre-Inca, whose ancestors arrived in America perhaps approximately 30,000 years ago, was the least derived sample. Clearly, microevolutionary change occurred among the samples, but the dental phenotype was resistant to environmental developmental perturbations. An assessment of dental divergence and developmental biology suggested that the overall dental phenotype is a complex multigenic morphological character, and that the observed variation evolved through total genomic drift. The quantified dental phenotype is greater than its highly multigenic algorithm and its development homeostasis is tightly controlled, or canalized, by the deterministic organization of a complex nonlinear epigenetic milieu. The overall dental phenotype quantified here was selectively neutral and a good character to help reconstruct the sequence of human evolution, but if the outlying homeostatic threshold was or will be exceeded in antecedents and descendants, respectively, evolutionary saltation occurs.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1965

RADIOACTIVITY MEASURED IN ALASKAN NATIVES, 1962-1964.

Measurements of the cesium-137 content of northern Alaskan natives during the summer of 1964 indicated that the adults of the interior village of Anaktuvuk Pass had the highest average body burden: 1280 nanocuries of cesium-137. This is an increase of 200 percent over the average body burden found in the summer of 1962 and 100 percent over that found in the summer of 1963. The greatest burden found in a native in 1964 was 2.4 microcuries of cesium-137, but the highest burden of all, 3.0 microcuries, was measured in a non-native living mainly on caribou meat. Sodium-22 was found in samples of urine from Eskimos, and subsequently in the Eskimos themselves and in reindeer and caribou meat.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Fueguian cranial morphology: the adaptation to a cold, harsh environment.

Craniometric data from the three extinct tribes that inhabited Tierra del Fuego (Selk'nam, Yámana, and Kawéskar) were gathered following Howell's measurement technique. We studied 180 skulls preserved at thirteen different institutions. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) between groups showed that morphological similarities among Fueguian groups are far more important than some differences between marine (Yámana and Kawéskar) and terrestrial (Selk'nam) groups. A principal component analysis (PCA) generated from the correlation matrix shows that Fueguians fall as outliers with respect to the typical Mongoloid morphology. In addition, a UPGMA tree generated from a squared Euclidean distance matrix indicates that Fueguian groups have a morphological pattern that is very distinct from that of other present-day Amerindian groups, with the exception of the Eskimos. One of the variables that contributes substantially to the differentiation of Eskimos and Fueguians is the nasal height. This suggests that nasal morphology in both groups could be a response to adaptive pressures related to the cold environment. However, other morphological particularities of Fueguian skulls, such as craniofacial robustness and variables of craniofacial width, can be attributed to a large masticatory stress. As a whole, the morphological features of Fueguian groups can be regarded as a general adaptive response to a very harsh environment, along with the retention of some plesiomorphic features. Assuming that the initial entry in Tierra de Fuego took place around 10,000 years BP, before the disappearance of the last land bridges in the Magellan Straits, then this adaptation might have arisen in a relatively short period, hastened by the extreme environmental conditions.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1996

The negative association between traditional physical activities and the prevalence of glucose intolerance in Alaska Natives.

The once low prevalence of non-insulin-dependent (Type 2) diabetes (NIDDM) in Eskimos and Indians has risen approximately fourfold over the past 30 years, suggesting the presence of a non-genetic factor affecting NIDDM prevalence. At the same time, traditional physical activities required of a subsistence (self-sufficiency) lifestyle have diminished. Since physical activity has been shown to prevent NIDDM in other populations, we performed a case-control study of physical activity and glucose intolerance in 666 Yup'ik Eskimos and Athabaskan Indians > or = 40 years old in 15 villages in the Yukon Kuskokwim Delta in Alaska. Self-administered questionnaires were used to determine whether subjects participated in a number of traditional activities and/or their modern counterpart (for example, dog sledding and riding motorized vehicles). Intensity values and a score were defined for the activities. Cases included known or newly discovered impaired glucose tolerance or NIDDM. Newly discovered cases were defined by oral glucose tolerance testing of those individuals were screening blood glucose values > or = 6.7 mmol l-1 by random capillary blood glucose testing. Cases included 11 newly discovered (1 with a history of IGT) and 26 known cases of NIDDM, and 17 newly discovered and 1 known cases of IGT. The results showed that, compared to a reference group with low-level physical activity, moderate level physical activity (odds ratio, OR, 0.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.4-1.3) and high level activity (OR 0.2, CI 0.1-0.6) were associated with a lower prevalence of glucose intolerance, adjusted for age, ethnicity, body mass index, and sex.

Age Distribution↗

PubMed1986

Familial clustering of salivary gland carcinoma in Greenland.

Salivary gland carcinoma (SGC) occurs at an increased frequency in the Eskimo population. In Greenland the incidence of SGC is 4.5-fold higher for men and 9-fold higher for women as compared with European incidence. The increased incidence is caused by low-differentiated carcinoma. Unusual familial clustering of SGC is reported among two families (five siblings). Peculiar aspects of racial and geographical distribution and possible role of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of this relatively uncommon tumor are briefly discussed with special emphasis on the recently detected association between the Eskimos' SGC and the Epstein-Barr virus.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

A comparative study of the temporal bone in three populations of man.

A comparative study was made to determine race and sex differences in the temporal bone, to investigate growth relationships, and to establish a basis for phylogenetic studies of the temporal bone and the temporal lobe of the brain. Data on Eskimo, Indian, and white crania were collected from radiographs and directly from the skulls. Of the 25 variables studied, only the minimum diameter of porus failed to demonstrate some difference among the races. Variation between sexes was found for all measurements except the cranial base angle (of deflection) and three angles related to the petrous pyramids. Correlation coefficients indicated that none of the angles are related in any consistent manner to the other variables studied. This is interpreted as further evidence of cranial base stability. The Indians have the lowest, longest squamae, differing most from the whites. The position of squama is more anterior in the Eskimos. Females of each race possess more anteriorly positioned squamae than males. When the squama is more anteriorly located, the porus is in a more posterior position within the squama itself. Strong race variation exists in the shape of porus. In order to establish a basis for phylogenetic studies of the temporal lobe of the brain better reference points for reflecting its size and shape must be found.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Cortical bone loss with age in three native American populations.

Age-related thinning of cortical bone was investigated in archaeological populations of Eskimos, Pueblos, and Arikaras. Medial-lateral cortical thickness was measured on radiographs of humerus and femur, and thickness of the anterior femoral cortex was measured directly on samples taken for histologic study. Maximum length of the bones was used to calculate indices of relative cortical thickness, in order to minimize differences due to body size and build. Bone loss in the humerus begins before middle age in all three populations and, except for Eskimo males, the same is true of the anterior femoral cortex. In general, overall female loss of cortical bone amounts to two or three times that of the males, and in the case of the humerus and the anterior cortex of the femur, this difference is evident by middle age. The weight-bearing femoral medial-lateral cortex shows less sexual difference but has the greatest number of statistically significant differences between populations and the greatest contrast between populations in pattern of loss with age. It appears that of the cortical regions studied this is the area upon which environmental factors have the greatest effect, whereas areas more subject to tensile stress, the humerus and anterior femoral cortex, are less affected by these factors.

Adult↗