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Results for “Essential elements”

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PubMed1994

Models of alcoholism used in treatment: contrasting AA and other perspectives with which it is often confused.

Current popular and professional conceptions of alcoholism in the United States blend four models that differ in their emphases and implications and contain mutually contradictory beliefs. Elements of moral-volitional, personality and dispositional disease models have been confused with, and mistakenly attributed to, the essentially spiritual views of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). An original AA model can be distinguished from prior and subsequent beliefs with which it has been added. Clarity regarding the essential elements of an AA understanding of alcoholism is important both for clinicians and for those who would undertake research on AA.

Alcoholics Anonymous↗

PubMed1987

The physician/hospital joint venture: developing a win/win strategy for success. Part III: Structuring and negotiating the deal.

This four part series, "The Physician/Hospital Joint Venture: Developing a Win/Win Strategy," examines the philosophical basis of marketing to physicians, the options for the organization in formulating a strategy for joint venture development, structuring and negotiating the deal, and finally how to build the physician loyalty and commitment essential for the joint venture's continued success. In this third part of the series, the author examines the elements essential to structure a successful joint venture and key issues that need to be addressed during the negotiation process.

Hospital Administration↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Trace element imbalance in children with environmentally induced pathology].

The study examined the balance of trace elements in children with nontoxic goiter and alopecia and attempted to consider these entities in terms of multiple trace element deficiencies. All the children examined children with nontoxic goiter and alopecia were found to have lower concentrations of essential elements (Cu, Zn, Fe) and higher levels of toxic trace elements (Sr, Ni Cr), but more pronounced in children with alopecia. In this connection, it is necessary to further establish a correlation between chronic exposure to environmental trace elements and the levels of trace elements in the biosubstrates (blood, hair) of children living in an industrial town.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Whole blood trace element concentrations during total parenteral nutrition.

Samples of whole blood in eight patients on long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and in four who served as controls were analyzed for trace element concentrations of Au, Br, Cu, Mn, Cr, Sb, Fe, Zn, Co, Hg, Rb, and Se. The concentrations of essential elements in the patients deviated significantly from those in the control group. The Mn concentration in blood was consistently higher in patients, owing to the high Mn concentration in the nutrient solutions. A reciprocal relationship between Cu and Zn was demonstrated in one patient. Some trace element concentrations are correlated with the duration of malabsorption and the amount of oral intake during TPN. This study shows that patients on TPN may have abnormal trace element profiles and that TPN currently does not supply the necessary concentrations of trace elements.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Efficacy studies of paroxetine in panic disorder.

The optimal assessment of treatment outcome for studies assessing the efficacy of treatments for panic disorder has been a controversial topic. A recent National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)-sponsored consensus conference addressed this important topic, and a summary paper regarding assessment of essential elements of the disorder resulted. Among other conclusions, it was agreed that several different domains should be considered as essential. This article reviews three pivotal studies assessing the efficacy of paroxetine for the treatment of panic disorder, and evaluates these studies for inclusion of those variables considered essential. Additionally, some data were reanalyzed to determine the percentage of individuals in these studies who are unequivocal responders (i.e., were both panic-free and rated on global assessment as responders). A longer-term treatment and relapse study is also mentioned briefly.

Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation↗

PubMed2003

Transcript-selective translational silencing by gamma interferon is directed by a novel structural element in the ceruloplasmin mRNA 3' untranslated region.

Transcript-selective translational control of eukaryotic gene expression is often directed by a structural element in the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the mRNA. In the case of ceruloplasmin (Cp), induced synthesis of the protein by gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in U937 monocytic cells is halted by a delayed translational silencing mechanism requiring the binding of a cytosolic inhibitor to the Cp 3'-UTR. Silencing requires the essential elements of mRNA circularization, i.e., eukaryotic initiation factor 4G, poly(A)-binding protein, and poly(A) tail. We here determined the minimal silencing element in the Cp 3'-UTR by progressive deletions from both termini. A minimal, 29-nucleotide (nt) element was determined by gel shift assay to be sufficient for maximal binding of the IFN-gamma-activated inhibitor of translation (GAIT), an as-yet-unidentified protein or complex. The interaction was shown to be functional by an in vitro translation assay in which the GAIT element was used as a decoy to overcome translational silencing. Mutation analysis showed that the GAIT element contained a 5-nt terminal loop, a weak 3-bp helix, an asymmetric internal bulge, and a proximal 6-bp helical stem. Two invariant loop residues essential for binding activity were identified. Ligation of the GAIT element immediately downstream of a luciferase reporter conferred the translational silencing response to the heterologous transcript in vitro and in vivo; a construct containing a nonbinding, mutated GAIT element was ineffective. Translational silencing of Cp, and possibly other transcripts, mediated by the GAIT element may contribute to the resolution of the local inflammatory response following cytokine activation of macrophages.

3' Untranslated Regions↗

PubMed1984

Participation in continuing medical education of general practitioners in New Zealand.

Continuing professional education has become increasingly recognized as an essential element of a professional's working life. Because participation in continuing education is usually on a voluntary basis, it is essential that organizers of continuing education understand the patterns of participation among their prospective clientele. Such an understanding can help identify areas of deficiency in program provisions as well as indicate possible ways of rectifying them. The study reported here surveyed approximately one-third of all general practitioners in New Zealand on their present participation in continuing medical education (CME), their attitudes toward continuing learning, and their specific preferences for future CME programs. Although overall rates of CME participation are very high, there are nonetheless significant variations in the amount of continuing education that general practitioners undertake. The rate of CME participation appears to be linked with the general practitioner's degree of involvement in a wide range of professional activities, and those general practitioners who are only minimally involved have lower rates of CME participation.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1999

Structure-function analysis of XcpP, a component involved in general secretory pathway-dependent protein secretion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The general secretory pathway of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is required for the transport of signal peptide-containing exoproteins across the cell envelope. After completion of the Sec-dependent translocation of exoproteins across the inner membrane and cleavage of the signal peptide, the Xcp machinery mediates translocation across the outer membrane. This machinery consists of 12 components, of which XcpQ (GspD) is the sole outer membrane protein. XcpQ forms a multimeric ring-shaped structure, with a central opening through which exoproteins could pass to reach the medium. Surprisingly, all of the other Xcp proteins are located in or are associated with the cytoplasmic membrane. This study is focused on the characteristics of one such cytoplasmic membrane protein, XcpP. An xcpP mutant demonstrated that the product of this gene is indeed an essential element of the P. aeruginosa secretion machinery. Construction and analysis of truncated forms of XcpP made it possible to define essential domains for the function of the protein. Some of these domains, such as the N-terminal transmembrane domain and a coiled-coil structure identified at the C terminus of XcpP, may be involved in protein-protein interaction during the assembly of the secretory apparatus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2002

Determination of multielement concentrations in normal human organs from the Japanese.

In order to elucidate the distribution of elements in organs from healthy Japanese, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), based on the preliminary examination, was applied to quantitative determination of multielements in nine organs autopsied (brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, pancreas, spleen, and thyroid). The following results were obtained: (1) The values obtained for each element could be considered to be representative as "normal values" and "ranges" in organs from healthy Japanese males; (2) the essential elements Br, Cl, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Na, Rb, Se, and Zn were not affected by external environmental factors or by racial difference; (3) renal and hepatic Cd levels were very high in several cases and the accumulation has still been in progress in the Japanese, whereas the contaminant elements are low in each organ except for lung.

Asian People↗

PubMed1993

[Eros therapeutikós. Love and ethics in psychotherapy].

Love in the deepest and highest level, as conceived by Platon in his symposium, is considered in the context of occidental philosophy's "feelings of sympathy" (Max Scheler), empathy and the mystic feeling of cosmic oneness. The buddhistic concepts of loving kindness (metta) reaches its highest level in the Bodhisattva of Mahayana. Love is an essential element of the development of knowledge. Love and knowledge increase the awareness of a universal responsibility. Therapeutic love is an essential medium of any humane therapy and can be cultivated in the mental personal development of the therapist.

Ethics, Medical↗

PubMed1997

Optimal access to- and response by-public and voluntary services, including the role of bystanders and family members, in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in most communities are not the beneficiaries of an optimal healthcare system response capable of providing survivors who live to hospital discharge. The public at large, including family members and bystander witnesses of cardiac arrest, must be expected to participate in this optimal response capability. The American Heart Association Chain of Survival defines the elements of a system capable of saving lives of victims of ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Widespread dissemination of only the essential elements of life-saving steps, probably through media not yet used for this function, will be needed to reach the largest number of people possible. Emergency medical services systems need to devise innovative approaches to rapid provision of automated external defibrillation, in many cases no doubt outside the boundaries of traditional means of delivery of this intervention. Finally, it is likely that targeted responders among the public will be participants in a public access defibrillation approach to dealing with sudden cardiac death.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗

PubMed2004

Normal concentrations of essential and toxic elements in pregnant baboons and fetuses (Papio species).

Heavy metals are essential for the normal progression of maternal and fetal tissue growth and metabolism in pregnancy. Considerable data have been collected for concentrations of various elements in pregnant women, but no comprehensive evaluation of element concentrations in any non-human primate model has been performed. Baboons were studied at the second half of pregnancy. Forty essential and toxic element concentrations were analyzed by absorption spectrophotometry in paired maternal and fetal blood samples; hair and nail samples in pregnant baboons; in placenta, amniotic fluid; and fetal femur, lymph nodes, and liver. Concentrations demonstrated an excellent correlation with concentrations reported in late human pregnancy. Twenty-four elements were below detectable limits in various specimens. We conclude that the pregnant baboon offers unique opportunities to study both normal maternal, fetal, and placental physiology as well as the environmental toxicology of these elements. This information and the ability to use the pregnant baboon as a model is important because essential and toxic elements are key components of the diet as well as major products of manufacturing processes within our industrialized society.

Amniotic Fluid↗

PubMed1997

A novel human zinc finger protein that interacts with the core promoter element of a TATA box-less gene.

We describe a novel human cDNA isolated by target site screening of a placental expression library, using as a probe, an essential element of a TATA box-less promoter corresponding to a pregnancy-specific glycoprotein gene. The cDNA encoded a predicted protein of 290 amino acids, designated core promoter-binding protein (CPBP), which has three zinc fingers (type Cys2-His2) at the end of its C-terminal domain, a serine/threonine-rich central region and an acidic domain lying within the N-terminal region. Additional sequence analysis and data base searches revealed that only the zinc finger domains are conserved (60-80% identity) in other transcription factors. In cotransfection assays, CPBP increased the transcription from a minimal promoter containing its natural DNA-binding site. Moreover, a chimeric protein between CPBP and Gal4 DNA binding domain also increased the activity of an heterologous reporter gene containing Gal4 DNA binding sites. The tissue distribution analysis of CPBP mRNA revealed that it is differentially expressed with an apparent enrichment in placental cells. The DNA binding and transcriptional activity of CPBP, in conjunction with its expression pattern, strongly suggests that this protein may participate in the regulation and/or maintenance of the basal expression of PSG and possibly other TATA box-less genes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2006

Mechanisms of silicon-mediated alleviation of abiotic stresses in higher plants: a review.

Although silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element both on the surface of the Earth's crust and in soils, it has not yet been listed among the essential elements for higher plants. However, the beneficial role of Si in stimulating the growth and development of many plant species has been generally recognized. Silicon is known to effectively mitigate various abiotic stresses such as manganese, aluminum and heavy metal toxicities, and salinity, drought, chilling and freezing stresses. However, mechanisms of Si-mediated alleviation of abiotic stresses remain poorly understood. The key mechanisms of Si-mediated alleviation of abiotic stresses in higher plants include: (1) stimulation of antioxidant systems in plants, (2) complexation or co-precipitation of toxic metal ions with Si, (3) immobilization of toxic metal ions in growth media, (4) uptake processes, and (5) compartmentation of metal ions within plants. Future research needs for Si-mediated alleviation of abiotic stresses are also discussed.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed1990

Very-low-calorie diets. Safe treatment for moderate and morbid obesity.

Very-low-calorie diets are a tedious but effective treatment for moderate and morbid obesity. An exercise program, nutrition counseling, and behavior modification are essential elements in the total program. Careful supervision by a knowledgeable physician and commitment by both the patient and the physician are essential. Although some side effects are inevitable with drastic weight reduction, current formulas are safer than those used in the past.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed1986

[Significance of a theoretical pathology for the scientific cognitive process in medicine].

A critical examination of current trends in medicine demonstrates the need for a deepened theoretical foundation. Of particular importance is the development of theoretical pathology. The goals, methods and content of theoretical pathology are discussed and contrasted with those of general and special pathology. Although general pathology incorporates some elements of theoretical pathology, the latter is based on the theory of cognition rather than empirical science. Dialectic materialism is an essential element of this discipline. The development of theoretical pathology demands an interdisciplinary approach on the part of physicians, natural and social scientists and must be based on a broad concept of human disease.

Cognition↗

PubMed1997

The role of HNF1alpha, HNF3gamma, and cyclic AMP in glucose-6-phosphatase gene activation.

The gene for glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), the key enzyme in glucose homeostasis, is expressed in a tissue-specific manner in the liver and kidney. To understand the molecular mechanisms regulating liver-specific expression of the G6Pase gene, we characterized G6Pase promoter activity by transient expression assays. The G6Pase promoter is active in HepG2 hepatoma cells, but inactive in JEG3 choriocarcinoma or 3T3 cells. DNA elements essential for optimal and liver-specific expression of the G6Pase gene were contained within nucleotides -234 to +3. Deletion analysis revealed that the G6Pase promoter contained three activation elements (AEs) at nucleotides -234 to -212 (AE-I), -146 to -125 (AE-II), and -124 to -71 (AE-III). AE-I contains binding sites for hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNF) 1 and 4. Electromobility shift and cotransfection assays demonstrated that HNF1alpha, but not HNF4, bound to its cognate site and transactivated G6Pase gene expression. The G6Pase promoter contained five HNF3 motifs, 1 (-180/-174), 2 (-139/-133), 3 (-91/-85), 4 (-81/-75), and 5 (-72/-66), and all five sites bound HNF3gamma with high affinity. Transient expression and cotransfection assays showed that HNF3 site 1 is not required for basal promoter activity, but is essential for HNF3gamma-activated transcription from the G6Pase promoter. We further showed that HNF3 sites 3, 4, and 5 were essential for basal G6Pase promoter activity and transactivation by HNF3gamma. AE-II contains, in addition to a HNF3 motif, a cAMP-response element (CRE) and a C/EBP half-site. The G6Pase(-146/-116) DNA containing AE-II formed multiple protein-DNA complexes with HepG2 nuclear extracts, including HNF3gamma, CRE-binding protein (CREB), C/EBPalpha, and C/EBPbeta. We showed that AE-II mediated transcription activation of the G6Pase gene by cAMP.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2006

Setting up chronic disease programs: perspectives from Aboriginal Australia.

OBJECTIVE: To share some perspectives on setting up programs to improve management of hypertension, renal disease, and diabetes in high-risk populations, derived from experience in remote Australian Aboriginal settings. PRINCIPLES: Regular integrated checks for chronic disease and their risk factors and appropriate treatment are essential elements of regular adult health care. Programs should be run by local health workers, following algorithms for testing and treatment, with back up from nurses. Constant evaluation is essential. COMPONENTS: Theses include testing, treatment, education for individuals and communities, skills and career development for staff, ongoing evaluation, program modification, and advocacy. Target groups, elements, and frequency of testing, as well as the reagents and treatment modalities must be designed for local circumstances, which include disease burden and impact, competing priorities, and available resources. Pilot surveys or record reviews can define target groups and conditions. Opportunistic testing will suffice if people are seen with some regularity for other conditions; otherwise, systematic screening is needed, preferably embedded in primary care streams. The chief goal of treatment is to lower blood pressure, and if the patient is diabetic, to control hyperglycemia. Many people will need multiple drugs for many years. CHALLENGES: Challenges include lack of resources, competing demands of acute care, the burden of treatment when disease rates are high, problems with information systems, and in our setting, health worker absenteeism. FUNDING: Businesses, altruistic organizations, and pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies might fund feasibility studies. Where governments or insurance companies already support health services, they must ultimately commit to chronic disease services over the long- term. Effective advocacy requires the presentation of an integrated view of chronic disease and a single cross-disciplinary program for its containment. Arguments based on preserving the economic base of societies by preventing or delaying premature death will carry most weight, as will the costs of dialysis avoided in countries that already support open-access programs.

Adult↗