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Results for “Fertility Pattern Method”

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PubMed1999

Transgene expression in zebrafish: A comparison of retroviral-vector and DNA-injection approaches.

To assess alternative methods for introducing expressing transgenes into the germ line of zebrafish, transgenic fish that express a nuclear-targeted, enhanced, green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene were produced using both pseudotyped retroviral vector infection and DNA microinjection of embryos. Germ-line transgenic founders were identified and the embryonic progeny of these founders were evaluated for the extent and pattern of eGFP expression. To compare the two modes of transgenesis, both vectors used the Xenopus translational elongation factor 1-alpha enhancer/promoter regulatory cassette. Several transgenic founder fish which transferred eGFP expression to their progeny were identified. The gene expression patterns are described and compared for the two modes of gene transfer. Transient expression of eGFP was detected 1 day after introducing the transgenes via either DNA microinjection or retroviral vector infection. In both cases of gene transfer, transgenic females produced eGFP-positive progeny even before the zygotic genome was turned on. Therefore, GFP was being provided by the oocyte before fertilization. A transgenic female revealed eGFP expression in her ovarian follicles. The qualitative patterns of gene expression in the transgenic progeny embryos after zygotic induction of gene expression were similar and independent of the mode of transgenesis. The appearance of newly synthesized GFP is detectable within 5-7 h after fertilization. The variability of the extent of eGFP expression from transgenic founder to transgenic founder was wider for the DNA-injection transgenics than for the retroviral vector-produced transgenics. The ability to provide expressing germ-line transgenic progeny via retroviral vector infection provides both an alternative mode of transgenesis for zebrafish work and a possible means of easily assessing the insertional mutagenesis frequency of retroviral vector infection of zebrafish embryos. However, because of the transfer of GFP from oocyte to embryo, the stability of GFP may create problems of analysis in embryos which develop as quickly as those of zebrafish.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Analysis of biomass accumulation and stem size distributions over long periods in managed stands of Pinus sylvestris in Finland using the 3-PG model.

We tested the performance of a process-based model (PBM) in relation to long-term mensuration data from two sites in Finland where the stands were up to 90 years old and had been thinned at approximately 5-year intervals over the last 50 years. The PBM used was based on the 3-PG (Physiological Principles to Predict Growth) model developed by Landsberg and Waring (1997), with modifications in the biomass allocation routine, for which we used data and calculations by Vanninen (2003) to estimate the allocation coefficients and turnover rates. Site fertility was estimated in terms of known site-type characteristics. The model was evaluated in terms of stand development and its ability to simulate responses to thinning; stem numbers after thinning were specified at the dates when the thinning took place. Stand development in terms of basal area, volume and mean diameter at breast height, closely followed the measured characteristics of all stands. Foliage mass predictions were close to estimates obtained by an empirical method. The analysis shows that, under normal thinning regimes, a range of different thinning intensities can be adequately described using a simple multiplicative model relating the proportion of volume and foliage mass removed to the corresponding proportion of stem numbers. This model, together with stem allometry data, described the "growth" in mean diameter after thinning, which simply reflected the removal of the smaller trees. These results indicate that, with a single set of parameter values, 3-PG can provide good descriptions of the growth patterns of trees-in this case Pinus sylvestris L.-over long periods, including growth after repeated thinning. One of the outputs from the 3-PG model is mean stem diameter (B): we show that it is feasible to estimate stem size distributions, which changed considerably over the life of these stands, from B using the Weibull function. This shows that, given information about the Weibull parameters for particular species and cultural systems, it should be possible to use stem numbers and the B obtained from the 3-PG model to produce information about stem size distributions from simulated data.

Biomass↗

PubMed1991

Pooled analysis of 3 European case-control studies of epithelial ovarian cancer: III. Oral contraceptive use.

The relationship between use of oral contraceptives (OCs) and other contraceptive methods and the risk of ovarian cancer was examined in a combined analysis of 3 hospital-based case-control studies conducted in Italy, the United Kingdom, and Greece, for a total of 971 ovarian cancer cases and 2,258 controls under age 65. Compared with never-users, the combined multivariate relative risk (RR) for ever-users was 0.6 (95% confidence interval, CI = 0.4-0.8) and the estimates were consistent in the 3 datasets. The protection was also similar across strata of age and parity. Considering various measures of OC use, available in the Italian and British datasets only, the protection conveyed on ovarian cancer risk increased with the duration of use and persisted in the medium-long period: the RR in women reporting their last OC use greater than or equal to 15 years prior to diagnosis was 0.5 (95% CI = 0.2-1.0). The risks in ever-users were appreciably lower in those women who reported their first OC use before 25 years of age (RR = 0.3 for first use before age 25, 0.8 for first use at age 25-34 and 0.7 at 35 years or after). Such findings emerged similarly from Italian and British data. This combined analysis, besides offering further quantitative estimates of the protective effects of OCs on ovarian cancer risk in European populations, provides useful insights into the time pattern of the relationship between OC use and ovarian carcinogenesis, suggesting that the protection persists for 15 years or more after cessation of use and may be larger for use at younger age.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Changes in the organization of surface antigens during in-vitro capacitation of boar spermatozoa as detected by monoclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies specific for three major plasma membrane (PM) proteins, previously referenced as PM protein 2.0, 4.85 and 5.0, and one specific for an unreferenced PM protein (Mr 80,000) were used with indirect fluorescence microscopy to detect the effects of capacitation on the localization of these PM proteins. In ejaculated or cauda spermatozoa, incubation in the capacitating medium caused the appearance of fluorescence in the flagellum and either a loss of fluorescence on the PM overlying the sperm head (PM proteins of 5.0 and Mr 80,000) or a delocalization of fluorescence on the head PM (PM proteins 2.0 and 4.85). Labelling spermatozoa with divalent antibody and then capacitating them indicated the PM protein 5.0 and that of Mr 80,000 migrated out of the head plasma membrane into the flagellar PM during capacitation. These antigens re-entered the head PM when fresh seminal plasma was added after the capacitation period or when energy metabolism was inhibited by azide. Cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of the polymerization of actin, prevented movement of PM protein 5.0 and that of Mr 80,000 of the head PM into the flagellum during incubation in the capacitation medium and prevented re-entry of these antigens from the flagellum into the head PM after incubation in this medium. Localization changes occurring with capacitation were time-dependent but independent of the method of preparing samples for microscopy. For the major PM proteins 4.85 and 5.0, a much smaller percentage of caput spermatozoa (approximately 20%) showed specific localization changes compared to those of the cauda (approximately 80%). Chelation of Ca2+ inhibited these changes in ejaculated spermatozoa and fresh seminal plasma, added to capacitated spermatozoa, restored the localization pattern characteristic of uncapacitated spermatozoa. These observations suggest that the organization of major proteins in the plasma membrane overlying the sperm head is altered during capacitation. These changes are reversible, are dependent on sperm maturation and also appear to involve actin filament interactions with the plasma membrane.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Oral contraceptive failures among women terminating their pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: There are several methodological problems when studying contraceptive efficacy. The present study focuses on efficacy issues from the use of oral contraceptives (OC). METHODS: Through a computerized system of medical records kept at the Department of Gynecology, Regional Hospital of Trondheim, Norway, 800 OC-failure pregnancies were identified among 8192 women having pregnancy termination from January 1, 1987 to December 31, 1996. Ascertainment of cases was done by validating hospital data on OC failures by data collected by the referring practitioner. Inconsistencies in failure data were found among 257 of the 800 (32%) women who claimed at the hospital that an OC was in use at time for conception. The medical record kept by their practitioners stated that 158 women had stopped using OC before last menstrual period, of the remaining 99 women neither data on actual use nor data on prescription could be confirmed. RESULTS: Over the 10-year study period the proportion of failures by brand of OC was remarkably constant from year to year and reflected the user pattern of OCs in Norway. One-third of the total number of failures (n=523) were claimed to be method failures. The annual overall OC-failure rate was estimated to be 1% during the 10-year study. CONCLUSION: Case-control studies focusing on efficacy of OCs must be carefully designed and comprise both women carrying a pregnancy to term as well as women terminating their pregnancies. Our study focused on only one segment of the population of women experiencing an OC failure: women having pregnancy termination. The present study has shown that exposure data collected from interviews have to be validated against prescription data.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed1990

Estimating the time elapsed since first marriage with cross-section data.

"This article shows how Hajnal's method of estimating the mean age at first marriage with period data may be extended to estimate also the mean time elapsed since first marriage. The latter may thus be estimated in fertility analyses that exploit cross-sectional data even when the date of marriage is not known. However, simulations indicate that, under certain circumstances, such an estimate may be seriously biased. An application to data drawn from the 1981 Italian census is presented." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Age Factors↗

PubMed2002

Isolation of the human testatin gene and analysis in patients with abnormal gonadal development.

We have previously isolated the testatin gene using a modified mRNA differential display method on RNA from developing male and female mouse gonads. This gene is specifically expressed during early testis development, immediately after the onset of the testis-determining gene SRY: The protein encoded by testatin has features that are characteristic for type 2 cystatins, a family of small inhibitors of cystein proteases such as the cathepsins. We have now isolated the human orthologue of this gene. We describe here the sequence, genomic structure, chromosomal location, and expression pattern of the human testatin gene. Like mouse testatin, human testatin is specifically expressed in the testis, suggesting that it has a function in reproduction. We have therefore also investigated whether the human testatin gene plays a role in disorders of gonadal development, by sequencing the gene in patients with gonadal dysgenesis, with true hermaphroditism, and in children with less well-defined intersex conditions. We found no sequence aberrations in these patients apart from an H109P polymorphism which was also found in fertile controls. This is the first genetic analysis of testatin in humans.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2006

Assessment of real-time PCR based methods for quantification of pollen-mediated gene flow from GM to conventional maize in a field study.

Maize is one of the main crops worldwide and an increasing number of genetically modified (GM) maize varieties are cultivated and commercialized in many countries in parallel to conventional crops. Given the labeling rules established e.g. in the European Union and the necessary coexistence between GM and non-GM crops, it is important to determine the extent of pollen dissemination from transgenic maize to other cultivars under field conditions. The most widely used methods for quantitative detection of GMO are based on real-time PCR, which implies the results are expressed in genome percentages (in contrast to seed or grain percentages). Our objective was to assess the accuracy of real-time PCR based assays to accurately quantify the contents of transgenic grains in non-GM fields in comparison with the real cross-fertilization rate as determined by phenotypical analysis. We performed this study in a region where both GM and conventional maize are normally cultivated and used the predominant transgenic maize Mon810 in combination with a conventional maize variety which displays the characteristic of white grains (therefore allowing cross-pollination quantification as percentage of yellow grains). Our results indicated an excellent correlation between real-time PCR results and number of cross-fertilized grains at Mon810 levels of 0.1-10%. In contrast, Mon810 percentage estimated by weight of grains produced less accurate results. Finally, we present and discuss the pattern of pollen-mediated gene flow from GM to conventional maize in an example case under field conditions.

Gene Flow↗

PubMed1998

Induction of fertile estrus in bitches using a sustained-release formulation of a GnRH agonist (leuprolide acetate).

A single subcutaneous injection of a sustained-release formulation of a potent GnRH agonist, leuprolide acetate (LA; [D-Leu6, Pro9NEt]-GnRH), was evaluated as a method of inducing fertile estrus in 12 mature anestrous and 6 prepubertal beagle bitches. The bitches were treated with microencapsulated LA (100 micrograms/kg, s.c.) at 120 or 150 d post partum, or at 1 yr of age, followed by a GnRH-analogue (fertirelin; [Pro9NEt]-GnRH, 3 micrograms/kg, i.m.) on the first day of induced estrus. Signs of estrus were seen within 10.3 +/- 0.9 d after LA administration in all bitches. The interestrous interval in 120- and 150-d post-partum bitches was shortened (P < 0.05) to 191 +/- 3 and 222 +/- 3 d, respectively, compared with 264 +/- 11 d in control bitches. All LA treated dogs demonstrated behavioral estrus and mated. Three of 6 (50%) at 120 d post partum, 6 of 6 (100%) at 150 d post partum and 5 of 6 (83%) of prepubertal (1-yr old) bitches then became pregnant and produced a mean litter size of 4.1 +/- 0.8 pups. A normal circulating estrogen and progesterone response pattern was observed in mature anestrous bitches. A prepubertal bitch that failed to become pregnant had a similar estrogen response pattern but an insufficient progesterone profile. The results suggest that microencapsulated LA can be useful in inducing fertile estrus in the domestic dogs.

Anestrus↗

PubMed1999

On-stage selection of single round spermatids using a vital, mitochondrion-specific fluorescent probe MitoTracker(TM) and high resolution differential interference contrast microscopy.

The selection of individual round spermatids for round spermatid injection (ROSI), a prerequisite for the successful application of this infertility treatment, has been hampered by the ambiguous definition of a round spermatid and the lack of specific vital and non-vital markers. Using cells from rhesus monkey and bull, we describe a non-invasive method for the on-stage selection of individual round spermatids for ROSI, based on the polarized patterns of mitochondria, visualized in live round spermatid cells by epifluorescence microscopy after incubation with MitoTracker(TM), a vital, mitochondrion-specific fluorescent probe. The correct identification of live round spermatid was confirmed by the presence of the acrosomal granule or acrosomal cap in parallel observations by Nomarski differential interference contrast microscopy. The existence of mitochondrial polarization was first established by the labelling of MitoTracker-tagged round spermatids with spermatid-specific antibodies against proteins of nascent sperm accessory structures combined with antibodies against a nuclear pore complex component, known to disappear at the round spermatid stage. Using an inverted microscope equipped with epifluorescence, the round spermatids can be individually selected from a heterogeneous population of testicular cells labelled with MitoTracker dyes. A major advantage of this approach is that the dyes are incorporated into the paternal mitochondria, destined for rapid elimination after fertilization. In addition, the relatively high excitation and emission wavelengths of MitoTracker dyes are less harmful to DNA after their photon excitation. Before the appropriate clinical testing is conducted, the MitoTracker-based round spermatid selection may be instrumental in the training of clinical staff.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Molecular and epidemiological characterization of vaginal Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates.

Although vaginitis caused by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is extremely rare, in recent years we have experienced an increasing frequency of S. cerevisiae isolation from the vaginas of fertile-age women. In order to investigate the epidemiology of these vaginal infections, a total of 40 isolates of S. cerevisiae derived from symptomatic and asymptomatic women were characterized by two DNA typing approaches, named ribosomal DNA (rDNA) hybridization and Ty917 hybridization, based on the Southern blotting technique. After transfer, the polymorphic DNA restriction fragments were hybridized with the entire repeat of S. cerevisiae rDNA for one method and with the entire sequence of the Ty917 retrotransposon for the other. After elaboration with computer-assisted analysis, the results of each method showed that Ty917 hybridization is endowed with a discriminatory power higher than that of rDNA hybridization. With the Ty917 hybridization method, all of the S. cerevisiae isolates tested appeared very heterogeneous, with the exception of those collected from individual patients with recurrent vaginitis. This allowed us to exclude a possible common source of infection while the high relatedness among S. cerevisiae sequential isolates from recurrent-vaginitis patients could suggest a pattern of relapse rather than frequent reinfection.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

[Analysis of factors influencing the clinical in a frozen thawed embryo transfer program].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors influencing the outcome in a frozen thawed embryo transfer (FTET) program. METHODS: Sixty FTET cycles performed in 53 cases from September 1997 to May 2000 were analyzed retrospectively. The related parameters were compared between the conceived and non-conceived cycles. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy eight out of 252 thawed embryos were survival. Embryo transfers were undergone in 57 cycles (53 patients), resulting in 17 pregnancies (30% per transfer or 28% per thawed cycle). There were no significant difference between conceived and non-conceived cycles in terms of the controlled ovarian hyperstimulation protocols, numbers of developed follicle and oocyte retrieved, fertilization rate, numbers of frozen embryo and the luteinizing hormone, estradiol, progesterone levels on human chorionic gonadotropin triggering day. The percentage of good quality embryo before freezing and after thawing and survival thawed embryos were higher in conceived cycles than those in non-conceived cycles (83.8% Vs 60.7%, 76.8% Vs 50.0%, 82.4% Vs 66.3%, respectively P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Good quality of frozen-thawed embryos and the trilaminar sonographic pattern of endometrium may be reliable predictors of success in pregnancy.

Cryopreservation↗

PubMed1994

Multicentred, phase III clinical trial of norethisterone enanthate 50 mg plus estradiol valerate 5 mg as a monthly injectable contraceptive; final three-year report.

Norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN) 50 mg combined with estradiol valerate (EV) 5 mg was studied as a once-a-month injectable contraceptive with regard to effectiveness, cycle control, adverse events and acceptability. In eight Family Planning Centres from five Latin American countries, 931 fertile women were followed-up for a period of 36 months, providing a total of 15,787 woman-months of experience. Only one pregnancy occurred: in the first treated month a few days before the second injection (failure rate 0.08 per 100 woman-years). Under treatment, the first cycle was drastically shortened in most cases, but thereafter cycles tended to recover to pre-treatment patterns. There was a significant decrease of hypermenorrhoea and dysmenorrheic cycles. Intracyclic bleeding and spotting appeared in 1.8% and 2.2%, respectively, and amenorrhea in 2.8% of cycles. The incidence of other adverse events was very low with the exception of weight gain of more than 2 kg (36.8%). The continuation rate at 12 months was 64.7%, at 24 months 31.0% and at 36 months 20.4%. The cumulative discontinuation rate due to bleeding problems was 6.1% and 7.2% due to adverse events at 36 months. The treatment was shown to be a highly effective contraceptive method that offers fairly good cycle control, good tolerance and a continuation rate that makes it suitable for use in family planning programmes in the Latin American area.

Amenorrhea↗

PubMed2006

Seminal characteristics and sexual behavior in men of different age groups: is there an aging effect?

AIM: To assess the seminal characteristics as well as the sexual behavior of men of various age groups to establish the presence of an aging effect on those characteristics. METHODS: Semen samples were collected from men (n = 792) undergoing in vitro fertilization or intrauterine insemination in cases of female factor infertility only. Samples were collected using a seminal collection device at intercourse and evaluated manually according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Men were divided into four groups according to their ages: (i) 20-30, (ii) 31-40, (iii) 41-50 and (iv) 51-60 years, and their seminal characteristics and responses to a sexual behavior questionnaire were compared. RESULTS: The data showed statistically significant differences in the seminal characteristics tested, most notably in the sperm concentration, motility, grade of motility, hypo-osmotic swelling and normal sperm morphology. Furthermore, the decline in normal sperm morphology with age was more pronounced when using strict criteria rather than WHO standards. There were also differences in total sperm count, total motile sperm and total functional sperm fraction (assessed by both WHO and strict criteria). Significant differences were also observed in the sexual behavior patterns in older men in terms of the number of years they have been trying to conceive, sexual frequency and sexual satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The data clearly illustrate an aging effect on semen characteristics and sexual behavior in men as they age. It is suggested that the aging effect be taken into consideration when proposing normal standard values for semen characteristics in routine semen analysis as outlined by WHO standards.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Accurate image registration for quadrature tomographic microscopy.

This paper presents a robust and fully automated registration algorithm for registration of images of Quadrature Tomographic Microscopy (QTM), which is an optical interferometer. The need for registration of such images is to recognize distinguishing features of viable embryos to advance the technique for In Vitro Fertilization. QTM images a sample (live embryo) multiple times with different hardware configurations, each in turn producing 4 images taken by 4 CCD cameras simultaneously. Embryo movement is often present between imaging. Our algorithm handles camera calibration of multiple cameras using a variant of ICP, and elimination of embryo movement using a hybrid of feature- and intensity-based methods. The algorithm is tested on 20 live mouse embryos containing various cell numbers between 8 and 26. No failure thus far, and the average alignment error is 0.09 pixels, corresponding to the range of 639 and 675 nanometers.

Algorithms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Site-specific phosphorus application based on the kriging fertilizer-phosphorus availability index of soils.

Site-specific phosphorus management is done to optimize crop production and minimize P loss from soils. The spatial variability of the available P prior to fertilizer application and the P-fixation tendency of soil both need to be taken into account for variable-rate P application. The objectives of this research were to document the spatial variability of the fertilizer-P availability index, which shows the P-fixation tendency, and to develop a strategy that takes the spatial distribution of this index into account for site-specific phosphorus application. In this study, the spatial patterns of the fertilizer-P availability index were characterized by using geostatistics. The ordinary kriging was used for spatial interpolation of the fertilizer-P availability index. Because the fertilizer-P availability index of soil is related to oxalate-extractable Fe and Al and because measuring oxalate-extractable Fe and Al is much easier than directly determining the fertilizer-P availability index, the spatial distribution of the fertilizer-P availability index can be obtained using the oxalate-extractable Fe and Al data. The spatial distribution of Olsen-extractable P, which was used to measure the available-P status prior to fertilizer-P application, was also estimated by using ordinary kriging. The required fertilizer-P amounts were then determined using the kriging estimates of the fertilizer-P availability index and Olsen-extractable P. A fertilizer-P recommendation map for the 430-ha study site in Changhua county, Taiwan was generated by using this approach for illustration. The proposed method for generating fertilizer-P recommendation maps can be used for variable-rate application to maintain an adequate P status for crop production and to potentially reduce the P loss from soils.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1988

[The significance of specific LH patterns before and following ovulation induction with hCG within the scope of in vitro fertilization and simplified diagnosis].

In 55 patients follicular stimulation for in vitro fertilisation (IVF) was carried out with a combination of clomiphene (Cl)/human follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and human chorion gonadotropin (hCG) for ovulation induction. Two days before the anticipated hCG application LH measurements in 4-hourly urine samples were started and continued until follicular aspiration. A LH-IRMA (LH-MAIAclone, Serono) utilising monoclonal antibodies enabled the detection of LH also after hCG. In order to facilitate the organisation and to exclude sources of error the LH concentrations were correlated to the urinary creatinine concentrations and expressed as LH units per gram creatinine (LH U/g Cr). 6 characteristic LH profiles could be found: 31 patients (group a) had a baseline between 5-12 LH U/g Cr with an abrupt increase 10-12 hours after hCG, 2 patients (group b) had slightly elevated LH levels (10-15 LH U/g Cr), after hCG a decrease and 20-30 hours later a distinct increase. 7 patients (group c) had an endogenous LH surge before the hCG application. 3 patients (group d) had very low LH values (below 5 LH U/g Cr), 6 patients (group e) markedly increased concentrations (above 20 LH U/g Cr) with no change after hCG. 6 patients (group f) had significant LH fluctuations. Of the 15 pregnancies 12 were in group a, 2 in group b, 1 in group c, none in the groups d-f. The good correlation between the LH concentrations and creatinine concentrations in the urine proved the usefulness of this method and contributed well to organisational simplifications.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗

PubMed1999

Salivary estradiol and progesterone levels in conception and nonconception cycles in women: evaluation of a new assay for salivary estradiol.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the usefulness of salivary E2 and progesterone for noninvasive assessment of ovarian function. DESIGN: Prospective study of salivary hormone levels in women planning a pregnancy. SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago, Illinois. PATIENT(S): Fourteen women aged 23-39 years with regular menstrual cycles who were planning a pregnancy. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Salivary estradiol and progesterone concentrations. RESULT(S): The sensitivity of the E2 assay is 2.0 pmol/L; the interassay coefficient of variation was 5.2% (mean value 17 pmol/L). Recovery of E2 added to saliva was 106%. The correlation with simultaneous serum samples was 0.71. Menstrual cycle patterns contained a preovulatory depression and a midcycle surge. By comparison with nonconception cycles, the luteal phases of conception cycles had significantly elevated salivary E2 within the first 5 days after ovulation. Salivary progesterone was significantly elevated but not until 10 days after ovulation. CONCLUSION(S): Salivary measurements of E2 and progesterone can be used as noninvasive methods for assessment of ovarian function. Salivary specimens can be collected at home and brought to the laboratory for analysis, obviating the need for frequent phlebotomy. The sensitivity and precision of the salivary E2 assay make it comparable with assays of serum E2 for assessing changes in hormone levels.

Adult↗