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PubMed2006

Phylogenetic analysis of Sicilian goats reveals a new mtDNA lineage.

The mitochondrial hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) sequence of 67 goats belonging to the Girgentana, Maltese and Derivata di Siria breeds was partially sequenced in order to present the first phylogenetic characterization of Sicilian goat breeds. These sequences were compared with published sequences of Indian and Pakistani domestic goats and wild goats. Mitochondrial lineage A was observed in most of the Sicilian goats. However, three Girgentana haplotypes were highly divergent from the Capra hircus clade, indicating that a new mtDNA lineage in domestic goats was found.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Pharmacokinetics of imidocarb in normal dogs and goats.

The pharmacokinetics of imidocarb were studied in seven mongrel dogs and eight crossbred goats. An intravenous bolus dose (4 mg/kg) of 12% imidocarb dipropionate solution was injected into the cephalic vein in dogs and the jugular vein in goats. The plasma concentration of imidocarb was measured by spectrophotometry. The experimental data were analysed using a two-compartment open model. The apparent volume of the central compartment was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in dogs than in goats. The significantly larger (P less than 0.05) apparent specific volume of distribution in goats than in dogs may be attributed to passive diffusion followed by ion trapping of the drug in rumen fluid. Neither the half-life nor body clearance differed significantly between dogs (t1/2, 207 +/- 45 min; ClB, 1.47 +/- 0.38 ml/min kg) and goats (t1/2, 251 +/- 94 min; ClB, 1.62 +/- 0.50 ml/min kg). While almost 80% of the dose had been eliminated at 8 h in both species, the high ratio of the imidocarb level in the peripheral-to-central compartment in goats suggests that a prolonged period may be required for complete elimination of the drug.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Pharmacokinetics of antipyrine and sulphadimidine (sulfamethazine) in camels, sheep and goats.

The pharmacokinetics of antipyrine and sulphadimidine were studied in male camels, sheep and goats. The two drugs were administered concomitantly. Following intravenous injection of antipyrine (25 mg/kg) and sulphadimidine (sulfamethazine) (100 mg/kg), the pharmacokinetics of the two drugs were adequately described by a one-compartment model. Antipyrine half-life in goats (2.58 h) was shorter than that in sheep (4.04 h) and camels (18.78 h). The plasma clearance was greatest in goats then sheep and then camels. For sulphadimidine, a significantly greater volume of distribution was observed in camels and the greatest plasma clearance and shortest half-life were reported in goats. Sulphadimidine half-life was 2.77 h in goats, 4.72 h in sheep and 7.36 h in camels. The present results suggest that goats have the fastest elimination of these drugs from the circulation, followed by sheep and then camels.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Comparative pharmacokinetic disposition of closantel in sheep and goats.

The pharmacokinetic disposition of closantel was examined following intraruminal (i.r.) or intramuscular (i.m.) administration to adult Merino sheep and to adult and 3-month-old, suckling Angora goats. In adult goats the maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration with time curve (AUC) following 3.75, 7.5 and 15.0 mg closantel/kg given i.r. increased with dose however the time of Cmax (Tmax = 2.6d) in plasma was unaffected by dose rate. The elimination phase (K10) of closantel was monoexponential with a half-life (t1/2) of 4.7d again unaffected by dose rate. Apart from a more rapid absorption phase and earlier Tmax following 3.75 mg closantel/kg i.m., pharmacokinetic behaviour was similar to that following i.r. administration at 3.75 or 7.5 mg/kg. Although absorption rate was more rapid in kids after i.r. administration at 7.5 mg/kg, pharmacokinetic disposition of closantel was otherwise similar to that in adult goats. No closantel was detected in milk of treated doses or in the plasma of their kids. I.R. closantel at 7.5 mg/kg was more slowly absorbed in goats than in sheep but Cmax was similar in both species. However, K10 t1/2 was significantly shorter in goats (4d) than in sheep (14d). Faster elimination resulted in an almost three-fold lowering of AUC in goats and could dramatically reduce the sustained action of closantel in this species compared with sheep.

Absorption↗

PubMed1993

Radiographic study of postnatal development of the tarsus in west African dwarf goats.

Seven goats of the West African dwarf breeds, three females and four males, from the same farm were studied by serial radiography from the first week of life and at 3, 6, 9, 16, 23, 28, 37 and 46 weeks of age. The radiological appearance of the developing tarsus as evaluated from radiographs is described. During the first week postnatally, eight loci were observed to be partially ossified. The talus, tarsi centrale (Tc), first (T1), second (T2), third (T3) and fourth (T4) tarsal bones had each a single loci. The calcaneus bone had two loci, one for the tuber calcanei and another for the calcaneus himself. Fusion of the locus for T2 and T3 was evident in radiographs taken at three weeks. The fused T2 + T3 also appeared fused with the Tc in one of the goats at 23 weeks. The Tc and T4 were observed to fuse in only three of the goats at 23 weeks while in others the bones remained separate throughout the study period. In those goats where the Tc and T4 tarsal bones were not fused, the three tarsal joints were linked by a radiolucent line between these bones. While in the goat where Tc and T2 + T3 bone fusion has occurred the distal intertarsal joint was blocked and the proximal intertarsal was communicating with the tarsometatarsal joint between the separate Tc and T4. The tarsus of the goat is variable and differs from that of sheep and cattle.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Calcium requirement and time course of capacitation of goat spermatozoa assessed by chlortetracycline assay.

We standardized chlortetracycline fluorescent assay for studies of calcium requirement and time course of capacitation of goat spermatozoa. Three distinct fluorescent patterns were easily detected in goat spermatozoa incubated under capacitating conditions. Categorised according to nomenclature reported earlier, these are: 'F' with bright fluorescence in the postacrosomal region, characteristic of uncapacitated acrosomal-intact cells; 'B' with bright fluorescence on the anterior portion of the head and dark band in the postacrosomal region, characteristic of capacitated, acrosome-intact cells; 'AR' with lack of fluorescence on the head characteristic of acrosome-reacted cells. A close correspondence was observed when the results of CTC assay were compared with those obtained by transmission electron microscopy. Goat spermatozoa were not capacitated when calcium was omitted from the medium and 80% had CTC fluorescence of 'F' type. The size of 'B' cell population increased with increase in calcium concentration; at 1.0 mmol l-1 a peak representing 65-70% capacitated cells accumulated in 4 h. At higher concentrations, 'AR' cells were found along with 'B' cells and the two cell types were in equal proportions at 1.71 mmol l-1. Time course studies revealed a 2 h incubation period at 1.0 mmol l-1 and 1 h at 2 mmol l-1 calcium concentration before transformation of 'F' cells to 'B' cells was noticed. However, at no time were 'AR' cells found exclusively pointing to an equilibrium between the two sperm populations. Goat spermatozoa were also not capacitated when phosphate was omitted from the medium. Permeant anions (NO3-, SCN-), permeant weak acid (HCO3-) and organic phosphates (beta-glycerophosphate, glucose-6-phosphate) were unable to replace phosphate. The reason for their failure for the incidence of capacitation was traced to low uptake of calcium by goat spermatozoa. In the presence of phosphate, a 6-8-fold increase was measured over the calcium uptake when phosphate was omitted (2-4 nmol l-1 10(8) cells-1). Mersalyl inhibited the calcium uptake by goat spermatozoa as well as its capacitation most likely by inhibiting the calcium phosphate transporter located in the sperm plasma membrane.

Acrosome↗

PubMed1993

Characterization of biliary proteins and composition of bile from sheep and goats.

Higher lipid content in gall bladder bile of sheep and goats as compared with monogastric species was due to higher proportion of glycerides. The volume of bile per gall bladder was higher in sheep than in goats. Bile from sheep and goats has a higher content of proteins and lower contents of dry matter, cholesterol and phospholipids compared with monogastric species. Biliary proteins partially purified by the ammonium sulfate precipitation method were characterized and quantified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and immunodiffusion. FPLC and PAGE profiles indicate that biliary proteins of sheep and goats are mainly of low mol. wt. of upto 65 KDa. Proportions of immunoglobulin (Ig) like molecules in biliary proteins precipitated by ammonium sulfate of different degrees of saturation, were 10.4 to 26.7 and 21.9 to 30.7 per cent of total proteins in bile of goats and sheep. IgG and IgA like molecules were the predominant Ig and lacked carbohydrates. On immunodiffusion such Ig like molecules did not show cross reactivity with humoral Ig. It was concluded that sheep and goats appear to secrete Ig into bile after deglycosylation and partial degradation. The proteins of smaller molecular weight may be secretory fragments or degradation products of Ig.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Neuromuscular function of the latissimus dorsi muscle in goats after dynamic cardiomyoplasty.

Skeletal muscle deterioration is emerging as a limitation to long-term cardiac assist by dynamic cardiomyoplasty. Chronic electrical stimulation of in situ skeletal muscle showed that ischemia, decreased muscle preload, muscle overuse, and chronic electrical stimulation are factors for muscle deterioration. Transposition around the heart has been associated with signs of muscle denervation after chronic electrical stimulation. To evaluate latissimus dorsi muscle neuromuscular function after longterm dynamic cardiomyoplasty, we performed neuromuscular functional analysis and histology on the latissimus dorsi muscle and thoracodorsal nerve of six normal goats and six goats after 6 months of dynamic cardiomyoplasty. Electromyographic analysis showed positive sharp waves and fibrillation potentials in the latissimus dorsi of three goats from the dynamic cardiomyoplasty group. Conduction velocity of the thoracodorsal nerve of goats from the dynamic cardiomyoplasty group (58.32+/-9.80 m/s) was reduced compared to the goats from the control group (71.48+/-5.71 m/s, P = 0.02). Histologic changes in skeletal muscle were compatible with denervation. Loss of myelin sheaths, collapse of endoneurial connective tissue, and solitary foci of axonophagia and myelinophagia further documented severe injury to the thoracodorsal nerve in goats from the dynamic cardiomyoplasty group. The latissimus dorsi muscle wrap was denervated after long-term dynamic cardiomyoplasty. Traction on the neurovascular pedicle at each contraction of the transposed muscle may induce afferent axonal injury of the thoracodorsal nerve resulting in diminished muscular function.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Effects of captopril on arterial blood pressure, plasma renin activity and vasopressin concentration in sodium-repleted and sodium-deficient goats. A serial study during pregnancy, lactation and anestrus.

The effects of captopril (intravenous loading dose of 20 mg, 1 h later followed by 10 mg infused during the next h) on arterial blood pressure and plasma renin activity were followed in 4 goats during the last months of pregnancy, during lactation and during anestrus. Experiments were made both when the animals were sodium-repleted and sodium-deficient. Furosemide and dietary restriction were used to deprive the animals of sodium. In sodium-replete animals, captopril caused a more pronounced fall in mean arterial blood pressure and a larger increase in plasma renin activity (PRA) when the animals were pregnant than when they were lactating or in anestrus. During sodium-deficient conditions the response was similar as during sodium repletion in pregnant goats. In anestral goats, PRA rose in response to captopril, but the blood pressure fall was similar as when the goats were sodium-replete. In lactating sodium-deficient goats, captopril caused a marked fall in mean arterial blood pressure concomitant with a 2-3 times higher rise in PRA than during corresponding sodium-repletion experiments. The respiratory rate was elevated in pregnant animals and increased further during captopril. The plasma vasopressin concentration did not change during captopril-induced hypotension. If the blood pressure fell greater than or equal to 10 mmHg the animals became very quiet and occasionally they fell asleep. All goats delivered healthy kids. The fact that the blood pressure fall was marked and consistent in all animals during pregnancy, but less and more variable during anestrus indicates that the activity of the renin-angiotensin system is of greater importance for blood pressure maintenance during pregnancy than during anestrus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anestrus↗

PubMed1992

Atrial natriuretic peptide attenuates pressor but enhances natriuretic responses to angiotensin II in pregnant conscious goats.

This study was designed to examine the actions of ANP in acute, ANGII-mediated hypertension during pregnancy. Effects on blood pressure, blood volume, and renal Na and K excretion were evaluated in conscious goats (n = 6). ANP (2 micrograms min-1), ANGII (0.5 microgram min-1), or ANGII+ANP (doses the same as for each peptide alone) was infused intravenously for 60 min. The pressor response to ANGII was reduced in pregnant goats. This reduction was seen in systolic, but not in diastolic pressure. ANP decreased pressure by 5-10 mmHg both in pregnancy and in non-pregnancy. When ANGII+ANP was infused, blood pressure initially rose as with ANGII but then declined. ANP suppressed only the elevated systolic pressure. Plasma protein concentration and haematocrit was reduced by ANGII but increased by ANP alone or together with ANGII, thereby implying fluid shift into the vasculature by ANGII and opposite movement by ANP. ANGII increased renal Na excretion to 1500 mumol min-1 in non-pregnancy, but only to half of that in pregnancy. ANP alone caused small natriuresis, but enhanced ANGII-induced natriuresis to near 3000 mumol min-1 in both non-pregnant and pregnant goats. In summary, ANP further attenuated the blunted blood-pressure rise due to ANGII in pregnant goats, and reduced plasma volume, but enhanced renal Na excretion as in non-pregnant goats. This implies that with the present combination ANP and ANGII caused a near maximal natriuretic response that was not modified by the systemic cardiovascular changes occurring in pregnant goats.

Angiotensin II↗

PubMed1981

Noradrenergic component in the vasoconstriction induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine in goat cerebral arteries.

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) elicited dose-dependent increases in tension in the middle cerebral artery of the goat, which were significantly antagonized by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD, 10(-8) M) and methysergide (10(-7) M). In the presence of phentolamine (10(-6) M), the dose-response curve to 5-HT was shifted to the right, the pA2 value for this antagonism was 6.52. Pretreatment of goats with reserpine (0.02 mg kg-1 day-1 for three days) or removal of both superior cervical ganglia 15 days before the experiment brought about a significant decrease in the vasoconstriction induced by doses of 5-HT higher than 10(-7) M. The remaining contraction produced by 5-HT in arterial segments from reserpinized or gangliectomized goats was further reduced in the presence of LSD. In addition, high concentrations of 5-HT induced tritium release from goat pial arteries preloaded with (-)-[3H]noradrenaline, 2 X 10(-7) M) which was significantly decreased in vessels from gangliectomized or reserpinized goats. These results in goat cerebral arteries indicate that in the contraction evoked by 5-HT there are two components. The first appears with low concentrations (up to 10(-7) M) in which 5-HT acts directly on 5-HT receptors. The second occurs at high doses (greater than 10(-7) M) in which 5-HT also acts indirectly on alpha-adrenoceptors by release of noradrenaline from noradrenergic nerve endings.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Pig and goat blood as substitutes for sheep blood in blood-supplemented agar media.

In many developing countries sheep and horse blood, the recommended blood supplements in bacteriological media, are not readily available, whereas pig and goat blood are. Therefore, this study examined the use of pig and goat blood as potential substitutes for sheep blood in blood-supplemented bacteriologic media commonly used in clinical microbiology laboratories. In general, the growth characteristics and colony morphologies of a wide range of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and Candida albicans were similar on media containing pig, goat, and sheep blood, although differences were found. Enterococcus sp. uniformly produced alpha-hemolysis when incubated in CO(2), but in anaerobic conditions the hemolysis varied. In contrast, beta-hemolytic streptococci produced identical hemolytic reactions on all three media. Synergistic hemolysis was not observed on pig blood agar in the CAMP test nor on goat blood agar in the reverse CAMP test. The preparation of chocolate agar (heated) with pig blood required heating to a higher temperature than with sheep or goat blood to yield suitable growth of Haemophilus species. In general, we conclude that pig and goat blood are suitable alternatives to sheep blood for use in bacteriological media in settings where sheep and horse blood are not readily available.

Agar↗

PubMed1987

Time course of radiolabeled 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate turnover in cerebral cortex of goats.

The in vivo dephosphorylation rate of 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate (DGP) in the cerebral cortex of goats injected intravenously with radiolabeled 2-deoxy-D-glucose (DG) was investigated. Serial rapidly frozen samples of parietal cortical gray tissue were obtained at regular intervals over time periods from 45 min to 3 h in awake goats or in paralyzed and artificially ventilated goats maintained under 70% N2O or pentobarbital sodium anesthesia. The samples were analyzed for glucose content and separate DG and DGP activities. The rate parameters for phosphorylation (k3*) and dephosphorylation (k4*) were estimated in each animal. The glucose phosphorylation rate (PR) was calculated over the intervals 3-5 (or 6), 3-10, 3-20, 3-30, and 3-45 min, assuming k4* = 0. As the evaluation period was extended beyond 10 min, the calculated PR became increasingly less when compared with that calculated over the 3- to 5- (or 6) min interval (PRi). Furthermore, as metabolic activity decreased, the magnitude of the error increased such that at 45 min pentobarbital-anesthetized goats underestimated the PRi by 46.5% compared with only 23.1% in N2O-anesthetized goats. This was also reflected in the greater than twofold higher k4*/k3* ratio in the pentobarbital vs. N2O-anesthetized group. It is concluded that when using the DG method in the goat, DGP dephosphorylation cannot be ignored when employing greater than 10-min evaluation periods.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Differences in metabolic response of dog and goat latissimus dorsi muscle to chronic stimulation.

The latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle is considered suitable to assist ventricular mechanical function in either cardiomyoplasty or extra-aortic-assist devices. Such application requires that this mixed-type skeletal muscle be transformed into a fatigue-resistant muscle, the adaptation of which can be elicited by chronic stimulation. In this study the LD muscles of dog and goat were subjected in situ to 12 wk of continuous electrical stimulation through intramuscular electrodes, and their myofibrillar and metabolic adaptations were compared. A gradual increase in the contraction rate of the muscle (in 10 wk from 30 to 80 contractions/min) caused the proportion of immunohistochemically identified type I fibers to increase in dog muscle from 30 to 74% and in goat muscle from 21 to 99%. Correspondingly, the anaerobic-glycolytic activity (fructose-6-phosphate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities) decreased by approximately 75% in both dog and goat muscles, whereas the oxidative capacity (fatty acid oxidation and citrate synthase activity) increased two- to threefold in goat LD muscle but remained unaltered in dog LD muscle. Muscular contents of high-energy phosphates and endogenous substrates were maintained, but the L-carnitine content decreased by 43% in both dog and goat. Our data further indicate that, for the monitoring of the metabolic adaptation of skeletal muscle, the ratio of activities of the oxidative and anaerobic-glycolytic pathways (e.g., citrate synthase to fructose-6-phosphate kinase activities) is a useful parameter in both dog and goat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1996

Pheromone-induced stimulation of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator in ovariectomized, estrogen-primed goats.

As an example of pheromone-induced activation of reproductive function, the 'male effect' is well known in seasonally anestrous goats. The effect of this male pheromone on the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator activity was examined by monitoring the characteristic increases in the multiple-unit activity (MUA volleys) of the medial basal hypothalamus which had been associated with the pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone in ovariectomized goats carrying estradiol implants under 16L/8D condition. Male goat hair was used as the source of male pheromones, and the exposure to the hair was accurately timed to be midway between succeeding MUA volleys. The interval from the pheromone exposure to the subsequent volley was measured, so that the primer pheromone effect was assessed in terms of the stimulation of the GnRH pulse generator activity. Exposure to hair from an intact male goat resulted in occurrence of a MUA volley within a few minutes (1.7 +/- 0.2 min, n = 15) with the intervolley interval being apparently shortened as compared with the preexposure period. Hair from castrated male goats, on the other hand, had no such stimulatory effect at all on the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator activity, but treatment of the castrated goats with testosterone for 2 months resumed the pheromone activity. The present results provide first direct evidence for the central action of the primer pheromone in a mammalian species, and pheromonal stimulation of the reproductive neuroendocrine system is shown to be exerted by instantaneously stimulating the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator activity.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Studies on the ontogeny of goat hepatic cytochrome P-450-associated O-dealkylase activities using monoclonal antibodies: comparison to adult lung activity.

The P-450-associated O-dealkylase activity towards ethoxyresorufin (EROD) and pentoxyresorufin (PROD) was measured in liver microsomes from 1-day-, 1-week-, 4-week-, 6-week-old and adult goats in order to characterize the ontogeny of cytochrome P-450 in this species. The inhibition of these enzyme activities by monoclonal antibodies raised against 3-methyl-cholanthrene-induced (MAb 1-7-1) and phenobarbital-induced (MAb 2-66-3) rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 was used to measure the contribution of the MAb-defined, epitope-specific P-450 to the total activities during these ages of goat development. EROD activity was undetectable until the 1st week of life and increased more than 25-fold by 4 weeks of age. The inhibition of EROD by MAb 1-7-1 increased from 20% in 1-week-old to 70% in adult goats. PROD activity, however, was detectable in the 1-day-old and reached adult levels by 6 weeks of age. The maximal inhibition (40%) of PROD activity by MAb 2-66-3 was demonstrated in 1-day-old goats. The measurement of these enzyme activities and their inhibition by the monoclonal antibodies demonstrated major differences in the ontogeny of these P-450 isozymes in goats. On the other hand, adult goat lung lacked detectable PROD activity, while it expressed approximately one tenth of the EROD activity exhibited by the liver. Over 70% of this activity was inhibitable by MAb 1-7-1.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic relationships among twelve Chinese indigenous goat populations based on microsatellite analysis.

Twelve Chinese indigenous goat populations were genotyped for twenty-six microsatellite markers recommended by the EU Sheep and Goat Biodiversity Project. A total of 452 goats were tested. Seventeen of the 26 microsatellite markers used in this analysis had four or more alleles. The mean expected heterozygosity and the mean observed heterozygosity for the population varied from 0.611 to 0.784 and 0.602 to 0.783 respectively. The mean F ST (0.105) demonstrated that about 89.5% of the total genetic variation was due to the genetic differentiation within each population. A phylogenetic tree based on the Nei (1978) standard genetic distance displayed a remarkable degree of consistency with their different geographical origins and their presumed migration throughout China. The correspondence analysis did not only distinguish population groups, but also confirmed the above results, classifying the important populations contributing to diversity. Additionally, some specific alleles were shown to be important in the construction of the population structure. The study analyzed the recent origins of these populations and contributed to the knowledge and genetic characterization of Chinese indigenous goat populations. In addition, the seventeen microsatellites recommended by the EU Sheep and Goat Biodiversity Project proved to be useful for the biodiversity studies in goat breeds.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

IS900 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from goats and cattle in Norway.

In Norway, paratuberculosis has been frequently diagnosed in goats, while cattle have been almost free of the infection. This difference in prevalence between goats and cattle has led to speculations about the existence of a Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. a. paratuberculosis) isolate that is non-pathogenic for cattle. There is little information available on genotypic variation of M. a. paratuberculosis isolated from animals in Norway. In the present study, genotypic information on 51 isolates from goats and four isolates from cattle in Norway was obtained by use of IS900 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. All isolates from cattle and 84% of the isolates from goats had the same RFLP pattern (B-C1). Five RFLP patterns not previously detected were found. No genotypic variation that could explain a difference in host origin was found between the isolates from cattle and the majority of the Norwegian goat isolates. This lack of difference indicates that the most common M. a. paratuberculosis isolates in Norway may infect both cattle and goats.

Animals↗