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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Plasma and red blood cell fatty acids of low-birth-weight infants fed their mother's expressed breast milk or preterm-infant formula.

The fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids, red blood cell (RBC) phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was determined for low-birth-weight (LBW) infants when full oral feeding commenced (day 0) and after a further 28 d (day 28). They were fed their mother's expressed breast milk (PTM, n = 9), formula (SCF, n = 16) with 2% 18:3n-3 fatty acids, 20% 18:2n-6 fatty acids, or a combination of SCF and PTM (n = 11). Concentrations of all 20- and 22-carbon n-6 and n-3 fatty acids were similar among the infant groups on days 0 and 28 (mean postnatal age 42 +/- 1.3 d). The results suggest that formula with greater than or equal to 2% 18:3n-3 and a ratio of 18:2n-6 to 18:3n-3 similar to that of human milk may permit incorporation of n-3 fatty acids in LBW infant tissues equivalent to that from human milk.

Erythrocytes↗
PubMed2001

A method for in vitro determination of calcium, iron and zinc availability from first-age infant formula and human milk.

A method for in vitro determination of available calcium, iron and zinc content from infant food after digestion was evaluated. This method introduced an intraluminal digestive phase, adapted to the gastrointestinal conditions of infants younger than 6 months of age, prior to continuous flow dialysis of the resultant gastric digest. Precautions handling the method were discussed and enzymatic parameters were defined. Ruggedness of the method was determined from the availability of calcium, iron and zinc at different gastrointestinal conditions. Availability of all three elements was higher at gastric pH of 2 (20.0 +/- 1.1% for calcium, 4.06 +/- 0.66% for iron and 17.5 +/- 1.3% for zinc), than from the normal procedure (pH 4) (15.6 +/- 1.2% for calcium, 1.18 +/- 0.26% for iron and 8.2 +/- 0.9% for zinc). At pH 5, however, calcium availability appeared to be lower (11.7 +/- 1.0%) (P < 0.05). The intestinal pH also had a major influence on the availability. At low intestinal pH (5.5), availability was 40.5 +/- 2.3% for calcium, 3.01 +/- 0.58% for iron and 26.8 +/- 1.8% for zinc, which was higher compared with the normal procedure (P < 0.05). Moreover, other factors, such as digestion time, mixing and filtration pressure, also affected the availability. Recovery tests yielded mean values of 94 +/- 3% for calcium, 109 +/- 9% for iron and 106 +/- 4% for zinc. Mean intra- and inter-batch precision of the availability procedure was 4.1 CV% and 6.6 CV% for calcium, 14.5 CV% and 19.2 CV% for iron, and 4.0 CV% and 13.6 CV% for zinc. The method provides adequate accuracy, acceptable precision and good recovery. It offers the advantage of being simple, rapid and inexpensive, since it takes only 1 day to run the whole availability procedure (including four replicates per sample), and the low costs of the dialysis equipment. It can therefore be considered as suitable for predicting the availability of essential elements from foods used during the first months of infancy.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Protein intake and metabolism in formula-fed infants given Swedish or Italian weaning foods.

The aim of the study was to compare protein intake and metabolism between infants from two countries given similar infant formulae but different weaning foods. Healthy Swedish and Italian infants were studied between 3 and 12 mo. Infants in both populations were assigned to 1 of 3 infant formulae, containing 13, 15 or 18/20 g l(-1) of protein, given in addition to Swedish or Italian weaning foods. Protein intake from weaning foods was higher in Italian than in Swedish infants at 6 and 12 mo, whereas protein intake from formula at 6 mo and from formula/milk at 12 mo was similar in both populations. Plasma isoleucine, leucine, lysine, histidine and valine at 6 mo were lower in Italian than in Swedish infants fed formula with 13 g l(-1) of protein. All essential plasma amino acids were similar in Italian and Swedish groups at 12 mo. Serum urea was similar at 6 mo in corresponding formula groups, but was higher at 12 mo in the Italian than in the Swedish formula group. Serum albumin and growth were normal in both populations throughout infancy. In conclusion, formula with protein content of 13 g l(-1) seems to provide sufficient protein intake when combined with Swedish or Italian weaning foods during the second half of infancy, as indicated by normal serum albumin and normal growth. However, the bioavailability of protein and amino acids from weaning foods, in addition to their protein content, should be considered, as indicated by some indices of protein metabolism in the Italian infants.

Albumins↗