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PubMed1980

[Main forms and stages in the development of diffuse polyposis of the large intestine (problems of classification)].

Diffuse polyposis of the large intestine is a hereditary disease involving mostly young people and characterized by a high index of malignization. Previously proposed various classifications of the disease do not reflect completely the numerous important aspects of this pathology. On the basis of macro- and miroscopic studies on 186 operation preparations of the large intestine removed for diffuse polyposis 4 groups of the disease were distinguished: I--the largest group including polyposis with predominance of the cell proliferation processes (various kinds of adenomas--147 observations), II--polyposis with prevalence of secretion processes (juvenile polyps--24 observations), III--polyposis with both signs (10 observations); in this mixed group juvenile polyps alternated with glandular and glandular-villous polyps; group IV included 5 observations with Peuts-Jeghers syndrome.

Humans↗

PubMed1988

[Morphostatistical characteristics of adenomas of the large intestine based on the data from 1915 autopsies].

Large intestine polyps have been revealed in 1372 cases of 1915 autopsies. 4.1% of these have been hyperplastic polyps, 86.2% tubular adenomas, 11.1% tubular-villous and 2.7% villous adenomas. Solitary adenomas have been less frequent than multiple one (42 vs. 58%). The adenomas have been equally incident in the right and left portions of the large intestine, but they have been larger and characterized by a higher degree of epithelial dysplasia in the sigmoid and rectum. Malignant adenomas made up 0.8% of the total number of tumors. Adenomas have been revealed twice more frequently in the patients who died in hospital than in the group of forensic medical autopsies. Multifactorial analysis has demonstrated a correlation between adenoma detection rate and some chronic diseases.

Adenoma↗

PubMed1977

[Use of total isoperistaltic entero-lavage in surgery of the large intestine].

Hewitt's method for disinfection of the large intestine is described and a personal series of 84 total isoperistaltic washings carried out at the University of Milan 1st Surgical Pathology Department in the period July 1976 to May 1977 prior to surgery or diagnostic examination (manometry, pancolonscopy, barium enema etc.) is presented. The results confirmed the effectiveness and harmlessness of the method. Personal modifications permitting its wider application in large intestine diagnosis and surgery are mentioned. A personal method for selective radiological visualisation of the ileum and colon employing enterolusis is explained.

Colitis, Ulcerative↗

PubMed2005

Prenatal blockage of lymphotoxin beta receptor and TNF receptor p55 signaling cascade resulted in the acceleration of tissue genesis for isolated lymphoid follicles in the large intestine.

Signaling by lymphotoxin (LT) and TNF is essential for the organogenesis of secondary lymphoid tissues in systemic and mucosal compartments. In this study, we demonstrated that the progeny of mice treated with fusion protein of LTbetaR and IgGFc (LTbetaR-Ig) or LTbetaR-Ig plus TNFR55-Ig (double Ig) showed significantly increased numbers of isolated lymphoid follicles (ILF) in the large intestine. Interestingly, double Ig treatment accelerated the maturation of large intestinal ILF. Three-week-old progeny of double Ig-treated mice showed increased numbers of ILF in the large intestine, but not in the small intestine. Furthermore, alteration of intestinal microflora by feeding of antibiotic water did not affect the increased numbers of ILF in the large intestine of double Ig-treated mice. Most interestingly, mice that developed numerous ILF also had increased levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression and numbers of IgA-expressing cells in the lamina propria of the large intestine. Taken together, these results suggest that ILF formation in the large intestine is accelerated by blockage of LTbetaR and TNFR55 signals in utero, and ILF, like colonic patches, might play a role in the induction of IgA response in the large intestine.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Carbohydrate fermentation in the large intestine of lambs.

In one of two experiments, six 4-mo-old wethers fitted with ileal and cecal cannulas were fed three levels of concentrate (0, 40 or 80% corn) with forage in a replicated 3 X 3 Latin square design. Chromic oxide was fed as a marker. Quantities of starch recovered at the ileum and digested in the large intestine increased (P less than .05) with increased starch intake. Quantities of acid detergent fiber (ADF) recovered at the ileum increased with increased ADF intake; however; ADF digestion (grams) in the large intestine was highest (P less than .05) when the 80% corn diet was fed. Cecal total VFA concentrations, butyrate molar proportions and lactic acid concentrations were highest (P less than .05), and cecal acetate to propionate (C2:C3) ratios and pH values were lowest, in lambs fed 80% corn. In Exp. 2, 14 wethers (4-mo-old) were fed a forage (alfalfa hay) or a concentrate (80% corn) diet containing chromic oxide as a marker. Digesta grab samples were obtained by surgical procedure. The amounts of starch recovered at the abomasum and ileum and the amounts digested in the rumen, small intestine and large intestine were greater (P less than .05) when lambs were fed the concentrate. Large intestinal total VFA concentrations and butyrate molar proportions were higher (P less than .01) when the concentrate diet was fed; pH values were lower (P less than .01). Lambs fed the concentrate diet had lower (P less than .01) large intestinal and ruminal C2:C3 ratios of VFA.

Abomasum↗

PubMed1993

An immunohistochemical study of the innervation of the large intestine of the toad (Bufo marinus).

The distribution of intrinsic enteric neurons and extrinsic autonomic and sensory neurons in the large intestine of the toad, Bufo marinus, was examined using immunohistochemistry and glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence. Three populations of extrinsic nerves were found: unipolar neurons with morphology and location typical of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons containing immunoreactivity to galanin, somatostatin and 5-hydroxytryptamine were present in longitudinally running nerve trunks in the posterior large intestine and projected to the muscle layers and myenteric plexus throughout the large intestine. Sympathetic adrenergic fibres supplied a dense innervation to the circular muscle layer, myenteric plexus and blood vessels. Axons containing colocalized calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity and substance P immunoreactivity distributed to all layers of the large intestine and are thought to be axons of primary afferent neurons. Five populations of enteric neurons were found. These contained immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal peptide, which distributed to all layers of the large intestine; galanin/vasoactive intestinal peptide, which projected to the submucosa and mucosa; calcitonin gene-related peptide/vasoactive intestinal peptide, which supplied the circular muscle, submucosa and mucosa; galanin, which projected to the submucosa and mucosa; and enkephalin, which supplied the circular muscle layer.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

[The regeneration patterns of the canine hypogastric nerve when transplanted into the wall of the large intestine].

Findings of the study on the dog hypogastric nerve regeneration after implantation in caudal large intestine distal region are presented. Not only occurrence of the implanted nerve structure repair was shown, but also its assistance to formation of a well-developed neurovascular plexus in large intestine wall. Regenerated nerve fibres from the nervous plexus that forms in the epineurium of the implanted nerve invade the wall of large intestine. These data indicate the formation of an intramural nervous apparatus in large intestine wall providing additional neurotrophic regulation of an organ.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Maturation of sucrase-isomaltase complex in human fetal small and large intestine during gestation.

Sucrase-isomaltase complex is expressed in human small intestine throughout gestation and in the large intestine between 12 and 30 wk. The molecular form of the enzyme was studied in the brush-border membrane fractions by the immunoblotting method. Before 30 wk of gestation, the enzyme is present only as the high molecular weight prosucrase-isomaltase, while from 30 wk until birth the two subunits are also present. The fetal enzyme, as its proform and as its two subunits, has a faster mobility in sodium-dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, than the adult enzyme (removal of sialic acid residues from fetal enzymes emphasizes this difference). The colonic and the small intestinal fetal enzymes are identical.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed1990

Movements of the large intestine in the anuran larvae, Xenopus laevis.

1. The contractile behavior of the large intestine of Xenopus laevis tadpoles was studied. 2. The large intestine is divided into a colon and rectum, and shows three types of movements: rhythmic ascending (antiperistaltic) waves of contraction originating at the anal end of the large bowel, rhythmic longitudinal contractions in the rectum and colon, and irregular contractions. The first two patterns occur in the large bowel in situ and thus appear mature. The last one occurred only in older preparations, and thus appeared pathological. 3. Antiperistaltic waves of contractions and longitudinal contractions are generated independent of each other, suggesting that circular muscles and longitudinal muscles contract separately. 4. Acetylcholine, adrenaline and noradrenaline augment motility. 5. The premetamorphic motility of the large bowel is similar to that seen in adult frogs. Comparable motility was not observed elsewhere in the larval alimentary tract. The large intestine appears to be the first portion of the anuran alimentary tract to acquire the adult physiological and morphological profile.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1984

Glycosphingolipid patterns of the epithelial and non-epithelial compartments of rat large intestine.

The epithelial cells and the non-epithelial residue from large intestine of two inbred rat strains were separated and the glycosphingolipids characterized in comparison with earlier detailed data from small intestine of the same strains. Total acid and non-acid glycolipids were prepared and the non-acid glycolipids were further fractionated into subgroups as acetylated derivatives on silicic acid. The fractions obtained were characterized mainly by thin-layer chromatography, including binding of monoclonal anti-A and anti-B antibody to the chromatogram, and by direct-inlet mass spectrometry after derivatization. This combined technology allowed an overall conclusion from a small number of animals concerning relative amounts of glycolipids, microheterogeneity of blood group glycolipids and carbohydrate sequence and lipophilic components of major species of each subfraction. As for the small intestine, the two separated compartments differed distinctly in composition, with blood group fucolipids being confined to the epithelial cells, and a series of glycolipids with probably internal Gal alpha being restricted to the non-epithelial part. The main difference between large and small intestine concerned fucolipids of the epithelium. Three blood group B active glycolipids with four, six and seven sugars were detected which were absent from the small intestine. The four-sugar glycolipid was a major glycolipid with the structure Gal alpha 1----3Gal(2----1 alpha Fuc) beta 1----4Glc beta 1----1Cer. as reported before. The six-sugar glycolipid was shown by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy to have the probable structure Gal alpha 1----3Gal(2----1 alpha Fuc)beta 1----3GlcNAc beta 1----3Gal beta 1----4Glc beta 1----1Cer. The seven-sugar glycolipid had an additional fucose linked to N-acetylhexosamine, as shown by mass spectrometry. Three blood group A active glycolipids with four, six and seven sugars were found in both rat strains, with sequences analogous to the B glycolipids but with a terminal GalNAc instead of Gal. The four- and six-sugar blood group A compounds, but not the seven-sugar glycolipid, have been found before in the small intestine of one of the rat strains. In the small intestine, on the other hand, a branched-chain twelve-sugar blood group A active glycolipid has been found which was absent from the large intestine. Therefore large intestine of both rat strains expressed glycolipid-based blood group A and B activity, while small intestine lacked B activity and showed A activity only in one of the strains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

ABO Blood-Group System↗

PubMed1997

Fluid intake and behavioral changes in rats associated with the distension of the small and large intestine.

Effects of volumetric distension of the small and the large intestine on rats' behavior were compared. Rats were stimulated by a rubber balloon inserted into chronic isolated intestinal loops prepared from the lower duodenum-upper jejunum and from the upper colon in the same animal. Thresholds of 3 reaction classes (weak, strong, and painful) were not different from each other in the 2 loops. Distension decreased fluid intake in an intensity-dependent way, with weak and painful stimuli being less effective in the large intestine and strong stimuli less effective in the small bowel. Behavioral indexes supported intake data, satiety indexes were similar to each other and changed in time, whereas aversivity indexes differed in the 2 loops and as a function of intensity but not time. The author suggests that mild discomfort is a physiological satiety factor whereas strong and painful stimuli signal danger and induce aversivity.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

[Diffuse polyposis of the large intestine complicated by amyloidosis of the internal organs].

Polyposis of the large intestine is a common affliction of the intestine which usually occurs as a result of inflammatory diseases or of dysplasia of embryonic anlages. Malignization of diffuse polyposis is observed in 70-100% of cases. A case of diffuse polyposis of the large intestine with initial phenomena of malignization in a male patient aged 44 years is described. The case in question was characterized by the presence of accompanying diffuse amyloidosis of a number of internal organs (kidney, spleen, pancreas). The onset of amyloidosis in this case was associated apparently with the character of absorption by a pathologically changed surface of the large intestine mucosa and with the enlargement of the surface of absorption of products of the protein metabolism.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

[Variations of cellular membrane phospholipids with genesis and hepatic metastasis of large intestine cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To separate and detect membrane phospholipids and study the relationship of metabolism and signal transduction pathways of membrane phospholipids with genesis and hepatic metastasis of large intestinal carcinoma. METHODS: Forty-eight cases of colorectal cancer were detected with high performance liquid chromatography. Membrane phospholipids of phosphatidylinosital (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in primary foci, paratumor intestinal mucosa and hepatic metastasis of large intestine cancer were separated and analyzed. RESULTS: In primary foci, paratumor intestinal mucosa, and hepatic metastasis of the 48 cases, the contents (mg/g) of PI were: 0.92 +/- 0.12, 1.57 +/- 0.14, 1.54 +/- 0.15 respectively, and PC 56.47 +/- 5.33, 108.57 +/- 6.37, 116.35 +/- 6.85. The contents of PI and PC were higher in primary foci and hepatic metastasis than in paratumor mucosa (F = 363.10, 870.10, P < 0.01). The contents of PE in the three tissues were 18.23 +/- 3.56, 42.02 +/- 4.33, 79.51 +/- 5.52, and in hepatic metastasis was the highest (F = 1 149.63, P < 0.01). PI and PC in primary foci of hepatic metastatic group and nonmetastasis group were not significantly different (t = 3.55, P > 0.05). But the PE content was higher in hepatic metastasis than in primary foci (t = 115.87, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Membrane phospholipids have obvious variations in genesis and hepatic metastasis of large intestine cancer. Rises of PI and PC were associated with genesis of large intestine carcinoma. The increase of PE content is closely related to invasion and hepatic metastasis of large intestine cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Potassium-dependent p-nitrophenyl phosphatase and carbonic anhydrase reactivities suggest that lymphoid follicles in the large intestine of lambs are lined with a uniform type of epithelial cell distinct from the absorptive epithelium.

The epithelium covering the large intestinal lymphoid follicles in fetal and postnatal lambs was examined for potassium-dependent p-nitrophenyl-phosphatase (K(+)-NPPase), carbonic anhydrase, magnesium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Mg(2+)-ATPase) and acid phosphatase. Reactivities for these enzymes indicated a homogenous population of cells in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE), distinct from the absorptive epithelium. There were essentially no differences in the enzyme reactivities of the large intestinal FAE between fetuses in late gestation and postnatal lambs. The FAE showed a weak reaction for K(+)-NPPase and a variable staining for Mg(2+)-ATPase and acid phosphatase. In contrast, the adjacent absorptive epithelium demonstrated strong reactions for these enzymes. Carbonic anhydrase gave a strong reaction at the luminal and apparent basolateral cell borders of the large intestinal FAE. This distribution of reactivity for carbonic anhydrase resembled that found in the ileal FAE. In absorptive epithelial cells, only the luminal cell border reacted strongly for carbonic anhydrase. Serial sections of large intestinal tissue showed a variation in the basolateral staining of FAE from one section to the next, a finding which suggested that the reaction may be associated with transcytosis. The lymphoid follicles and domes of the large intestine showed a variable granular pattern of carbonic anhydrase staining, which also suggested a dependence on epithelial transcytosis.

4-Nitrophenylphosphatase↗

PubMed2004

Detection of K-ras gene mutation in fecal samples from elderly large intestinal cancer patients and its diagnostic significance.

AIM: To study the diagnostic significance of K-ras gene mutations in fecal samples from elderly patients with large intestinal cancer. METHODS: DNA was extracted in the fecal and tissue samples from 23 large intestinal cancer patients, 20 colonic adenomatoid polypus patients and 20 healthy subjects. The K-ras gene mutations at the first and second bases of codon 12 were detected by the allele specific mismatch method. RESULTS: The K-ras gene mutation was 56.52%(13/23) in the large intestinal cancer patients, which was notably higher than that in the normal subjects whose K-ras gene mutation was 5%(1/20) (chi (2)=12.93, P<0.001). There was no significant difference in comparison with that of colonic adenomatoid polypus patients whose K-ras gene mutation was 30%(6/12) (chi (2)=3.05, P>0.05). The K-ras gene mutation at the second base of codon 12 was 92.13%(12/13) in the large intestinal cancer patients. There was no significant difference between the detection rate of K-ras gene mutation in the fecal and tissue samples (chi (2)=9.35, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that detection of the K-ras gene mutations in fecal samples provides a non-invasive diagnostic method for the elderly large intestinal cancer patients. Its significance in the early diagnosis of large intestinal cancer awaits further studies.

Aged↗

PubMed1975

Reflexogenic contraction of the ileo-cecal sphincter in the cat following small or large intestinal distension.

The effect of distension of a small or large intestinal loop on the ileo-cecal sphincter (ICS) in the cat was studied with a flow-recording technique. Distension of a small or large intestinal loop, isolated from the adjacent intestine, but with its mesenteric vascular and nervous supply intact, elicited a contraction of the ICS concomitant with an inhibition of the adjacent large and small intestinal motility. Vagal and pelvic nerve section did not affect the response to distension of the ICS nor exclusion of the adrenal glands from the circulation. The sphincter reflex could be entirely or almost entirely eliminated by cutting both the splanchnic and lumbar colonic nerves, but not one or the other. Spinal anesthesia bocked the reflex response indicating a spinal reflex arc. The reflex persisted after atropine and propranolol, while both guanethidine and phenoxybenzamine completely abolished the reflex contraction of the sphincter. The present results indicate that the excitatory intestino-ileo-cecal sphincteric reflex is a spinal reflex with the main afferent and/or efferent fibres located within the major splanchnic and lumbar colonic nerves. The excitatory motor response in the sphincter is adrenergic and mediated via alpha-receptors.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Calcium absorption in rat large intestine in vivo: availability of dietary calcium.

Calcium absorption in the large intestine of the rat was investigated in vivo. After a single injection of 45CaCl2 into the cecum, 26.0 +/- 2.5% (mean +/- SE, n = 9) of the 45CaCl2 injected disappeared. This absorption was modulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, increased to 64.0 +/- 4.2% under a low-Ca diet, and increased under low-Pi diet. In contrast, when the difference of nonradioactive Ca in the cecal content and the feces was measured, only 4.1 +/- 4.6% (not significant) was absorbed. Secretion of intravenously injected 45Ca into the lumen was small and not altered by any of the conditions tested. When cecum contents were placed into duodenal tied loops, 14 +/- 6.2% were absorbed in situ when 45Ca was given orally, whereas when 45Ca was directly added to the content 35.6 +/- 4.6% were absorbed (P less than 0.02). These results indicate that the large intestine has an important vitamin D-dependent Ca absorptive system detectable if 45Ca is injected into the cecum. However, it is not effective in vivo because the Ca arriving in the large intestine appears to be no longer in an absorbable form.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[Perforation of the large intestine].

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate surgical options and therapeutic results of the large intestine perforation treatment, conducted by the authors' team. METHODOLOGY: During a four-year-period, a retrospective study including 53 patient subjects suffering from the large intestine perforation followed by peritonitis was conducted by the authors' team. The peritonitis-related risks were classified according to the Mannheim Peritonitis Index--the MPI score. RESULTS: The mean value of the MPI score reached 24.4 points in the assessed group. The total mortality rate reached 18.9% in the assessed group. The MPI score was significantly lower in the surviving patients group, compared to the exited patients group. Furthermore, the MPI score was significantly lower in the group of patients suffering from benign disorders of the large intestine, compared to the group of patients with malignancies. Resection with primary anastomosis (RPA), as a surgical treatment method, was successful in 32.1% of all cases in the group and in 73.9% of the patients treated using RPA. CONCLUSION: In indicated cases, the RPA method remains the appropriate surgical approach for the patients with the large intestine perforation, even when diffuse peritonitis concurs. The MPI score represents a simple and sufficiently reliable assessment system for the patients suffering from the large intestine perforation.

Adolescent↗