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PubMed1988

Relationship of lung function to radiographic reading (ILO) in patients with asbestos related lung disease.

The 1980 International Labour Office (ILO) classification of posteroanterior chest radiographs was used to obtain the scores for profusion of small opacities and pleural abnormalities of 172 men with confirmed or suspected disease of the lungs due to asbestos. After allowance had been made for age, stature, and smoking habit the quantitative score for area of diffuse pleural thickening seen in profile on both lateral chest walls contributed to reductions in inspiratory capacity, expiratory reserve volume, and forced expiratory flow rates. Occlusion of one or both costophrenic angles in the presence of diffuse thickening was associated with further reduction in inspiratory capacity. Profusion of small opacities was associated with a reduction in transfer factor. Diffuse pleural thickening and occlusion of costophrenic angles were associated with relatively low values for the forced expiratory flow rates (MEF50FVC) and FEV1/FVC, whereas small opacities were associated with relatively high values. Thus overall increased, normal, or reduced values of MEF50FVC and FEV1/FVC might occur, depending on the distribution of the radiographic abnormalities. The findings contribute to the validation of the ILO pleural scores; those for diffuse pleural thickening and occlusion of costophrenic angles should be used jointly with the scores for profusion of parenchymal small opacities in interpreting the lung function of persons exposed to asbestos.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Lung function changes during anesthesia and thoracic surgery].

After anaesthesia and thorax surgery, a significant reduction in pulmonary function with up to a 50% decrease in FEV1, FVC, and FRC is seen, leading to a high risk of atelectasis and hypoxia, and therefore making respiratory complications the major course of perioperative morbidity and mortality in this group of patients. This severe reduction in lung function gradually diminishes within three weeks, but postoperative pain and sedation increase the deterioration in lung function, and treatment is therefore based on anaesthetic drugs with a short elimination time and effective postoperative pain treatment with epidural analgesia or other regional blockade, and minimal use of opioids. Together with more sparing surgical methods, it is possible to operate on patients with severely reduced preoperative lung function (FEV1 = 0.651 or 22% of predicted value) with lung resection and immediate extubation. A reduction in pulmonary complications after thoracic surgery from 25-30% down to 10-15% is also seen, depending on age and preoperative lung function.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed2002

Early gestational intra-amniotic endotoxin: lung function, surfactant, and morphometry.

We determined the effects in preterm lambs of endotoxin-induced inflammation at early gestational ages on lung function and structure and on the surfactant system. Pregnant ewes were randomized to one of five intra-amniotic endotoxin (Escherichia coli 055:B5) groups: 1 mg injected at 60 days of gestation, 1 mg at 80 days, 1 mg at 100 days, 1 mg at 60 days plus 100 days, or 0.6 mg/ day infused from Day 80 to Day 108. Control lambs received saline treatments. At 125 days, lung function was improved in all endotoxin groups. Marked increases in saturated phosphatidylcholine in lung tissue but not alveolar lavage samples were seen in all endotoxin groups except the 60- plus 100-day group. Surfactant protein mRNA and protein pool sizes were affected differently according to the timing of endotoxin treatment, but a large increase in the amount of mature surfactant protein B in alveolar lavage samples was observed in all endotoxin groups. Lung-to-body weight ratio, alveolar number, total surface area, and alveolar wall thickness were reduced by 80- to 108-day endotoxin. Intra-amniotic inflammatory stimuli in early gestation can alter pulmonary development, with the net effect of improving preterm lung function, despite changes in surfactant and lung growth that are similar to changes in the lungs of ventilated animals developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lung function, oxygen saturation and symptoms among street sweepers in calabar-Nigeria.

Chronic inhalation of dust impairs lung function and may cause respiratory symptoms. However, knowledge about the type of dust that can cause these problems is uncertain. Very little attention has been paid to the health of workers chronically exposed to dust raised by street sweeping without precautionary measures. Therefore, a study of lung function, oxygen saturation and symptoms among female street sweepers and their control groups in Calabar, Nigeria was carried out. Ventilatory function tests were done using 200 female street sweepers whose length of service was less than two years and 200 sex, age, weight, and height - matched external controls who were not exposed to any known air pollutant. The percentage of oxygen saturation (SPO((2)) of both the subjects and their control population was determined using a pulse oximeter. Respirable dust level in the test sites was 0.194 +/- 0.002 mu g/m3 and it was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than in control sites, which was 0.015 +/- 0.003 mu g/m3.There was no significant difference in the mean values of SPO((2))between the test and control subjects. However, there was also a significantly higher [P < 0.001] prevalence of back pain, cough, chest pain , catarrh and sneezing among the street sweepers compared to control. Lung function values, namely; FVC, FEV((1)), FEV((1)) % and PEFR were not significantly different in the two groups. Street sweeping; without precautionary measures may predispose to respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Reference values for lung function tests in men: regression equations with smoking variables.

Prediction formulas for static and dynamic spirometry, gas distribution, static lung mechanics and the transfer test were derived from measurements in healthy men. The measurements included total lung capacity, residual volume, airways resistance, static elastic recoil pressure of the lung, static compliance, closing volume, slope of the alveolar plateau (phase III), flow-volume variables (including mean transit time) during breathing of air or a helium/oxygen mixture, and conventional spirometric indices. The results from 146 smokers and 124 never-smokers were evaluated separately and combined. For all lung function tests a single regression equation was obtained. The prediction formulas included time-related smoking variables and were valid for both smokers and never-smokers. For many lung function tests, a nonlinear age coefficient resulted in a significant reduction in variance compared with simple linear models. Heavy tobacco smoking influenced most lung function tests less than ageing from 20 to 70 years, but for airways resistance, transfer factor and phase III the opposite was found.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Associations of height, leg length, and lung function with cardiovascular risk factors in the Midspan Family Study.

BACKGROUND: Taller people and those with better lung function are at reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Biological mechanisms for these associations are not well understood, but both measures may be markers for early life exposures. Some studies have shown that leg length, an indicator of pre-pubertal nutritional status, is the component of height most strongly associated with CHD risk. Other studies show that height-CHD associations are greatly attenuated when lung function is controlled for. This study examines (1) the association of height and the components of height (leg length and trunk length) with CHD risk factors and (2) the relative strength of the association of height and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) with risk factors for CHD. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross sectional analysis of data collected at detailed cardiovascular screening examinations of 1040 men and 1298 women aged 30-59 whose parents were screened in 1972-76. Subjects come from 1477 families and are members of the Midspan Family Study. SETTING: The towns of Renfrew and Paisley in the West of Scotland. RESULTS: Taller subjects and those with better lung function had more favourable cardiovascular risk factor profiles, associations were strongest in relation to FEV(1). Higher FEV(1) was associated with lower blood pressure, cholesterol, glucose, fibrinogen, white blood cell count, and body mass index. Similar, but generally weaker, associations were seen with height. These associations were not attenuated in models controlling for parental height. Longer leg length, but not trunk length, was associated with lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Longer leg length was also associated with more favourable levels of cholesterol and body mass index than trunk length. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide indirect evidence that measures of lung development and pre-pubertal growth act as biomarkers for childhood exposures that may modify an individual's risk of developing CHD. Genetic influences do not seem to underlie height-CHD associations.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Lung function tests in normal Indian children.

The forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, peak expiratory flow, mid-expiratory flow and maximum voluntary ventilation was measured in 632 healthy, normal children from Metropolitan city of Bombay using computerized spirometer. The children were between age range 6 years to 15 years and belong to high or middle and lower socio economic status. The pulmonary function data was separated by sex, and classified on the basis of height and age. The mean and standard deviation for was calculated for every such variable. The lung function variables show a linear positive correlation with height and age. Forced vital capacity and one second forced expiratory volume show a spurt after height 150 cm. Boys show higher values for lung function variables than girls except for mid expiratory flow rates where girls have higher values than boys over height 140 cm and age 9 yrs. Stepwise regression equation was calculated using height, age and weight as independent variables. Height explained the maximum variance in lung function parameters. Use of logarithmic equations for age, weight do not improve the degree of correlation. Hence, for clinical evaluation of child's lung function, height is the most significant independent parameter in comparison to age and weight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Lung function parameters of Bangladeshi male subjects in different living conditions.

The "standard" values of pulmonary function tests obtained from Western populations do not agree with that of people of Bangladesh. The present survey was conducted with a view to determining the values of three lung functions parameters, viz., vital capacity, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in healthy Bangladeshi male population. 250 non-smoker male subjects of age 20-40 years were selected for the study. Of these 150 were university students and employees and 100 were low income group slum dwellers. All three values correlated positively with height and weight and negatively with age. There was a definite effect of aging on the lung function showing a declining trend from age 35 years onwards. The slum dwellers showed lower values (-12.5% in young adults) of lung functions than the university students and employees. The difference decreased with age. Prediction equations were set up using height, weight, and age as parameters. In general the lung function values were found to be 80% of the European Standards.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[The value of the spirographic examination in the follow-up with time of the lung functional states in children with bronchial asthma].

28 Children with bronchial asthma, aged 6-18 years, were followed up for varying time intervals, between 3 months and over 5 years. In the cases studied, 7-8 functional tests were used under different clinical conditions: asymptomatic, manifested clinical form of the bronchial asthma, crisis of expiratory dyspnea in various severeness degrees. For an easy use of the method in the pediatric network, the lung functional investigation consisted only of spirographic examination (CV (vital capacity), VEMS (max. expir. ventilation per second) VEMS/CV ratio). The study has to show which of the lung functional parameters, measured on the maximum and forced spirogram, are the most useful for the best evaluation of the functional state of the asthmatic child. The VEMS value proved to be the most correct one for appreciating the presence and severeness degree of the obstructive syndrome The slight variation of the VEMS/CV ratio showed that the information given by this parameter cannot reveal enough the alteration of the lung function in child. For a better evaluation of the lung functional state in the asthmatic child, the routine spirographic examination, has to be completed with more "sensible" tests, such as FEF25-755 and MEF59 and with other functional parameters measured by plethysmographic examination (VGT, Raw).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Dyspnea and lung function. Results of a multicenter study].

UNLABELLED: In seven pneumological centres 266 patients with different pneumological diseases were investigated. After having clarified several questions regarding the severity of the dyspnoea, cough intensity and the volume of sputum, as well as basic clinical investigation and after an x-ray of the thorax, the diagnosis was arrived at. Subsequently the lung function investigation with the flow-volume curve (including IVC, FVC, PEF, FEV1, MEF50%) and the body plethysmographic Rt and IGV were carried out. Different quality control procedures at and between the different centres ensured comparable results. All centres agreed to using methods well compatible with each other. The question as to which kind of parameters of lung function would agree best with the amount of the dyspnoea, was resolved. The causes for the large scatter of the results are described. Cough and sputum exercise an influence even on the degree of dyspnoea, but not by deteriorating the lung function. The results are shown for the entire collective (Part I) in respect of the different diagnoses (Part II). With different diagnosis the same significant correlations exist but the curves are positioned at different levels of the coordinate system. CONCLUSION: Significant correlations exist between the dyspnoea scale and function parameters. There are individual differences between the dyspnoea scale and disturbances of the function parameters. Carefully performed lung function analyse definitely important in any case.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Factors that affect normal lung function in white Australian adults.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To classify abnormal lung function in epidemiologic studies, we first calculated "normal" values using data from Australian white adults. We then examined the effects of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), respiratory symptoms, current and past asthma, and current smoking on spirometric function. METHODS: A large random sample of 1,527 adults aged 18 to 73 years was studied. We measured respiratory symptoms and smoking history by questionnaire and AHR by histamine inhalation test. RESULTS: Data from 729 "normal" subjects (asymptomatic nonsmokers without AHR) were used to obtain regression models for FVC, FEV1, peak expiratory flow rate, and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC. The R2 values were 0.76, 0.74, 0.58, and 0.29, respectively. The presence of AHR reduced FVC by 0.1 L and FEV1 by 0.2 L, on average. Subjects with asthma-related symptoms had a mean reduction in FVC of 0.1 L for both genders and in FEV1 of 0.08 L for women and 0.2 L for men. Current asthma reduced FVC by 0.3 L, on average, and FEV1 by 0.5 L for women and 0.6 L for men. The FEV1 was reduced by 0.002 L per cigarette smoked daily. CONCLUSION: Recent symptoms, AHR, and current smoking were all important predictors of reduced lung function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Influence of long-term occupational exposure to cadmium on lung function tests results.

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed at assessing the lung function in workers exposed to cadmium (Cd). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pulmonary ventilatory function was assessed in 79 workers (mean age, 50.4+/-8.9 years, 44% of male workers) previously exposed to cadmium in a cadmium battery plant. The group, not occupationally exposed to cadmium (n = 159, mean age, 48.4+/-4.2 years, 56% of males) was selected from the inhabitants of the same town. All the subjects were examined at the same out-patient-clinic. In cadmium battery workers measurements of blood cadmium concentrations have been performed since 1983 by the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine in Lódź, Poland. The data on cadmium concentrations in the air were obtained from the plant's files covering the period of 1981-1999. All subjects were divided into four groups according to their cumulative cadmium exposure indexes: Cd-B x t (Cd in blood in microg/l x years of exposure ) ( index 1) or Cd-A x t (Cd in air mg/m3 years of exposure) (index 2). The ranges of Cd-B x t amounted to <25; 25-500; >500-1000 and > 1000 and Cd-A x t to <0.01; 0.01-1.5; >1.5-4.0 and >4.0. Statistical analysis of the results was performed by means of one-way analysis of variance with multiple comparison tests and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: The analysis of index 1 showed that only the group with the highest exposure level (>1000 microg Cd-B x years ) had a significantly decreased values for forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) peak expiratory flow rate (PEF) maximum midexpiratory flow (MEF) at 25%, 50%, and 75% compared to the group with the lowest exposure (<25 microg/l x years). As revealed by the analysis of index 2, the highest exposure group (>4 mg Cd-A x t) showed a significantly decreased MEF at 50% and not quite significantly decreased FEV1. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to high cadmium concentrations in the cadmium battery plant resulted in the deterioration of some lung functions in the workers, suggesting a mild airway obstruction.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Lung function in type 1 Saudi diabetic patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of type 1 diabetes mellitus on lung function and its gravity in relation to the duration of disease. METHODS: We carried out this study in the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Diabetic Center, King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia during the period 2003-2004. We randomly selected a group of 27 apparently healthy volunteer Saudi male type 1 diabetic patients with age ranging from 19-70 years. We matched the diabetic patients with another group of 27 control healthy male subjects in terms of age, height, weight and socioeconomic status. Both groups met with exclusion criteria as per standard. We performed spirometry on an Electronic Spirometer (Schiller AT-2 Plus, Switzerland) and compared the results by a student t-test (2-tailed). RESULTS: Type 1 diabetic patients showed a significant reduction in the forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) relative to their matched controls. However, there was no significant difference in the forced expiratory ratio, forced expiratory flow; forced expiratory flow and peak expiratory flow (PEF) between the groups. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that lung function in type 1 diabetic patients is impaired by a decrease in FVC and FEV1 as compared to their matched controls. Additionally, the years of disease showed a dose-response effect on lung function.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Regional lung function following upper sleeve lobectomy for bronchogenic carcinoma.

Regional lung function of the operated side following upper sleeve lobectomy (n = 8) and simple upper lobectomy (n = 7) for lung cancer was evaluated. Regional ventilation was studied with Krypton 81m and regional pulmonary blood flow was studied with Technetium 99m. Measurements were taken from 12 to 24 months after operation. The ventilation rate of the operated side following right upper sleeve lobectomy (n = 5) was 42.9 +/- 6.7% and the perfusion rate was 37.4 +/- 4.6%. The regional ventilation rate of the operated side after simple right upper lobectomy (n = 3) was 45.9 +/- 10.5% and the perfusion rate was 46.2 +/- 5.2%. For the patients with left upper sleeve lobectomy (n = 3), these ratios were 29.9 +/- 11.1% and 19.2 +/- 3.6%, respectively. For the patients with simple left upper lobectomy (n = 4), these ratios were 27.3 +/- 4.5% and 22.3 +/- 3.3%. There were no statistical differences between the group with upper sleeve lobectomy and that with simple upper lobectomy. Regional function improved gradually with time. In conclusion, the regional lung function of the operated side following sleeve lobectomy was well preserved and showed no difference when compared with the regional function after simple lobectomy for lung cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in farmers: relation to respiratory symptoms, lung function, and atopy.

There is only limited information on the factors associated with nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) in farmers. Our purpose was to examine the relationship between BHR and respiratory symptoms, atopy, and abnormalities of lung function in a sample of French farmers. Farmers scheduled for a preventive medicine check-up in northeastern France were examined. Occupational exposure, respiratory symptoms, and work-related symptoms were assessed by questionnaire, sensitization to 34 common and agricultural allergens by skin prick tests, and BHR by the single-dose (1,200 microg) acetylcholine (ACh) challenge test. Data were obtained from 741 farmers (95% of those invited). Seventy-seven subjects (10.3%) had BHR defined as a fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) >/= 10% after the inhalation of ACh or, for those with a poor lung function, an increase in FEV1 > 10% and > 200 ml after the inhalation of 200 microg of salbutamol. The proportion of asthmalike symptoms, especially wheeze during work, positive skin tests to acarian (storage mites) and cereal dust allergens, and low levels of lung function was significantly greater among reactors than among nonreactors. Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed a significant and independent association between BHR and wheezing during work (OR = 4.99; 95% CI = 2.29-10.89; p = 0.0001) and baseline FEV1 (OR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.05-2.20; p = 0.026). In conclusion, hyperreactive farmers had significantly more asthmalike symptoms, positive skin tests, and abnormal lung function than normoreactive farmers. Work-related wheeze and low baseline FEV1 were significantly and independently associated with BHR.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

Nitric oxide synthase 1 as a potential modifier gene of decline in lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: The severity of lung disease varies widely in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who have the same type of mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene, suggesting involvement of "modifier" genes. The nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) gene is a candidate for this role because exhaled nitric oxide (NO) is reduced in patients with CF and NOS1 activity contributes to transepithelial ionic transport, immune defence, and non-specific inflammation of the airways. METHODS: Dinucleotide GT repeat polymorphism was studied in the 5' untranslated region of the NOS1 gene, immediately upstream from the transcription initiation site, in 59 patients with CF and 59 healthy controls. RESULTS: Nineteen alleles of the NOS1 gene were identified according to the number of GT repeats (from 18 to 36) in the 5 untranslated region. Exhaled NO levels were significantly correlated with the number of GT repeats. Patients with CF who had the NOS1 genotype associated with high NO production had a slower decline in lung function during the 5 year follow up period. There was no confounding effect of age, chronic bacterial colonisation of the airway, or CFTR genotype. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest a possible link between the NOS1 gene locus and the rate of decline in lung function in patients with CF.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Long-term assessment of lung function in survivors of severe ARDS.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To investigate the long-term outcome of lung function in survivors of severe ARDS after modern treatment strategies including lung protective mechanical ventilation and prone positioning maneuvers. DESIGN: Follow-up cohort study. SETTING: University hospital pulmonary division and level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS: Sixteen survivors of severe ARDS (from 1992 to 1994) with a lung injury score > or = 2.5. MEASUREMENTS: The follow-up study (from 1995 to 1996) included interview, physical examination, chest radiographs, static and dynamic lung volumes, diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO), blood gas analysis, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). RESULTS: The mean +/- SD interval between hospital discharge and functional assessment was 29.5 +/- 8.7 months (range, 15.0 to 40.7 months). In approximately one half of the patients, mild abnormalities in static and dynamic lung volumes were found. In 25% (4 of 16 patients), lung function was obstructive; in 25% (4 of 16 patients), lung function was restrictive; and in 6.3% (1 of 16 patients), a combined obstructive-restrictive pattern was revealed. DLCO was impaired in 12.5% (2 of 16 patients); gas exchange during exercise was impaired in 45.5% (5 of 11 patients). CONCLUSIONS: Residual obstructive and restrictive defects as well as impaired pulmonary gas exchange remain common after severe ARDS. CPET is a very sensitive measure to evaluate residual impairment of lung function after ARDS. Using CPET, reduced pulmonary gas exchange can be detected in many patients with normal DLCO.

Adult↗