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PubMed1963

THE TONGUE TIE.

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Ankyloglossia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Oral diseases and conditions throughout the lifespan. II. Systemic diseases.

Oral diseases may affect general health and many systemic disorders have oral manifestations and implications for dental treatment. This article reviews examples of the oral manifestations of systemic diseases, including oral cancer, diabetes mellitus, and infection from HIV. In addition, the plausible link between periconceptional use of folic acid by the mother and the risk of facial clefts is reviewed. The possible associations between oral infections, specifically periodontal diseases, and both cardiovascular disease and the delivery of preterm low birthweight infants also are reviewed. These and other associations present challenges to dentists, who must evaluate the scientific evidence supporting the associations or alleged causality and select effective treatment options. Both of these challenges require in-depth knowledge of the scientific method, criteria to establish causality, and evaluation of the merit of possible treatment options; in turn, these requirements identify dentists as medical professionals who utilize prevention as the first option in health care, use oral tissues and saliva to diagnose systemic diseases, rely on medical facilities to order laboratory tests, and diagnose and treat patients in close collaboration with their medical colleagues.

Diabetes Complications↗
PubMed2004

Using corticosteroids during pregnancy. Are topical, inhaled, or systemic agents associated with risk?

QUESTION: I am concerned about use of corticosteroids during pregnancy. Some of my women patients of reproductive age are using topical, inhaled, or oral preparations, and I am not sure what to advise. ANSWER: Both topical and systemic corticosteroids are used for a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. Results of first-trimester studies were inconclusive and underpowered. Recent meta-analyses suggest a small but significant association between use of systemic corticosteroids during the first trimester and oral clefts. This is consistent with results of animal studies. No similar evidence exists for topical or inhaled corticosteroids, probably because of much lower systemic exposure.

Administration, Inhalation↗