SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Muscle Strength Dynamometer”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources

PubMed2003

Growth trends of dynamic strength in adolescent boys. A 2-year follow-up survey.

AIM: The present study aims to investigate the growth trends of dynamic torque during adolescence through a 2-year follow-up survey. METHODS: Concentric torque during elbow flexions and knee extensions at 3 constant velocities (1.05, 3.14, and 5.24 rad x sec(-1)) were determined year-by-year, i.e., 3 times (T1, T2, and T3), using an isokinetic dynamometer in 10 boys aged 12.7 to 13.5 years at the start of the study. In addition, the muscle thickness at the anterior sites of the upper arm and thigh were measured using a brightness mode ultrasound apparatus. For the two motions, torque output at 1.05 rad x sec-1 increased significantly year by year, but those at 3.14 and 5.24 rad x sec-1 did not show significant changes between T2 and T3. RESULTS: The muscle thickness showed significant differences between T1 and T3 for the anterior upper arm and between T3 and either T1 or T2 for the anterior thigh. In both motions, the ratio of torque output at 1.05 rad x sec-1 to the product of muscle thickness squared and height was significantly higher in T2 and T3 than in T1. The corresponding ratios in elbow flexions at 3.14 and 5.24 rad x sec-1 were also significantly higher in T2 compared to T1, but those in the knee extensions did not show significant effects of age. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that, for adolescent boys, 1) the age-related changes in dynamic torque at high velocity contractions differ from those at slow velocity contractions, and 2) the growth rate of dynamic torque at slow velocity contractions exceeds that of muscle size in the earlier stage of adolescence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Shoulder terminal range eccentric antagonist/concentric agonist strength ratios in overhead athletes.

OBJECTIVE: The agonist-antagonist strength relationship for shoulder external rotation and internal rotation was formerly described by the relatively more functional ratios of eccentric external rotator to concentric internal rotator moments, and eccentric internal rotator to concentric external rotator moments for the entire range of motion. The aim of this study was to provide descriptive data for terminal range eccentric antagonist/concentric agonist rotator cuff strength in overhead athletes. METHOD: The dominant and non-dominant shoulders of 40 asymptomatic military overhead athletes were tested through a range of 20 degrees of external rotation to 90 degrees of internal rotation using the Cybex NORM isokinetic dynamometer at a speed of 90 degrees /s. Differences between the dominant and non-dominant shoulders were assessed using the paired samples t-test. RESULTS: The terminal range ratios during external rotation (20 degrees of internal rotation - 10 degrees of external rotation) were found to be 2.09 and 1.58 for the dominant and non-dominant shoulders, respectively, whereas the terminal range ratios during internal rotation (60-90 degrees of internal rotation) were 1.03 and 1.19 for the dominant and non-dominant shoulders, respectively. These ratio differences between the dominant and non-dominant shoulders were significant (P<0.01 for external and internal rotation). CONCLUSION: The muscle torque ratios of eccentric antagonist/concentric agonist are different between dominant and non-dominant shoulders of skilled overhead athletes at terminal ranges. This functional assessment of strength testing that reflects dynamic shoulder joint stability during the throwing activity at these specific ranges may provide valuable information either during preventive exercise programs or in the evaluation of the injured shoulder of the overhead athlete. We recommended functional exercises that improve eccentric external rotation strength on the dominant shoulder during the rehabilitation and prevention programs in overhead athletes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Three year review following bone anchor repair of acute biceps tendon insertion rupture.

Three patients with acute biceps brachii tendon insertion ruptures were treated (less than 7 days post injury) using bone anchor anatomical repair. Dynamometer assessment of strength in both limbs was performed after completion of rehabilitation and again at 3.3 years after surgery. All patients were male, age 34, 35 and 53 years. Early isokinetic assessment was performed at 6, 7 and 12 months post surgery and medium assessment at 3.3 years post surgery. A full range of movement was achieved at early assessment and maintained into medium term assessment. All patients returned to their full premorbid occupation and sporting activity. Dynamometer strength of a repaired dominant limb equated to two thirds of a normal non dominant limb at early assessment, equal power was found at medium term assessment and a measurable increase in strength in both affected and unaffected arms was seen.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

"Ring the bell and win a cigar". Some early experiments on the measurement of human strength in Port Jackson and Van Diemen's Land.

The first medical research formally undertaken on Australian soil was a series of experiments to test different factors which might modify muscular power. The experiments were conducted by François Péron, a Parisian doctor and naturalist, who travelled with Baudin's French scientific expedition to Nouvelle Hollande and Terre de Diemen. Péron used a dynamometer, an instrument for measuring strength. He conducted his experiments at Port Jackson, and at Maria Island (in Van Diemen's Land) in 1902. The basis for the experiments, an account of the equipment used, and the results are presented together for the first time.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed1994

Rising and sitting down in stroke patients. Auditory feedback and dynamic strength training to enhance symmetrical body weight distribution.

The purpose was to study vertical ground reaction force feedback and dynamic knee extensor training used to enhance stroke patients' symmetrical body weight distribution while rising and sitting down. Sixteen healthy subjects and 51 stroke patients participated in the studies. Two vertical strain gauge force transducers attached to two force-measuring platforms were used to measure body weight distribution over the lower limbs. An auditory feedback device, specially developed for training body weight distribution on the paretic leg, employed two electronic balances sensing vertical forces from each foot, separately. Torque of maximal voluntary eccentric and concentric knee extensor and flexor actions at 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 deg/s was recorded with an isokinetic dynamometer together with surface electrodes from the quadriceps and hamstring muscles. When instructed to rise with even body weight on each lower limb, the stroke patients loaded the paretic leg more than when rising habitually, indicating that stroke patients have a latent motor capacity. Stroke patients' own estimations on visual analogue scales of body weight distributed on the paretic leg correlated with measured loading of the paretic leg in rising. After six weeks of training with auditory feedback of vertical ground reaction forces in the acute phase after stroke, the patients improved their loading of the paretic leg compared to a control group. The patients distributed body weight over the lower limbs nearly symmetrically while rising and while sitting down. The peak torque was not greater, however, than in the control group, rising with an asymmetrical body weight distribution. This implies that the patients after feedback training were better at using the knee extensor torque of the paretic leg to attain symmetrical body weight distribution over the lower extremities. Changes in improvement of physical performance and sitting to standing were greater than in the control group. No differences between groups were seen in performance of activities of daily living. Body weight distribution over the limbs in rising and in sitting down was re-tested on average 33 months after end of training. The symmetrical weight distribution after feedback training was not maintained over time. Knee extensor strength improved after six weeks of eccentric and concentric training, starting on average 27 months after stroke. The increase in strength was related to enhanced activation of agonist EMG activity. Eccentric training seems to be superior to concentric training with reference to a) improved body weight distribution over the lower limbs in rising, to b) increased knee extension torque and to c) increased agonist EMG activity without a concomitant, augmented EMG activity of the antagonistic knee flexor muscles. It was concluded that stroke patients have a latent motor capacity, that six weeks auditory feedback training promotes symmetrical body weight distribution which, however, is not consistent over time and that isokinetic eccentric training is superior to concentric training with reference to weight distribution in rising, knee extension torque and EMG activity.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Influence of grip strength on metacarpal bone mineral density in postmenopausal Japanese women: a cross-sectional study.

Most published studies on the role of muscle strength in the maintenance of bone mineral density (BMD) focused on the relationship between specific muscle groups and adjacent bones, mostly in young and premenopausal women. This study examined the influence of grip strength on BMD of the metacarpal index in postmenopausal Japanese women. Subjects included 1168 postmenopausal women aged 40-70 years. BMD measurement was done with computed X-ray densitometry (CXD) by analyzing X-ray films of the right second metacarpal index. Grip strength was measured in both the dominant and nondominant hands using a squeeze dynamometer. Grip strength (r = 0.2474; P = 0.0001) and age (r = -0.5443; P = 0.0001) significantly correlated positively and negatively, respectively, with BMD. Physical activity (r = 0.1318; P = 0.0001) also correlated positively with BMD. Breastfeeding (r = -0.1658; P = 0.0001), however, correlated negatively with BMD. Subjects with a history of regular physical activity had higher grip strengths and BMD, than those with no physical activity. Adjustment for age, physical activity, calcium intake, BMI, breastfeeding, testing site, and menopausal type indicated a significant (P for trend = 0.0013) positive association of grip strength with BMD. Subjects with stronger grip strengths had a decreased risk for low BMD.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1986

Relationship between bone mineral density of spine and strength of back extensors in healthy postmenopausal women.

We determined the bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and the strength of back extensors in 68 healthy postmenopausal Caucasian women. Bone mineral density of the second to fourth lumbar vertebrae was measured by dual-photon absorptiometry, and back extensor strength was determined with use of a strain-gauge dynamometer. The bone mineral density percentile ranged from 2 to 99%, and back extensor strength ranged from 37 to 145 lb. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant positive correlation (P = 0.004) between bone mineral density and back extensor strength, even when bone mineral density was corrected for age. Bone mineral density was also significantly positively correlated with body weight (P = 0.003), height (P = 0.001), and arm span (P = 0.008). These data suggest that the strength of back muscles may contribute to the bone mineral density of vertebral bodies.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Decrease in quadriceps inhibition after sacroiliac joint manipulation in patients with anterior knee pain.

BACKGROUND: Evidence exists that conservative rehabilitation protocols fail to achieve full recovery of muscle strength and function after joint injuries. The lack of success has been attributed to the high amount of muscle inhibition found in patients with pathologic conditions of the knee joint. Clinical evaluation shows that anterior knee pain is typically associated with sacroiliac joint dysfunction, which may contribute to the muscle inhibition observed in this patient group. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether sacroiliac joint manipulation alters muscle inhibition and strength of the knee extensor muscles in patients with anterior knee pain. DESIGN AND SETTING: The effects of sacroiliac joint manipulation were evaluated in patients with anterior knee pain. The manipulation consisted of a high-velocity low-amplitude thrust in the side-lying position aimed at correcting sacroiliac joint dysfunction. Before and after the manipulation, torque, muscle inhibition, and muscle activation for the knee extensor muscles were measured during isometric contractions using a Cybex dynamometer, muscle stimulation, and electromyography, respectively. PARTICIPANTS: Eighteen patients (mean age, 30.5 +/- 13.0 years) with either unilateral (n = 14) or bilateral (n = 4) anterior knee pain. RESULTS: Patients showed substantial muscle inhibition in the involved and the contralateral legs as estimated by the interpolated twitch technique. After the manipulation, a decrease in muscle inhibition and increases in knee extensor torques and muscle activation were observed, particularly in the involved leg. In patients with bilateral anterior knee pain, muscle inhibition was decreased in both legs after sacroiliac joint adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Spinal manipulation might offer an interesting alternative treatment for patients with anterior knee pain and muscle inhibition. Because this clinical outcome study was of descriptive nature rather than a controlled design, biases might have occurred. Thus the results have to be verified in a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial before firm conclusions can be drawn or recommendations can be made.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Knee extensor and flexor strength in elderly women after recent hip fracture: assessment by the Cybex 6000 dynamometer of intra-rater inter-test reliability.

The reliability of knee extensor and flexor strength measurements was assessed in 20 women (aged 68-88 years) who had experienced a hip fracture two to four weeks before but who were otherwise healthy. Using the Cybex 6000 isokinetic dynamometer, isokinetic knee extensor and flexor strength (peak torque, total work and power) at 30 and 120 degree/second and isometric knee extensor and flexor strength (peak torque) were measured by the same examiner in both legs, successively, on four separate days within one week. Compared with the non-involved leg, the median reduction in peak extensor and flexor torque of the involved leg was 50% (p <0.001). With the protocol used, no significant change in muscle strength occurred during the test period Individual coefficients of variation (CVs) were calculated for each muscle strength variable. Depending on whether torque, work or power were measured, the median CVs of extensor and flexor strength measurements of the non-involved leg ranged from 5.6-14.6% and 10.8-28.6%, respectively. The corresponding CVs for the involved leg were 10.9-22.1% and 13.0-35.2%. Substantial variability between individual CVs were found for all strength variables. In conclusion, although muscle strength measurements may be applicable when comparing larger groups of hip fracture patients, the large CVs may be a limitation in monitoring individual patients. This finding should be taken into consideration when planning individual training programmes.

Aged↗

PubMed1996

Torque, total work, power, torque acceleration energy and acceleration time assessed on a dynamometer: reliability of knee and elbow extensor and flexor strength measurements.

Isometric torque and isokinetic peak torque, total work, power, torque acceleration energy and acceleration time at 30, 120 and 240 degrees.s-1 of the knee and elbow extensors and flexors were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer in 24 healthy women. Intrasession variation of the measurements was evaluated and the short-term and long-term reliability was assessed by repeating all procedures after averages of 2 and 30 days, respectively. The effect of learning on peak torque during a session was also evaluated. Moreover, the effect of general warming-up on knee extensor and flexor strength was examined on a separate day. Using correlations, numerous studies have indicated that muscle strength measurements are reliable. Correlations, however, are inappropriate and misleading in studies on reliability. In the present study reliability of each strength variable was expressed as the coefficient of variation (CV). With the protocol used, neither learning nor warming-up had any significant effect on strength. As expected, intra-session variation tended to be less than short-term and long-term inter-session variation. The CVs for strength variables measured 30 days apart exceeded 5% for all variables and rose to 107% for acceleration time. Substantial between-subject variation of individual CVs were found. The study demonstrated that muscle strength measurements may be highly unreliable in the individual subject.

Acceleration↗

PubMed2004

Differences in the magnitude and direction of forces during a submaximal matching task in hemiparetic subjects.

Stroke patients often exhibit large imbalances in strength between the two upper limbs (ULs) and between the different muscle groups of the paretic UL. The aim of the study was to compare the ability of hemiparetic and normal subjects to produce symmetrical forces with both ULs and to determine whether the differences between force vectors can be predicted by a model accounting for the weakness of the different muscle groups or from clinical characteristics. Sixteen hemiparetic and 16 control subjects were assessed using static dynamometers in which both ULs were fixed. They were asked to produce symmetrical sub-maximal forces (in terms of direction and magnitude) with both ULs in four directions in the sagittal plane, which covers all possible combinations of flexion and extension at the shoulder and the elbow. Fifteen trials were performed, and the subjects were asked to gradually increase the forces produced from one trial to another. In addition, the maximal voluntary force (MVF) was measured unilaterally on both sides under two conditions: single-joint MVF (isolated flexion or extension at the elbow or the shoulder) and multi-joint MVF (same directions as the bilateral task). During the bilateral task, the stroke subjects generally showed larger errors between limbs than the control subjects, although they were able to produce sufficient force in the required directions during multi-joint MVF. The difference between groups was statistically significant in the four target directions for the errors in the magnitude, and in two target directions for the errors in direction (p<0.01). Differences predicted by a model based on the relative single-joint MVFs show a moderate association with errors observed for the magnitude (p=0.001-0.11, R2=0.17-0.54), but not for the direction of forces (p>0.1, R2<0.16). Several clinical features were examined as potential predictors using stepwise multiple regressions. The mean multi-joint MVF and proprioceptive impairments were the best predictors of mean errors in the magnitude of force (p<0.001, R2=0.82) whereas the mean angular errors were best explained by proprioceptive impairments (p=0.01, R2=0.38). Inaccurate internal representations of the paretic UL might explain why asymmetries were observed even though motor capacities were sufficient to perform successfully.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

A randomized clinical trial of strength training in young people with cerebral palsy.

This randomized clinical trial evaluated the effects of a home-based, six-week strength-training programme on lower limb strength and physical activity of 21 young people (11 females, 10 males; mean age 13 years 1 month, SD 3 years 1 month; range 8 to 18 years) with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP) with independent ambulation, with or without gait aids; (Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I to III). Compared with the 10 controls, the 11 participants in the strength-training programme increased their lower limb strength (combined ankle plantarflexor and knee extensor strength as measured by a hand-held dynamometer) at 6 weeks (F(1,19)=4.58, p=0.046) and at a follow-up 12 weeks later (F(1,18)=6.25, p=0.041). At 6 weeks, trends were also evident for improved scores in Gross Motor Function Measure dimensions D and E for standing, running and jumping, and faster stair climbing. A relatively short clinically feasible home-based training programme can lead to lasting changes in the strength of key lower-limb muscles that may impact on the daily function of young people with CP.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Effects of intermittent exposure to hyperbaric oxygen for the treatment of an acute soft tissue injury.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the hypothesis that subjects exposed to intermittent hyperbaric oxygen treatments would recover from signs and symptoms indicative of delayed-onset muscle soreness faster than subjects exposed to normoxic air. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blinded study with a 4-day treatment protocol. SETTING: University-based sports medicine clinic. PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen sedentary female university students. INTERVENTIONS: All subjects performed 300 maximal voluntary eccentric contractions (30 sets of 10 repetitions per minute) of their nondominant leg (110 to 35 degrees of knee flexion) at a slow speed (30 degrees per second) on a dynamometer to elicit muscle damage and injury. Hyperbaric oxygen treatments consisted of 100% oxygen for 60 minutes at 2.0 atmospheres absolute (ATA), while the control group received 21% oxygen at 1.2 ATA for the same amount of time. Both groups received treatment immediately after the induction of delayed-onset muscle soreness and each day thereafter for a period of 4 days (day 1 postexercise through day 4 postexercise). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dependent variables (perceived muscle soreness, isokinetic strength, quadriceps circumference, creatine kinase, and malondialdehyde) were assessed at baseline (preexercise, day 0), 4 hours postexercise (day 1), 24 hours postexercise (day 2), 48 hours postexercise (day 3), and 72 hours postexercise (day 4). Magnetic resonance images (T2 relaxation time/short tip inversion recovery) were assessed at baseline (day 0), 24 hours postexercise (day 3), and 72 hours postexercise (day 5). RESULTS: Repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed on all of the dependent variables to assess differences between treatment and control groups. Analyses revealed no significant differences between groups for treatment effects for any of the dependent variables (pain, strength, quadriceps circumference, creatine kinase, malondialdehyde, or magnetic resonance images). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that hyperbaric oxygen therapy is not effective in the treatment of exercise-induced muscle injury as indicated by the markers evaluated.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2004

Effects of 24 weeks of whole body vibration training on body composition and muscle strength in untrained females.

The aim of this study was to investigate and to compare the effect of 24 weeks "whole body vibration" training and fitness training on body composition and on muscle strength. Forty-eight untrained females (21.3 +/- 2.0 yr) participated in the study. The whole body vibration group (N = 18) performed unloaded static and dynamic exercises on a vibration platform (35 - 40 Hz, 2.5 - 5.0 mm; Power Plate). The fitness group (N = 18) followed a standard cardiovascular (15 - 40 min) and resistance training program including dynamic leg press and leg extension exercises (20 - 8 RM). Both groups trained 3 times weekly. The control group (N = 12) did not participate in any training. Body composition was determined by means of underwater weighing. Additionally 12 skinfolds were assessed. Isometric (0 degrees /s) and isokinetic (50 degrees /s, 100 degrees /s, 150 degrees /s) knee-extensor strength was measured by means of a motor-driven dynamometer (Technogym). Over 24 weeks there were no significant changes (p > 0.05) in weight, in percentage body fat, nor in skinfold thickness in any of the groups. Fat free mass increased significantly in the whole body vibration group (+ 2.2 %) only. A significant strength gain was recorded in the whole body vibration group (24.4 +/- 5.1 %; 5.9 +/- 2.1 %; 8.3 +/- 4.4 %; 7.6 +/- 1.5 %) and in the fitness group (16.5 +/- 1.7 %; 12.0 +/- 2.7 %; 10.4 +/- 2.3 %; 10.2 +/- 1.9 %), at 0 degrees /s, 50 degrees /s, 100 degrees /s and 150 degrees /s respectively. In conclusion, 24 weeks whole body vibration training did not reduce weight, total body fat or subcutaneous fat in previously untrained females. However, whole body vibration training induces a gain in knee-extensor strength combined with a small increase in fat free mass. The gain in strength is comparable to the strength increase following a standard fitness training program consisting of cardiovascular and resistance training.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Studies on maximal voluntary muscle contraction in patients with fibromyalgia.

In view of clinical experience of a low-force output in testing situations in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FS), this study evaluated the possibility of reaching a higher muscular performance by use of superimposed electrical stimulation: the tests mainly involved knee-extension in a Kin Com dynamometer. Twenty-five patients fulfilling the criteria of FS were compared with 22 healthy subjects. The patients showed a markedly reduced maximal voluntary contraction, but superimposed electrical stimulation revealed submaximal values. The electromyographic activity during stool climbing exceeded that recorded during maximum voluntary contraction during the dynamometric test. The cause of the reduced voluntary maximal performance is discussed. An impaired control mechanism at a supraspinal level is suggested. This has to be considered when measuring muscle strength in FS patients. Tests related to functional activities are recommended as measures of muscular performance in this patient group.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Isometric grip endurance of healthy elderly men and women.

Grip endurance is one of the important prerequisites for good performance of the upper extremity and hence it is important to evaluate it correctly. However, we know little about normal grip endurance, especially for elderly people. The main objective of this study was to examine the age-related changes in grip isometric endurance of healthy community-dwelling elderly people. Two-hundred and eighty-six subjects aged between 60 and 90, were randomly selected from the electoral list of the city of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada. Grip relative isometric endurance was evaluated using the Jamar dynamometer. Isometric grip endurance was estimated by the number of seconds a subject could sustain 50% of his/her maximal voluntary grip strength. Contrary to other upper extremity sensorimotor parameters, no grip isometric endurance difference was found with age, in spite of a slight tendency towards a decrease. The women tended to have better scores than the men and endurance of dominant hand is better than the non-dominant. The stability with age could be explained by muscle fiber composition modifications.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1989

A possible proximity effect on human grip strength: an attempted replication.

A double-blind experiment with 50 adults was conducted to replicate a finding that proximity to sugar reduces human grip strength. Grip strength of the dominant hand was measured by a chart-recording hand dynamometer for 12 trials. For half of the trials, the subject held an opaque, sealed bottle containing sugar; for half of the trials, the subject held a control bottle of equal weight containing sand. Statistical analysis indicated no significant effect of held substance upon grip strength.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Isokinetic evaluation of muscular performance: implications for muscle testing and rehabilitation.

Interfacing of microprocessors with isokinetic dynamometers has enabled the rapid quantification of many parameters of muscle function including peak torque, angle-specific torque, work, power, torque acceleration energy, and various endurance indexes, and the measurements with these devices can be made isometrically at various angular positions and isokinetically (concentrically or eccentrically) with a large scale of angular speeds. Many of these parameters, however, lack evidence of validity, reproducibility, and/or clinical relevance. Peak torque has been and still is the most properly studied isokinetic strength testing parameter and its use can be recommended for research and clinical purposes. Concerning testing of muscular endurance, the absolute endurance parameters (for example, work performed during the last five repetitions and total work in a 25-repetition test with a speed of 240 degrees/s) are the best for use. Many internal and external factors in the isokinetic testing procedure can have an undesirable effect on the test result. However, through proper education and strict adherence to the test instructions, it is possible to successfully control the confounding variables. In scientific work, isokinetic devices have greatly expanded the possibilities for studying dynamic muscle function. There is also little doubt about their usefulness in documenting the progress of muscular rehabilitation. A disadvantage of isokinetic devices is that isokinetic movement seldom occurs in actual human performance tasks and that the isokinetic training effect is, therefore, quite (although not completely) specific to that type of movement. In addition, being normally an isolated joint exercise, isokinetic training can produce large loads on the involved joints and may, therefore, under certain conditions be dangerous for healing tissues.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗