PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “POTASSIUM CHLORIDE”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources

[Carbohydrate metabolism in the bovine carotid artery contracted by the action of potassium chloride].

The concentration of some end products and the activity of some enzymes participating in carbohydrates metabolism were examined in bovine carotid artery contracted by KCl. Oxygen consumption decreased significantly, anaerobic glycolysis and tissue lactic acid content increased during the KCl contraction. The hexosamines and the uronic acids producing ability of the KCl contracted artery were also higher. During contraction the SDH activity decreased in a smaller degree, cytochrome oxydase activity in a much more important degree. On the basis of our results we can conclude that the complete oxydation pathway of carbohydrates degradation, as mucopolysaccharides synthesis and degradation have an important part in the energy metabolism, but anaerobic glycolysis is the most important pathway to produce energy for the KCl contraction of vascular smooth muscle.

Anaerobiosis↗

Effect of potassium chloride and cationic drug on swelling, erosion and release from kappa-carrageenan matrices.

The basic objective of this work was to study the effect of model cationic drug metformin HCl on swelling and erosion and, in turn, the release of KCl and drug itself, from the kappa-carrageenan matrices. Water uptake by the matrix up to 2 hours was found to increase with KCl concentration from the plain matrix. Erosion was not affected by concentration of KCl. Incorporation of drug favors water uptake, but in presence of KCl it was found to be reduced. Drug-containing matrices have shown higher release of KCl as compared with plain batches. Drug release was retarded as KCl concentration increased up to 5%, above which the reduced cohesivity of the matrix caused increase in drug release.

Carrageenan↗

Selective embryo reduction in a heterotopic pregnancy using potassium chloride injection resulting in a hematosalpinx.

OBJECTIVE: To incorporate conservative management of a heterotopic pregnancy using injection of KCl into the ectopic pregnancy (EP). DESIGN: A retrospective case report. SETTING: A patient referred to an academic institution in the division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, incorporating the ultrasound (US) and operating room facilities. INTERVENTION(S): Using US as a guide, KCl was injected into the chorionic cavity of an EP. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Resolution of ectopic gestational tissue with resultant hematosalpinx requiring exploratory laparotomy. Uncomplicated prenatal course of intrauterine pregnancy. RESULT(S): Injection of KCl into the chorionic cavity of EP resulting in resolution of gestational tissue but complicated by hematosalpinx in the fallopian tube. CONCLUSION(S): Selective embryo reduction of a tubal heterotopic pregnancy remains a viable therapeutic option.

Fallopian Tube Diseases↗

Detection and measurement of alpha-fetoprotein in human breast cancer cytosol after treatment with 0.4 M potassium chloride.

The mean concentration of total alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) measured in 51 primary breast cancer cytosols from postmenopausal women by radioimmunoassay after treatment with 0.4 M KCl was 87.2 IU AFP per ml. Little or no AFP was measured in these same cytosols before KCl treatment. After labeling KCl-treated human breast cancer cytosols with 125I, double immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and autoradiography revealed that radiolabeled AFP codiffused and comigrated with alpha 1 electrophoretic mobility in a manner identical to that of added carrier cord serum AFP. These results indicate that human breast cancer cytosol contains appreciable amounts of a previously undetected AFP component that was initially nonimmunoreactive but became immunoreactive and measurable after KCl treatment. No positive correlation was found between the initial estrogen receptor content and AFP concentrations measured either before or after KCl treatment of breast cancer cytosols.

Breast Neoplasms↗

The Technicon RA-1000 evaluated for measuring sodium, potassium, chloride, and carbon dioxide.

We evaluated the Technicon RA-1000 "random-access" analyzer for the measurements of sodium, potassium, and carbon dioxide by an indirect potentiometric method (ion-selective electrode) and for chloride by a colorimetric method (mercuric thiocyanate). For various concentrations of control materials the total precision (CV) ranged from 0.9 to 1.2% for sodium, 1.1 to 1.3% for potassium, 1.0 to 1.2% for chloride, and 2.8 to 3.8% for carbon dioxide. The system demonstrated acceptable performance in linearity and carryover. Patients' results from the RA-1000 correlated well with those from the Beckman ASTRA-8. In a study on potential interferences, we found that high concentrations of salicylate and bromide significantly affected measurements of carbon dioxide and chloride, respectively. The RA-1000 requires only 30 microL of sample for all four tests and it offers a high throughout (30 specimens analyzed for the four tests in 25 min). This precise, easy-to-use, random-access analyzer requires minimal maintenance.

Autoanalysis↗

Release of purines and noradrenaline by ouabain and potassium chloride from vascular adrenergic nerves.

1 Release of [3H]-noradrenaline and 3H-purine by ouabain (10(-4)M) or high KCl (50 mM) was investigated in the superfused rabbit pulmonary arterial segment preincubated with [3H]-noradrenaline or [3H]-adenosine. 2 Ouabain elicited a delayed large contraction and a parallel [3H]-noradrenaline efflux. These were substantially inhibited by Ca2+-free medium or preincubation with 6-hydroxydopamine (30 micrograms/ml, 30 min). 3 Ouabain caused an 3H-purine efflux which was slower than the [3H]-noradrenaline efflux. This was inhibited by 6-hydroxydopamine and in part by phentolamine (3 X 10(-6)M), indicating both neuronal and extraneuronal origins of purines. 4 In contrast to ouabain, high KCl appeared to induce predominantly purine efflux, which was phentolamine-insensitive and 6-hydroxydopamine-sensitive, indicative of neuronal origin. 5 It is suggested that the purine efflux evoked by ouabain and high KCl may originate from different neuronal vesicles.

Animals↗

Effects of repetitive stimulation by norepinephrine, histamine or potassium chloride on contractile responses of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle.

We examined consecutive contractile responses of isolated rabbit pulmonary arteries during repeated exposures to either norepinephrine, histamine or KC1, with washout and relaxation between trials. For each agonist, EC50 values remained constant during consecutive determinations, but the maximum force increased after the first determination. A maximum concentration of norepinephrine or histamine produced a biphasic contraction: the fast phase increased subsequent to the first determination and was retained in a calcium-free medium, while the slow phase was unaltered during consecutive determinations and was absent in a calcium-free medium. We conclude that in the rabbit pulmonary artery: the initial contractile response is a useful control for studies of sensitivity but not of maximum activity; there may be a nonspecific increase in the availability of intracellular calcium after the initial contraction and relaxation, and desensitization or tachyphylaxis to these agonists does not occur.

Animals↗

Antitumor immunity in strain 2 guinea pigs immunized with potassium chloride extracts of L2C tumor cells.

Extracts of L2C tumor cells stimulated in vitro production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs immunized with L2C tumor cells. Guinea pigs immunized with extracts of L2C tumor cells that were active in vitro (in the MIF assay) were completely resistant to challenge with viable tumor cells given 2 weeks later. Furthermore, guinea pigs immunized with extracts of L2C tumor cells within 1 hour after challenge with viable L2C tumor cells survived substantially longer than did nonimmunized controls. The immunoprotective and immunotherapeutic effects seen in guinea pigs given injections of viable L2C tumor cells were obtained with extracts of L2C tumor cells but not with extracts of another guinea pig tumor (line 10 hepatoma) or with extracts of normal guinea pig lymphoid cells.

Animals↗

Fermentation and sensory characteristics of kimchi containing potassium chloride as a partial replacement for sodium chloride.

A study was designed to determine the effects of substituting up to 50% of the NaCl in kimchi, a fermented Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) product containing scallions, garlic, ginger and hot red pepper powder, with KCl. Brine water (15% salt) used to soak cabbage contained NaCl:KCl ratios of 1:0 (control), 5:1, 2:1 and 1:1 (wt:wt). Total acidity and pH of kimchi reached acceptable ranges of 0.4-0.6% (as lactic acid) and 4.4-4.7, respectively, after 13 days of incubation at 13 +/- 1 degree C. Kimchi made using brine water containing 5:1 and 2:1 (NaCl:KCl) salt ratios was characterized by faster growth of lactic acid bacteria and total aerobic microorganisms compared to the control formulation. Sensory qualities (saltiness, bitterness, sourness, hotness and texture) of kimchi prepared from cabbage soaked in brine containing NaCl and KCl at all test ratios were judged to be acceptable.

Bacteria↗

Effect of carbachol and 56 mm-potassium chloride on the cyclic AMP-mediated induction of tyrosine hydroxylase in neuroblastoma cells in culture.

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity is increased two- to threefold in neuroblastoma cell line NBP2 maintained in culture for 48 h in the presence of either the inhibitor of cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE), 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone (RO 20-1724), or the activator of adenylate cyclase, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). Cyclic AMP levels are elevated 70-80% and 30-40% throughout the 48-h treatment with RO 20-1724 and PGE1, respectively. Carbachol does not affect either basal TH activity or cyclic AMP levels in the cells. However, the cholinergic agonist delays the induction of TH elicited by either RO 20-1724 or PGE1. This delay is prevented by atropine. The elevation in cyclic AMP levels elicited by either RO 20-1724 or PGE1 is blocked for 1 h or 15 min, respectively, after treatment with carbachol. Cyclic AMP levels then begin to rise until they reach those levels observed in the presence of RO 20-1724 or PGE1 alone by 12 h or 1 h of treatment, respectively. Time course studies demonstrate that this transient inhibition of the elevation of cyclic AMP is associated with a 48-h delay in the induction of TH elicited by either RO 20-1724 or PGE1. In contrast, the induction elicited by 8-bromo cyclic AMP is unaffected by carbachol. A depolarizing concentration (56 mM) of KCl produces a 24-h delay in the induction of TH elicited by RO 20-1724, without affecting the concomitant elevation of cyclic AMP produced by the PDE inhibitor. Furthermore, 56 mM-KCl inhibits the induction of TH elicited by 8-bromo cyclic AMP. It thus appears that carbachol delays the induction of TH by transiently inhibiting the elevation of cyclic AMP, whereas potassium depolarization delays the induction of TH by inhibiting a process with a site of action that is distal to the elevation of cyclic AMP.

4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone↗

Chorda tympani nerve transection disrupts taste aversion learning to potassium chloride, but not sodium chloride.

In Experiment 1, rats with chorda tympani nerve transection (CTX) acquired a LiCl-conditioned taste aversion to 0.1 M NaCl at the same rate as controls. After 3 conditioning trials, the aversion generalized to 0.03 and 0.3 M NaCl, but did not generalize to KCI (0.03, 0.1, and 0.3 M), in either the sham or CTX group. In Experiment 2, the sham group, but not the CTX group, formed an aversion to 0.1 M KCI after 1 trial. The CTX rats did form a moderate aversion after 2 conditioning trials. Following the 3rd trial, the CTX group did not suppress licking to 0.03 or 0.3 M KCI or any concentration of NaCl in relation to controls. Although there is strong evidence that CTX affects NaCl taste perception, these findings indicate that, under certain conditions, rats can nonetheless distinguish NaCl from KCI after such neurotomy. Moreover, CTX appears to have a substantial effect on the perceived intensity of KCl.

Animals↗

Inhibition of leukocyte adherence by potassium chloride extract of allogeneic squamous cell carcinoma of the human uterine cervix.

Leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay was used to evaluate cell-mediated immunity in patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. The reactivity of the peripheral blood leukocytes of these patients was evaluated after incubation with pooled extracts of allogeneic squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. One hundred sixty-seven sets of LAI assays were performed on 54 individuals, including 23 patients with Stage I squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, 9 patients with other stages of this tumor, 9 patients with unrelated tumors and 13 normal healthy volunteers. A protein concentration of one milligram per milliliter in the tumor extract and 10% fetal bovine serum in the feeding media gave the best results. Eighty-seven percent (28/32) of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix showed marked specific reactivity. No difference was found in the LAI indices of different stages of the disease.

Adult↗

Inhibition of leukocyte adherence by 3-M potassium chloride extracts of human colorectal tumors.

Leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assays were performed to test whether peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from patients with colorectal cancer could be inhibited from attachment to a glass surface when tumor-associated antigens (TAA) of human colorectal tumors were present. The assays were performed with PBL from 41 patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum with 3-M KCl extracts of colorectal tumors. The results demonstrated the presence of colorectal TAA in the 3-M KCl extract of colorectal tumor materials. The reactivity of leukocytes from patients with a favorable prognosis showed an increasing LAI trend; the reactivity of leukocytes from patients with an unfavorable prognosis had a decreasing LAI trend. In individual patients, alterations in the sequential LAI results paralleled changes in the clinical status, which thus strongly indicated that the LAI assay could be of value in the assessment of antitumor immunity.

Adenocarcinoma↗

Inhibition of human leukocyte migration in agar by 3-M potassium chloride extracts of stomach, colon, and lung cancers.

Inhibition of leukocyte migration in agarose-agar was used as a probe for tumor-associated antigen in 3-M KCl solubilized extracts of gastric, colon, and lung cancers from humans. Twelve of 40 (30%) leukocyte preparations from gastric cancer patients, 10 of 21 (48%) from colon cancer patients, and 7 of 14 (50%) from lung cancer patients were inhibited by their respective histologically homologus cancer extract. However, among 75 preparations from various cancer patients, leukocytes from only 2 gastric cancer patients were inhibited by paired normal gastric tissue extracts. Only 2 of 68 preparations from normal individuals and none of 67 preparations from patients with nonmalignant diseases, such as gastric peptic ulcer, gastritis, colon polyposis, colitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, and sarcoidosis, were inhibited by cancer extracts. These findings suggest the presence in KCl extracts of gastric cancer of presumed tumor-associated antigen(s) that is antigenically distinct from that of either colon or lung cancer.

Agar↗

Isolation of polyoma virus-induced surface antigens in hamster cells: potassium chloride solubilization and differential precipitation.

Surface antigens were extracted in soluble and active form with 3 M KCL from polyoma virus-transformed and embryonic hamster cells. These were tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTA), shown by tumor rejection, and a surface (S) antigen, demonstrated by the inhibition of surface fluorescence on living polyoma virus-transformed cells. The extracts were fractionated by salting out with ammonium sulfate. In tumor cell extracts, all TSTA activity and a part of S antigen activity were found in the fraction precipitated with 60% saturation in (NH/)2SO4. Another part of S antigen activity was found in the fraction precipitating at 80% saturation in tumor cell extracts. The precipitate at 60% saturation of embryonic cell extracts also had a part of S antigen activity. Receptor site activity for concanavalin A was also retained after solubilization and was confined to the 40% saturation (NH4)2SO4 precipitate in the case of tumor and embryonic cell extracts.

Animals↗

Propofol inhibits potassium chloride induced contractions of isolated human umbilical vessels.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We have evaluated the effects of propofol and its relationship with K+ channels on human isolated umbilical vessels. METHODS: Umbilical vessel rings were suspended in isolated organ baths containing Krebs-Ringer solution. In the first series of experiments the effect of propofol (10(-9)-10(-4) M) was examined in a concentration-dependent manner on umbilical vessels precontracted with KCl (60 mmol). In the second series, these effects were studied in the presence of tetraethylammonium. RESULTS: A mild contraction was produced by low dose propofol in both precontracted umbilical artery and umbilical vein segments. 10(-4) M propofol caused significant relaxation in both umbilical artery and umbilical vein. The relaxation response was significantly reduced by the addition of 10(-1) M tetraethylammonium. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that the responses of propofol on KCl-induced contractions of both umbilical artery and vein were dose dependent, and this effect involved Ca2+ activated K+ channels.

Analysis of Variance↗

Application of potassium chloride to the surface of the rat visual cortex differentially affects the expression of presumptive neuroprotective molecules.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of topical application of 3 M KCl for 20 minutes to the surface of the rat visual cortex upon the expression of presumptive neuroprotective molecules. Conventional immunohistochemical and immunoblotting techniques revealed a marked reduction of the expression of calbindin and parvalbumin after application of KCl, whereas calretinin, nitric oxide synthase, and the alpha7 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor clearly increased following that procedure. Such effects were quantified both in terms of the number of immunoreactive perikarya and optical density of immunoblottings, and were observed as soon as 1 h, and to last at least until 15 days, following KCl application. These results suggest that calbindin and parvalbumin may not be able to exert an appreciable neuroprotective effect in the presence of KCl. On the other hand, calretinin, nitric oxide synthase, and the alpha7-containing nicotinic receptors are possibly upregulated to protect the neurons in which they are expressed.

Animals↗

Contractions of the filariid Acanthocheilonema viteae induced by potassium chloride.

The effects of K+ on muscle contractility were explored in the filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae (Dipetalonema viteae). The parasite was slit open longitudinally and mounted in a smooth muscle chamber that was filled with aerated (95% N2-5% CO2) physiological solution at 37 degrees C. KCl at concentrations ranging from 20 to 100 mM induced a rapid isotonic contraction of the filarial muscle. The maximal response from KCl was similar to the maximal response to acetylcholine chloride (ACh). When KCl was applied for several minutes, tolerance frequently occurred. Contractions were also induced by K2SO4 but not by NaCl, Na2SO4 or sucrose. Nifedipine was more than 10 times as potent in reducing the KCl-induced contraction as in reducing that caused by ACh. The KCl-induced contraction was abolished in a Ca-free physiological medium containing ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether) N, N, N', N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA, 10(-4) M). Low [Ca2+]/[Mg2+] solutions blocked the spontaneous activity, the KCl-induced contractions, and the ACh-induced contractions. KCl also induced contractions in denervated muscle strips, supporting the hypothesis that K+ acts directly on the muscle cells. These results indicate that K+ can depolarize the muscle membrane and induce a muscle contraction that is dependent on extracellular calcium ions.

Animals↗