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PubMed2006

Penetrating keratoplasty combined with vitreoretinal surgery for severe ocular injury with blood-stained cornea and no light perception.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of treatment of severe ocular injury with blood-stained cornea and no light perception by combined penetrating keratoplasty and vitreoretinal surgery, and to analyze the relevant factors. METHODS: Records of 7 severely injured eyes of 7 patients with blood-stained cornea and no light perception who underwent penetrating keratoplasty combined with vitrectomy using a temporary keratoprosthesis were evaluated retrospectively. The preoperative visual acuity was no light perception in all injured eyes with a mean intraocular pressure of 3 mm Hg and a range from 2 to 5 mm Hg. The average interval from emergency wound closure to vitrectomy was 18 days with a range from 12 to 21 days. The mean follow-up was 28 months with a range from 26 to 30 months. RESULTS: The postoperative visual acuity was better than light perception in 5 eyes with the best corrected visual acuity from light perception to 0.06. The retina was attached in 5 eyes. The postoperative intraocular pressure ranged from 5 to 15 mm Hg with a mean of 12 mm Hg; it was significantly higher than the preoperative one (p < 0.05). The postoperative complications mainly included temporary intraocular elevation (1 eye), corneal neovascularization (4 eyes), corneal rejection (4 eyes), retinal detachment (2 eyes) and ocular atrophy (2 eyes). CONCLUSION: Penetrating keratoplasty combined with vitrectomy using a temporary keratoprosthesis is a safe and effective method in treating severe ocular injury with blood-stained cornea and no light perception.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Medical students' perceptions of child psychiatry: pre- and post-psychiatry clerkship.

OBJECTIVE: The U.S. is facing a severe shortage of child and adolescent psychiatrists (CAPs). While medical students have been relatively disinterested in psychiatry, little research has examined their perceptions of CAP. The present study examined student perceptions of CAP and general psychiatry, and whether these perceptions changed during the psychiatry clerkship. METHODS: Students completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of CAP and general psychiatry as a career choice on the first and last day of their clerkship. RESULTS: The opportunity to help children was most frequently perceived to be a positive aspect of CAP. The most frequently reported negative aspects were that CAP is emotionally stressful, a perception that decreased during the clerkship, and that there is a lack of family/societal support for children, a perception that increased during the clerkship. More students reported that CAP is respected compared to general psychiatry. Students estimated CAP salaries to be higher than general psychiatry salaries, but only at the end of the clerkship. CONCLUSIONS: Implications for the recruitment of medical students into CAP are discussed, including the potential importance of exposing students to diverse patient populations and requiring a CAP experience during the clerkship.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Predictors of risk perceptions of childhood injury among parents of preschoolers.

This article assesses the relationship between parents' perceived risk of childhood injuries and familial, sociocultural, and situational variables. Data were obtained through a random digit dial telephone survey of 1,200 households with a preschool child in a southeastern metropolitan area. Perceived risks of childhood injury measures were based on social science theory and childhood injury epidemiology. Multiple item measures included dimensions of seriousness and likelihood for both injuries and hazards. When risk perceptions were viewed as individual items, parents underestimated the risk of some hazards and injuries and overestimated the risks of others, and parents whose children have sustained a recent injury had higher risk perception overall. When risk perceptions were viewed as summed scales, sociodemographic variables and parental safety behaviors were not significant predictors. Sociocultural factors of having a child previously injured, the parent reporting stress, having a household with self-reported risk factors, and the perception of the child as active and hard to manage are related to summed scales of risk perceptions, with some interactions by race of the parent. Findings illustrate the role of situational and sociocultural characteristics of respondents in risk perception research.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed2005

Nurses' work environment perceptions when employed in states with and without mandatory staffing ratios and/or mandatory staffing plans.

Multiple stakeholders have sought regulatory and nonregulatory strategies to address nursing workforce and patient safety concerns. This study examines differences in nurses' work environment perceptions. Approximately 4,000 nurses employed in 10 states provided their perceptions of key characteristics of their work environment using the Individual Workload Perception Scale. Univariate statistics were used to characterize mean values of the nurses' work environment perceptions by state of employment and whether these perceptions changed if employed in states with versus without mandatory staffing ratios and/or mandatory staffing plans. This study provides preliminary evidence that mandatory staffing plan legislation may be linked with the most positive nurse work environment perceptions when compared with implementation of mandatory staffing ratios or no workforce regulation. Based on this preliminary observation, further analysis comparing the relative benefits and costs of workforce regulation may be warranted.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Long term benzodiazepine use for insomnia in patients over the age of 60: discordance of patient and physician perceptions.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine and compare patients' and physicians' perceptions of benefits and risks of long term benzodiazepine use for insomnia in the elderly. METHODS: A cross-sectional study (written survey) was conducted in an academic primary care group practice in Toronto, Canada. The participants were 93 patients over 60 years of age using a benzodiazepine for insomnia and 25 physicians comprising sleep specialists, family physicians, and family medicine residents. The main outcome measure was perception of benefit and risk scores calculated from the mean of responses (on a Likert scale of 1 to 5) to various items on the survey. RESULTS: The mean perception of benefit score was significantly higher in patients than physicians (3.85 vs. 2.84, p < 0.001, 95% CI 0.69, 1.32). The mean perception of risk score was significantly lower in patients than physicians (2.21 vs. 3.63, p < 0.001, 95% CI 1.07, 1.77). CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant discordance between older patients and their physicians regarding the perceptions of benefits and risks of using benzodiazepines for insomnia on a long term basis. The challenge is to openly discuss these perceptions in the context of the available evidence to make collaborative and informed decisions.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

'Here There Be Monsters': the public's perception of paedophiles with particular reference to Belfast and Leicester.

This research study sought to investigate the public perception of paedophiles. It was undertaken in Belfast (Northern Ireland) and Leicester (England) in an attempt to determine whether or not regional variations existed in relation to the public's perception of paedophiles. In doing this, the study sought to test four hypotheses; (1) That the press affects the public's perception of paedophiles; (2) that the public's perception of paedophiles is not congruent with legal and clinical definitions; (3) that the Sarah Payne case has helped to reinforce the public's perception of a predatory paedophile; and (4) that the public's perception is based on fear and irrationality. These hypotheses were tested via the distribution of a questionnaire to an opportunistic sample on the streets of Belfast and Leicester. Although the results did not support the hypotheses, they did yield some very interesting information. The study indicated that the public is quite well-informed about paedophilia; its recurrence rates, practices and in particular the influence of the media. Furthermore, the study indicated quite significant differences between the cities of Belfast and Leicester. In conclusion, the results indicated that a moral panic connected to paedophilia is very present in our contemporary society.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Social work students' perceptions about incompetence in elders.

Graduate and undergraduate social work students (N = 172) were surveyed to investigate their perceptions concerning memory impairment in elders. Approximately 70% of those surveyed did not strongly disagree with the perception that all elders are memory impaired. In further analysis, significant correlations were found to exist between this variable and several other variables, including perceptions of elders' behaviors (r = .602, p = .000) and perceptions of communicating with elders (r = .630, p = .000). In a standard multiple regression, three significant predictor variables accounted for 53.4% of the model's adjusted variance. These predictor variables included: (a) perceptions of elders' behaviors, (b) perceptions of communicating with elders, and (c) having taken courses in gerontology.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Perception of negative emotions in close relatives by patients with schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVES: The perception of negative emotions in close relatives may play an important role in explaining how external stressors can affect vulnerable individuals with schizophrenia. However, there is considerable debate about the ability of people with schizophrenia to perceive emotions in others. The present study aimed to examine the reliability of patients' perception of relatives' criticism. Secondly, it aimed to investigate whether patients' judgement about relatives' criticism agreed with an independent assessment of relatives' criticism towards patients. METHOD: Forty-three patients with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of schizophrenia and their relatives were assessed soon after patients' admission to a psychiatric hospital and again 9 months after their discharge from hospital. Test-retest reliability of patients' answers to a question about patients' perception of relatives' criticism towards them was carried out. The association between patients' perception of relatives' criticism and the expressed emotion (EE) measure of relatives' criticism was examined at inclusion and follow-up. Patients' symptomatology was examined at both assessments. RESULTS: Reliability of the measurement of patients' perception of relatives' criticism was moderate to good. Patients' judgement of relatives' criticism towards them was associated with the number of critical comments and presence of hostility at inclusion. At follow-up, this association became weaker. CONCLUSION: The ability to judge and describe reliably negative emotions in close relationships may help to explain how perception of the external environment may act as a stressor in people who are vulnerable to schizophrenia.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Older women's health priorities and perceptions of care delivery: results of the WOW health survey.

BACKGROUND: As women get older, their health priorities change. We surveyed a sample of older Canadian women to investigate what health priorities are of concern to them, their perceptions about the care delivered to address these priorities and the extent to which priorities and perceptions of care differ across age groups and provinces. METHODS: The WOW (What Older women Want) cross-sectional health survey was mailed in October 2003 to 5000 community-dwelling women aged 55-95 years from 10 Canadian provinces. Women were asked questions on 26 health priorities according to the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and their perceptions of whether these priorities were being addressed by health care providers through screening or counselling. Differences in priorities and perceptions of care delivery were examined across age groups and provinces. RESULTS: The response rate was 52%. The mean age of the respondents was 71 (standard deviation 7) years. The health priorities identified most frequently by the respondents were preventing memory loss (88% of the respondents), learning about the side effects of medications (88%) and correcting vision impairment (86%). Items least frequently selected were counselling about community programs (28%), counselling about exercise (33%) and pneumonia vaccination (33%). Up to 97% of the women recalled being adequately screened for heart disease and stroke risk factors, but as little as 11% reported receiving counselling regarding concerns about memory loss or end-of-life issues. Women who stated that specific priorities were of great concern or importance to them were more than twice as likely as those who stated that they were not of great concern or importance to perceive that these priorities were being addressed: osteoporosis (odds ratio [OR] 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1- 3.2), end-of-life care (OR 2.6, 95% CI 2.0-3.4), anxiety reduction (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.8-2.6), fall prevention (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.6-2.7), stroke (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.4-3.0), depression (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.7-2.7) and urinary incontinence (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.7-2.5). The respondents' perceptions of care delivery varied across age groups and provinces. INTERPRETATION: According to the perceptions of surveyed women, health care providers are addressing many, but not all, of their health concerns, especially those that are of great concern or importance to these women.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Self-perception of body weight among high school students in Taipei, Taiwan.

Self-perception of body weight and other weight-related factors were assessed among 2665 Taipei, Taiwan high school students. A high percent of the girls (70.7%) and boys (42.2%) reported that they were too fat and these percentages were much higher than those reported by U.S. students in a recent Youth Risk Behavior Survey. In addition, only 13.2% of girls and 22.0% of boys reported being completely satisfied with their weight and the level of dissatisfaction with weight appeared to be greater than among U.S. students. Yet, in comparison to U.S. students, the Taiwanese students were considerably less likely than their U.S. counterparts to engage in weight management practices (e.g., dieting, eating less food, using diet pills). Taiwanese students with a self-perception of being too fat were more likely than those with perceptions of being just right or too thin to engage in weight management practices, to be dissatisfied with their weight, feel that they were unattractive, estimate that their same-sex peers were trying to lose weight, and have a higher body mass index. The findings from this study showed a relationship between self-perception of body size and engaging in weight control behaviors was consistent with other research. It suggested that self-perception of body weight, more so than objective weight status, was predictive of weight loss behavior and also negative psychological outcomes associated with poor body weight image. As a result, self-perception of weight may be an important point of focus for the design and implementation of clinical and public health initiatives targeted at this adolescent population as well as others.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Age differences in perceptions of control in social relationships.

To date, few studies have examined perceptions of control in interpersonal relationships, and whether such perceptions reflect individual characteristics (e.g., age) and features of relationships (e.g., quality). One hundred and eighty-seven individuals aged 13 to 99 (M = 45.62, SD = 25.69) provided information about their close and problematic relationships and their perceptions of control over those relationships. Multilevel modeling revealed that both relationship features and individual characteristics were associated with perceptions of control in relationships. Specifically, individuals felt more control in their marital relationships, and in relationships characterized by higher quality and fewer worries. Age differences in individuals' perceptions of control in relationships appear to reflect age-related shifts in perceptions of control in the parent-child tie.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Relationship between achievement goal constructs and physical self-perceptions in a physical activity setting.

The relations of achievement goal theory constructs and physical self-perceptions were explored with 225 students (91 men, 109 women, and 25 nonindicators; M age=23.5 yr., SD=9.2), enrolled in basic physical activity classes (aerobics, weight training, modern dance, badminton, yoga, tai chi, basketball, racquetball, gymnastics, bowling, aquatone, and step aerobics) in a university setting. Goal orientations (Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire), perceptions of the motivational climate (Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2), and physical self-perceptions (Physical Self-perception Profile) were assessed. Data were analyzed separately by sex. Ego orientation was the only predictor of Physical Self-perceptions in men, accounting for between 12 and 15% of the variance in Physical Self-worth, Sport Competence, Physical Conditioning, and Body Attractiveness. Constructs of achievement goal theory were not predictive of Physical Self-perceptions in the women. The results are discussed in light of achievement goal theory and the nature of the sample.

Achievement↗

PubMed2001

Parents' and children's perceptions of interparental conflict resolution.

This study examined the concordance between parents' assessment of their interpersonal conflict resolution with each other and their children's perception of the same. 61 parent dyads responded to the 1984 Communication Patterns Questionnaire of Christensen and Sullaway while their children completed the 1992 Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale by Grych, Seid, and Fincham. Mothers' and fathers' perceptions of their conflict resolution were significantly correlated. Analysis indicated that overall, children's perception of interparental conflict was related to their mothers' perception of the communication patterns between themselves and their partner. However, this relationship was confounded with sex of the child indicated by different patterns of intercorrelations between mothers', fathers', and children's perceptions for boys and girls.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[Primaparas' perceptions of their delivery experience and their maternal-infant interactions: compared according to delivery method].

One of the important tasks for new parents, especially mothers, is to establish warm, mutually affirming interpersonal relationships with the new baby in the family, with the purpose of promoting the healthy development of the child and the wellbeing of the whole family. Nurses assess the quality of the behavioral characteristics of the maternal-infant interaction. This study examined the relationships between primiparas perceptions of their delivery experience and their maternal infant interaction. It compared to delivery experience of mothers having a normal vaginal delivery with those having a cesarean section. The purpose was to explore the relationships between the mother's perceptions of her delivery experience with her maternal infant interaction. The aim was to contribute to the development of theoretical understanding on which to base care toward promoting the quality of maternal-infant interaction. Data were collected directly by the investigator and a trained associate from Dec. 1, 1987 to March 8, 1988. Subjects were a random sample of 62 mothers, 32 who had a normal vaginal delivery and 30 who had a non-elective cesarean section (but without other perinatal complications) at three general hospitals in Seoul. Instruments used were the Stainton Parent-infant Interaction Scale (1981) and the Marut and Mercer Perception of Birth Scale (1979). The first observations were made in the delivery room (for vaginally delivered mothers only), followed by day 1, day 2, day 3, and 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 8 weeks after birth, for a total of 7-8 contacts (Cesarean section mothers were observed on days 4 and 5 but the data not used for analysis). Observations in the hospital were made during the hour prior to scheduled feedings. The infant was placed beside the mother. Later contacts were made at home. Data analysis was done by computer using as SPSS program and included X2 test, paired t-test, t-test, and Pearson Correlation coefficient: the results were as follows. 1. Mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery tended to perceive the delivery experience more positively than cesarean section mothers (p = 0.002). The finding supported the hypothesis I that perception of delivery would vary according to the method of delivery. Mother's perceptions of birth were classified into three dimensions, labor, delivery and the baby. There was a significantly different and positive perception by the vaginally delivered mothers to the delivery experience (p = 0.000) but no differences for labor or the baby according to the delivery method (p = 0.096, p = 0.389).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Cesarean Section↗

PubMed1999

Self-perception in elite collegiate female gymnasts, cross-country runners, and track-and-field athletes.

OBJECTIVE: To compare self-perception between a group of competitive, elite female collegiate athletes (participating in gymnastics, cross country, and track and field) and a group of female political science students (nonathletic control subjects). We hypothesized that the athletic group would rate athletics as more important than would the nonathletic group, that the perception of athletic competence would correlate positively with self-worth for athletes only, and that the perception of athletic competence would have a stronger influence on self-worth in the athletic group. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The Self-perception Profile for College Students was completed by 32 athletes and 13 nonathletes. This profile measures 12 subscales plus Global Self-worth independently and generates scores that reflect the subject's perceived importance of and competence in each of the subscale areas. RESULTS: The athletes rated athletics as more important than did nonathletes, although this trend was nonsignificant when adjusted for age. As age increased, the importance of athletics decreased for both groups. There was a direct relationship between perceived athletic competence and self-worth for the athletes but not for the nonathletes. Variables that accounted for the Global Self-worth score in athletes were perceptions of Competence subscales for Appearance, Social Acceptance, Friendship, and Job. Variables that accounted for the Global Self-worth scores in the nonathletes were perceptions of Competence subscales for Romance, Morality, Humor, and Appearance. The athletic group had significantly lower Global Self-worth scores than the nonathletic group. CONCLUSIONS: The female athletes in this study derived a large component of their self-worth from their perceived athletic competence. Clinicians should bear in mind the relative importance of athletics to young female athletes and the relationship of perceived athletic ability to self-worth when treating these individuals.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Development of a questionnaire to assess worker knowledge, attitudes and perceptions underlying dermal exposure.

OBJECTIVES: Workers' behavior is identified as an important determinant of dermal exposure and is influenced by knowledge, attitudes, and risk perceptions. Because behavior may be a significant predictor of exposure, its assessment provides a means for examining exposure and designing strategies and incentives that encourage worker protective behavior. Currently, there are no psychosocial instruments examining worker knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions with respect to dermal hazards. Accordingly, a questionnaire was developed and tested to provide an instrument for measuring worker knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions. METHODS: The questionnaire was developed on the basis of a literature review and expert consultation. Scales were constructed based on standard methods. Two worker focus groups were used to evaluate worker understanding and content validity of the KAP (knowledge, attitudes, perceptions) questionnaire. The resulting 115-item questionnaire that included scales for knowledge (N=13), attitudes (N=27), perceptions (N=15), behavior (N=8), behavioral intentions (N=15), barriers (N=13), and facilitators (N=5) was tested on 89 workers from 19 facilities. RESULTS: The concepts identified in the focus groups included worker perception of higher risk due to a poor fit and replacement frequency for personal protective equipment and cross-contamination by workers moving into work zones. Field testing of the questionnaire (N=89) yielded Cronbach's alpha reliability scores ranging from 0.87 for the self-efficacy personal protective equipment scale to 0.92 for the overall belief scale, indicating high internal reliability. CONCLUSIONS: Although further testing and refinement is needed, this survey instrument provides an initial and conceptually unique means for evaluating behavioral determinants of worker dermal exposure.

Focus Groups↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Registered nurses' clinical reasoning abilities: a study of self perception.

Effective clinical reasoning by nurses is an essential component of nursing practice. The purpose of this study was to gain increased awareness and insight into registered nurses' perception of their clinical reasoning ability. A convenience sample of post-registration nursing students (n = 520) who enrolled in a Bachelor of Nursing program from 1993 to 1996 participated in the study. Perceptions of clinical reasoning abilities were assessed using the Jenkins' Clinical Decision Making in Nursing Scale (CDMNS). Analysis of CDMNS total scores indicated these students entered the program with positive perceptions of how they go about making clinical decisions. Measurement of aspects of these perceptions in relation to searching for alternatives (Subscale A), canvassing objectives (Subscale B) and evaluating consequences (Subscale C) indicated moderately positive perceptions of clinical reasoning abilities. However, highly positive perceptions were evident for assimilating new information (Subscale D). These results indicate some dissonance between the perceived abilities and the actual abilities reported in clinical reasoning literature and frequently observed in practice.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed2001

[Comparison of three scales to assess health risk perception].

BACKGROUND: Health risks management consists of quantitative and qualitative assessment of risks including risk perception among different samples of the population. Little work has been done to develop and validate scales to measure risk perception. METHODS: We conducted, in December, 1999, a study among 1358 French GPs, members of the Sentinels network, in order to compare three scales: a visual analog scale, a verbal scale and a numerical scale. GPs were asked about their own perception of two risks: the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease new variant (vMCJ) and the bug. RESULTS: The response rate was 55%, with no difference between the three groups (p=0.85). No statistically significant difference was observed between the distributions of the visual analog scale and the numerical scale (p=0.11 for the question about the vMCJ and p=0.98 for the question about the bug). Conversely, distributions of the verbal scale were significantly different from those of the visual analog scale (p<0.0001 for both of the questions) and from those of the numerical scale (p<0.0001 for both of the questions). Separation between worried and non worried people didn't occur in the middle of the visual analog scale but at 33 millimeters from the left extremity for the question about the vMCJ and at 41 millimeters from the same extremity for the question about the bug. CONCLUSION: We recommend the use of verbal scales to measure instantaneous perception of a given risk. Visual analog scales and numerical scales are known to be the best scales to detect minimum changes in the perception of functional signs such as pain. On this purpose, their superiority with regard to verbal scales has to be confirmed in the field of risk perception.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗