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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Determinant factors contributing to variations in memory performance in centenarians.

The role of environmental markers in memory performance among centenarians was examined in a study comparing non-cognitive factors to various aspects of memory performance. The centenarian group participating in the study consisted of 100 individuals (82 females and 18 males). Selected as non-cognitive factors were Quality of Life, Life-Habits, Health, Personality, and Autonomy. These factors were later compared to memory performance in short-term memory, semantic memory, and episodic memory. Using a structural equation model, results showed that performance in short-term memory was best predicted by life-habits and personality, while performance in semantic and episodic memory were best predicted by autonomy and life-habits. Implementation of the result from a life-span perspective includes a closer monitoring of environmental markers in the future. In effect, this could preserve memory function and optimum health through old age, thus making interventions easier to realize.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

A practical account of autonomy: why genetic counseling is especially well suited to the facilitation of informed autonomous decision making.

In genetic counseling, facilitation of autonomous decision-making is seen as a primary aim and respect for autonomy is used to justify a nondirective counseling approach whereby clients are free to make their own choices after being given all necessary information. However in the genetic counseling literature, autonomy as a concept appears to be interpreted variably and often narrowly. We offer a practical account of autonomy that is coherent, consistent and philosophically defensible for the genetic counseling setting. At the same time we demonstrate how nondirective counseling may serve to frustrate rather than facilitate client autonomy. We suggest that promoting purposeful dialogue rather than counseling that is nondirective is more conducive to client autonomy.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2004

Effects of task autonomy on performance: an extended model considering motivational, informational, and structural mechanisms.

A model explaining the relationship between task autonomy and performance is proposed that incorporates 3 different causal mechanisms. The performance benefits of task autonomy may be realized by increased motivation (motivational mechanisms), by capitalization of information asymmetries (informational mechanisms), or by better alignment with task and organizational structures (structural mechanisms). Further, it is proposed that these performance benefits are moderated by a variety of variables ranging from individual traits to organizational design. This model may provide a means for accounting for the sometimes inconsistent findings in the empirical literature exploring the relationship between autonomy and performance. The model also offers guidance in the search for additional boundary conditions as well as prescriptive guidelines for the allocation of autonomy in practice.

Employment↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patient involvement in resuscitation decisions.

The dilemma over whether patients should be involved in resuscitation decisions is a crucial issue as it brings into question some of the fundamental principles on which we base our practice. Nurses have a vital role to play in protecting patients' autonomy.

Advance Directives↗
PubMed2004

A perspective on homelessness, ethics, and medical care.

People who are homeless are known to have high rates of morbidity and mortality. Yet their attitudes, values, and desires regarding end-of-life care have not been studied. This article reports on the findings from interviews with groups of homeless individuals in the Twin Cities performed by University of Minnesota researchers. It explores the implications of homelessness on two commonly discussed ethical principles-autonomy and justice.

Ethics, Medical↗