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PubMed1991

Bacterial flora of the uterus of cows after calving on two hygienically contrasting farms.

Intrauterine swabs were obtained from cows after calving on two commercial dairy herds with contrasting hygienic environments and incidence of leucorrhea, and cultured aerobically and anaerobically. Of 26 cows with a normal calving and puerperium, eight of 14 (57 per cent) were sterile on farm B where hygiene was poor, compared with five of 12 (42 per cent) on farm A where hygiene was better. Two cows on farm B retained their placentas and subsequently developed metritis/endometritis. Actinomyces pyogenes was the commonest bacterial isolate and Fusobacterium nucleatum, Proteus mirabilis and Bacteroides melaninogenicus were also frequently observed. Similar isolates were obtained from cows on farm B with parturient or puerperal disorders. The contrasting hygienic environments had no influence on either the quantitative or qualitative uterine bacterial flora. Thus, the difference in the incidence of endometritis must have been due to factors other than hygiene.

Actinomyces↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Safety of chronic fetal vascular access in the sheep model.

OBJECTIVE: Long-term access to the fetal circulation has the potential to open up new perspectives in the treatment of numerous fetal anomalies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety of long-term catheterization of fetal placental vessels. METHODS: A midline laparotomy was performed in 4 time-mated pregnant ewes at 125 days' gestation (term 145 days). Placental vessels were exposed by a small uterine incision. A specially designed catheter was inserted into a placental vessel over a length of 3 cm, the distal end of the catheter was tunneled underneath the maternal skin and attached to a subcutaneous port implanted in the maternal flank. All pregnancies were allowed to go to term. RESULTS: Ewes and fetuses tolerated the placement of the catheter and port without complications. The catheter remained patent in all cases. All lambs were delivered vaginally at term and did not require resuscitation after birth. No fetal anomalies or growth restriction were noted. CONCLUSION: The ovine placental vessel can be accessed long term without complication.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Accurate diagnosis of postabortal placental remnant by sonohysterography and color Doppler sonographic studies.

The decision whether to perform uterine curettage for postabortal bleeding depends on the ability to demonstrate placental remnants in the uterine cavity. However, diagnosis of postabortal trophoblastic residua by conventional ultrasonography may be inconclusive. We report our experience with the use of combined sonohysterography and color Doppler to demonstrate a placental polyp after early pregnancy termination.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1996

Simplified care of women with prolonged or persistent retention of the placenta: the use of paracervical block.

Thirty patients with prolonged or persistent retention of the placenta were randomized to either paracervical block or intravenous cocktail of pethidine and diazepam. When paracervical block worked, the analgesia produced was better than that usually achieved with intravenous cocktail of pethidine and diazepam. From a cost-benefit point of view paracervical block is preferable to intravenous cocktail. No significant side-effects occurred during the trial.

Analgesia, Obstetrical↗
PubMed1995

Identification of Ehrlichia risticii as the causative agent of two equine abortions following natural maternal infection.

Two pregnant mares diagnosed as having equine monocytic ehrlichiosis based on history, clinical signs, and high serum antibody titers to Ehrlichia risticii aborted subsequent to recovery from illness. Mare 1 and mare 2 experienced clinical illness at 120 and 143 days of gestation and aborted at 203 and 226 days of gestation, respectively. The fetuses were expelled in fresh condition, and both mares retained their placentas upon abortion. Gross findings for the fetuses included meconium staining and petechiation of external surfaces. Internally, there was increased volume of feces within the small and large intestines and liver discoloration with enlargement. Microscopic findings included lymphohistiocytic enterocolitis, hepatitis, and myocarditis. Lymphoid hyperplasia and depletion were present in spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes. Ehrlichia risticii was recovered from bone marrow, spleen, lymph node, colon, and liver of the first fetus and bone marrow and colon of the second fetus. Electron microscopic evaluation of the organism isolated in cell culture revealed morphology consistent with E. risticii. The isolated organism was inoculated into a naive pony, and this pony developed high levels of antibody against E. risticii, became ehrlichemic, and developed clinical signs of depression, anorexia, and mild diarrhea. These findings confirm that E. risticii is an abortifacient under conditions of natural infection and should be considered as a differential diagnosis of equine abortions.

Abortion, Septic↗
PubMed1997

Serum apolipoprotein B-100 concentrations in healthy and diseased cattle.

The purpose of this study was to establish the normal range of serum apolipoprotein B-100 (APO B-100) concentration in clinically normal cattle, and to assess its abnormalities with clinical diseases. We measured the serum concentration of APO B-100 in cattle of varying ages, breeds and sex, maintained under normal field conditions. Blood samples were obtained from 735 apparently healthy cattle and 146 cows with various diseases. The concentration of serum APO B-100 in cattle was assayed by the single radial immunodiffusion method. The concentration of serum APO B-100 in healthy adult breeding bulls (mean +/- SD: Holstein; 101 +/- 46 microg/ml, Japanese Black; 106 +/- 46 microg/ml) was significantly (P<0.001) lower than that in cows (Holstein; 259 +/- 63, Japanese Black; 210 +/- 46 microg/ml), while that of APO B-100 in steers (Holstein; 290 +/- 86 microg/ml, Japanese Black; 302 +/- 90 microg/ml) was similar to the level in cows. The concentration of serum APO B-100 in cattle varied with sex and breed. APO B-100 concentration in cattle was decreased in association with metabolic disorders such as ketosis, displaced abomasum and fatty liver. From these results, it is assumed that the level of serum APO B-100 will be applied to diagnosis of metabolic diseases in cattle.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1991

Effects of bromocriptine and perphenazine on prolactin and progesterone concentrations in pregnant pony mares during late gestation.

Pregnant pony mares in Group A (n = 4) received i.m. injections at 07:00 and 17:00 h of 0.8 mg bromocriptine/kg body weight 0.75 per day beginning on Day 295 of gestation and continuing until parturition. Group B (n = 4) was treated similarly, but perphenazine was administered orally at 0.375 mg/kg body weight twice a day beginning on Day 305 of gestation and continuing until parturition. Mares in Group C (n = 3) received i.m. injections of saline. Mean plasma prolactin and progesterone concentrations were greater (P less than 0.05) for mares in Group C than in Groups A and B from 295 to 309 days of gestation. From 305 days of gestation, plasma prolactin and progesterone concentrations were greater (P less than 0.05) in Group B and C than in Group A mares. Progesterone and prolactin concentrations increased over this period for Group B and Group C mares, but remained constant in Group A mares. From 10 days pre partum through foaling, mares in Group A had lower progesterone (P less than 0.05) and prolactin (P less than 0.01) concentrations than Group B and C mares. All mares in Group A were agalactic at foaling, while all mares in Groups B and C had normal milk secretion. Gestation was longer (P less than 0.05) in Group A than in Group C mares. In Group A, 2 mares retained the placenta for greater than 3 h, 3 mares had dystocia and all 4 mares had thickened, haemorrhagic placentae.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Short communication: Low levels of colostral immunoglobulins in some dairy cows with placental retention.

A test with 27 Holstein cows divided in two groups was conducted to evaluate the effects of placental retention (PR) on the colostral components. Fat and total protein content were similar in both groups, but immunoglobulins in cows with PR (7.58+/-6.72 g/L) were significantly lower than in cows without PR (15.13+/-8.56 g/L). In contrast, casein levels were higher in cows with PR (38.61+/-17.05 g/L vs. 27.60+/-12.71 g/L) compared with cows without PR.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of lying behavior on uterine blood flow in cows during the third trimester of gestation.

Seven Holstein cows (BW = 639.4 +/- 28.8 kg, age = 62.6 +/- 6.9 mo, parity = 3.1 +/- 0.4 yr) (mean +/- SE) were used to measure uterine blood flow using a transit time ultrasonic flow meter. Ultrasonic flow probes were implanted (d 218 +/- 4 of gestation) around both uterine arteries (n = 3) or the gravid uterine artery (n = 4) to measure variations in uterine blood flow through this vessel in response to postural change (standing and lying). Implantation of the ultrasonic blood flow probe was successful in all 7 cows. Uterine blood flow was measured for 22.9, 23.1, and 21.4 h/d on d 226, 248, and 269 of gestation, respectively. Cows exhibited normal durations of gestation (272.8 +/- 1.6 d), gave birth to normal healthy calves (birth weight = 41.5 +/- 3.0 kg), and did not retain their placenta. Uterine blood flow to the gravid horn during lying was greater than during standing on d 226 (standing vs. lying, 8.04 vs. 8.79 L/min, respectively), d 248 (9.87 vs. 11.06 L/min), and d 269 (8.15 vs. 9.74 L/min) of gestation. Cows spent nearly 50% of their time lying during our observations at all gestational ages. Greater blood supply to the gravid uterus was observed during lying than during standing in this study.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Genetic selection for health traits using producer-recorded data. II. Genetic correlations, disease probabilities, and relationships with existing traits.

The objectives of this study were to calculate genetic correlations between health traits that were recorded in on-farm herd management software programs and to assess relationships between these traits and other traits that are routinely evaluated in US dairy sires. Data consisted of 272,576 lactation incidence records for displaced abomasum (DA), ketosis (KET), mastitis (MAST), lameness (LAME), cystic ovaries (CYST), and metritis (MET) from 161,622 cows in 646 herds. These data were collected between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2003 in herds using the Dairy Comp 305, DHI-Plus, or PCDART herd management software programs. Binary incidence data for all disorders were analyzed simultaneously using a multiple-trait threshold sire model that included random sire and herd-year-season of calving effects. Although data from multiple lactations were available for some animals, our genetic analysis included only first parity records due to concerns about selection bias and improper modeling of the covariance structure. Heritability estimates for the presence or absence of each disorder during first lactation were 0.14 for DA, 0.06 for KET, 0.09 for MAST, 0.03 for LAME, 0.04 for CYST, and 0.06 for MET. Estimated genetic correlations were 0.45 between DA and KET, 0.42 between KET and CYST, 0.20 between MAST and LAME, 0.19 between KET and LAME, 0.17 between DA and CYST, 0.17 between KET and LAME, 0.17 between KET and MET, and 0.16 between LAME and CYST. All other correlations were negligible. Correlations between predicted transmitting abilities for the aforementioned health traits and existing production, type, and fitness traits were low, though it must be noted that these estimates may have been biased by low reliability of the health trait evaluations. Based on results of this study, it appears that genetic selection for health disorders recorded in on-farm software programs can be effective. These traits can be incorporated into selection indices directly, or they can be combined into composite traits, such as "reproductive disorders", "metabolic disorders", or "early lactation disorders".

Abomasum↗
PubMed2006

Direct-fed microbial supplementation on ruminal digestion, health, and performance of pre- and postpartum dairy cattle.

Effects of supplementing direct-fed microbial agents (DFM) to dairy cows during the transition period were evaluated. Forty-four Holstein cows were fed close-up and lactating diets that did or did not contain 2 g of DFM/cow per d. The direct-fed microbial (DFM) supplement was fed at a rate of 2 × 109 viable yeast cells and 5 × 109 cfu of bacteria per cow per day [corrected].Supplemented cows were fed the DFM 21 d prior to expected calving date through 10 wk postpartum. Cows supplemented with DFM had higher estimated ruminally available dry matter (DM) for both corn silage and haylage than did control cows. Supplemented cows consumed more DM during both the pre- and postpartum periods. In addition, those supplemented with DFM produced 2.3 kg more milk/cow per d than did nonsupplemented cows. There was no difference in 3.5% fat-corrected milk. Milk fat percentage was lower, but not depressed (4.76 vs. 4.44%) for cows receiving DFM. There were no differences in milk fat yield or milk protein percentage and yield. Cows consuming DFM had higher blood glucose postpartum, as well as lower beta-hydroxybutyrate levels both prepartum and on d 1 postpartum. Plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration was not statistically affected by DFM, but was numerically lower prepartum and higher postpartum for supplemented cows. This study demonstrated that targeted DFM supplementation enhanced ruminal digestion of forage DM. Early lactation cows receiving supplemental DFM produced more milk and consumed more DM during the pre- and postpartum periods. Cows consuming DFM, however, experienced a lower, but not depressed, fat percentage compared with nonsupplemented cows.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1998

Incidences and effects of diseases on the performance of Swedish dairy herds stratified by production.

Incidences of diseases and their effects on reproductive performance and risk of culling in herds stratified by production and estrus detection efficiency were studied. Data were from the Swedish milk and disease recording systems and consisted of records for 33,748 first parity Swedish Friesian cows. A standardized mixed threshold model was used for statistical analyses of categorical outcome variables, and an ordinary linear mixed model was used for continuous outcome variables. An increase in production was associated with increased frequencies of treatments of most diseases, shorter intervals from calving to first artificial insemination, fewer days open, and lower culling rates. Cows treated for metritis, silent estrus, and cystic ovaries had an increased number of days to first artificial insemination and more days open. However, the negative consequences of these diseases on reproductive performance decreased as herd production increased. The risk of culling was higher for cows treated for dystocia, cystic ovaries, and mastitis, but the increase in the risk of culling was lower for higher producing herds. Similar trends were observed when herds were stratified by estrus detection efficiency. The results support the hypothesis that herd management, as characterized by milk production or estrus detection efficiency, is important in the incidences and consequences of diseases. Herd management, measured directly or indirectly, should be considered when the health status or cost of disease for a given herd is evaluated.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Postpartum body condition score and results from the first test day milk as predictors of disease, fertility, yield, and culling in commercial dairy herds.

The study used field data from a regular herd health service to investigate the relationships between body condition scores or first test day milk data and disease incidence, milk yield, fertility, and culling. Path model analysis with adjustment for time at risk was applied to delineate the time sequence of events. Milk fever occurred more often in fat cows, and endometritis occurred between calving and 20 d of lactation more often in thin cows. Fat cows were less likely to conceive at first service than were cows in normal condition. Fat body condition postpartum, higher first test day milk yield, and a fat to protein ratio of > 1.5 increased body condition loss. Fat or thin condition or condition loss was not related to other lactation diseases, fertility parameters, milk yield, or culling. First test day milk yield was 1.3 kg higher after milk fever and was 7.1 kg lower after displaced abomasum. Higher first test day milk yield directly increased the risk of ovarian cyst and lameness, increased 100-d milk yield, and reduced the risk of culling and indirectly decreased reproductive performance. Cows with a fat to protein ratio of > 1.5 had higher risks for ketosis, displaced abomasum, ovarian cyst, lameness, and mastitis. Those cows produced more milk but showed poor reproductive performance. Given this type of herd health data, we concluded that the first test day milk yield and the fat to protein ratio were more reliable indicators of disease, fertility, and milk yield than was body condition score or loss of body condition score.

Abomasum↗
PubMed2005

Risk of complications in a second pregnancy following caesarean section in the first pregnancy: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risks of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in a second pregnancy, attributable to caesarean section in a first pregnancy. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional analytic study of hospital births in New South Wales, based on linked population databases. PARTICIPANTS: 136 101 women with one previous birth who gave birth to a singleton infant in NSW in 1998-2002. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Crude and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: 19% of mothers had a caesarean section in their first pregnancy. Compared with mothers who had had primary vaginal births, mothers who had had primary caesarean section and underwent labour in the second birth were at increased risk of uterine rupture (aOR, 12.3; 95% CI, 5.0-30.1; P < 0.0001), hysterectomy (3.5; 1.5-8.4; P < 0.01), postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) following vaginal delivery (1.6; 1.4-1.7; P < 0.0001), manual removal of placenta (1.3; 1.1-1.6; P < 0.01), infection (6.2; 4.7-8.2; P < 0.0001) and intensive care unit (ICU) admission (3.1; 2.1-4.7; P < 0.0001); among mothers who did not undergo labour (ie, had an elective caesarean section), there was a lower risk of PPH (0.6; 0.5-0.7; P < 0.0001) and ICU admission (0.4; 0.3-0.5; P < 0.0001). For infants there was increased risk of preterm delivery (1.2; 1.1-1.3; P < 0.0001) and neonatal intensive care unit admission following labour (1.6; 1.4-1.9; P < 0.0001) in the birth after primary caesarean section. The occurrence of stillbirth was not modified by labour. CONCLUSIONS: Caesarean section in a first pregnancy confers additional risks on the second pregnancy, primarily associated with labour. These should be considered at the time caesarean section in the first pregnancy is being considered, particularly for elective caesarean section for non-medical reasons.

Adult↗