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Results for “Staphylococcus epidermidis”

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PubMed1985

Late purulent pacemaker pocket infection caused by staphylococcus epidermidis: serious complications of in situ management.

The pathophysiology of late pacemaker pocket infection is poorly understood. We report three cases of late infection caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Despite initial local conservative management ultimate removal of the entire pacing system was required. In late pacemaker pocket infection we recommend initial removal of the entire pacing system and replacement on the contralateral side. When retrieval of the lead system requires open-heart surgery epicardial wires should be placed.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Relationship between the additional penicillin-binding protein and an attachment transpeptidase.

The penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) of a methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis, 100,604 p+m+ and a non-isogenic sensitive strain, p-m- were characterised. The presence of a novel PBP, produced by the methicillin-resistant strain of S. epidermidis, with an Mr identical to that of PBP2' in Staphylococcus aureus 13,136 p-m+, was revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subsequent fluorography of solubilised membrane proteins isolated from cells labelled with [3H]benzylpenicillin. This novel PBP was only detected in cells which had been grown at 30 degrees C, in media containing beta-lactam antibiotic and 5% NaCl. The sensitivity of an attachment transpeptidation reaction measured under non-growing conditions in the sensitive and resistant strains indicated that the novel PBP catalysed this reaction. The similarity of radiolabelled peptides resulting from partial proteolytic digestion of the novel PBP in S. epidermidis 100,604 p+m+ and from PBP2' in S. aureus 13,136 p+m+ lends support to the theory that the additional DNA encoding PBP2' in S. aureus and the same protein in S. epidermidis has been passed to both species from an unknown source. Studies of the development and loss of resistance of attachment transpeptidase activity, and the appearance and disappearance of the novel protein when cultures of the resistant strain were transferred from conditions allowing the expression of resistance to those not allowing such expression and vice-versa, indicated that there was a strong correlation between the presence of PBP2' and the degree of resistance of the attachment transpeptidation reaction and that the production of this protein was affected by temperature at a regulatory or genetic level. Studies on the induction and loss of beta-lactamase activity and of the novel PBP when the resistant strain was grown in the presence or absence of beta-lactam antibiotics at either 40 degrees C or 30 degrees C suggests that there is little relationship between the production of this enzyme and of PBP2' other than the fact that beta-lactam antibiotics are common inducers of both.

Acyltransferases↗

PubMed1990

Inoculum effect on growth-delay time of oxacillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis exposed to cefamandole, cefazolin, and cefuroxime.

Cephalosporins have been recommended as prophylactic antibiotics in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. The major function of these antibiotics is to protect patients against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis infections. The lowest inoculum amount responsible for infection during surgery is unknown but is probably low. To determine the comparative activities of cefazolin, cefuroxime, and cefamandole against S. aureus and S. epidermidis for prophylactic purposes, we selected five strains of S. aureus and S. epidermidis that presented homogeneous resistances to oxacillin. A continuously monitored turbidimetric method was used to evaluate cultures with variable inoculum sizes ranging from 10(6) to 1 CFU/ml and exposed to cefazolin, cefuroxime, and cefamandole at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 micrograms/ml. Growth was defined as an increase of 0.1 optical density unit. The relationship between the time required for growth, the antibiotic concentration, and the initial bacterial density showed that cefamandole was more active than cefazolin, which, in turn, was revealed to be more active than cefuroxime against S. aureus and S. epidermidis.

Cefamandole↗

PubMed2000

Interleukin-1 receptor type I gene-deficient mice are less susceptible to Staphylococcus epidermidis biomaterial-associated infection than are wild-type mice.

Elevated concentrations of interleukin-1 (IL-1) were found in tissue surrounding biomaterials infected with Staphylococcus epidermidis. To determine the role of IL-1 in biomaterial-associated infection (BAI), IL-1 receptor type I-deficient (IL-1R(-/-)) and wild-type mice received subcutaneous implants of silicon elastomer (SE) or polyvinylpyrrolidone-grafted SE (SEpvp), combined with an injection of 10(6) CFU of S. epidermidis or sterile saline. Neither mouse strain was susceptible to BAI around SE. IL-1R(-/-) mice with SEpvp implants had a no abscess formation and a reduced susceptibility to persistent S. epidermidis infection. The normal foreign body response, characterized by giant-cell formation and encapsulation, was delayed around SEpvp in wild-type mice but not in IL-1R(-/-) mice. This coincided with enhanced local IL-4 production in IL-1R(-/-) mice. These data suggest that inhibition of local IL-1 activity may be beneficial for the outcome of BAI.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Encapsulation of vancomycin and gentamicin within cationic liposomes for inhibition of growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Liposomes have been prepared from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), cholesterol (Chol) and dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDAB). The cationic vesicles adsorb to biofilms of the skin-associated bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis, which have a negative charge. Encapsulation of the antibacterial drug vancomycin into such liposomes enhanced its activity relative to the free agent. The effectiveness of the preparation was dependent on the fluidity of the liposomal membrane and on the level of drug entrapment within the aqueous core of the vesicles. The aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin was also encapsulated within similar liposomes but was less effective, possibly due to its slow passage through the membrane. The liposomal vancomycin preparation has potential medical use in treating bacterial infections of foreign body biomedical devices (e.g. catheters), with either topical or intravenous administration.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1993

Reaction of rabbit lateral periventricular tissue to non-infected and infected (Staphylococcus epidermidis) shunt tubing implants. A light and transmission electron microscope study.

The reactions of periventricular tissue of the lateral ventricle to non-infected and infected (Staphylococcus Epidermidis) silicone shunt tubing were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. It was shown that reactive changes occurred in periventricular tissue in response to the implant of sterile shunt tubing. On the other hand in infected implanted silicone shunt tubing, proliferation of inflammatory cells within the ventricle and periventricular tissue, loss of integrity of the ependyma, glial cell proliferation, and excessive extracellular oedema were demonstrated. Proliferation of ependymal cells combined with inflammatory responses may be a factor in the pathogenesis of infected shunt obstruction.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of protamine on antibiotic action against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms.

Infection associated with medical devices may involve bacterial biofilms, a possible cause of antibiotic resistance. Protamine, a basic polypeptide, depresses the metabolic activity of Staphylococcus epidermidis in a standardized biofilm assay. The resistance of the biofilm preparations to many antibiotics, with the sole exception of rifampin, was confirmed. Rifampin produced predominant lysis and killing with foci of genetically programmed resistance. The combination of protamine with antibiotics produced no change, except the combination with rifampin where clear classic synergism with a totally bactericidal outcome was demonstrated. Protamine is a member of the larger family of charged polycations, some of which possess membrane potential altering properties, possibly interfering with the protective nature exhibited by the negatively charged bacterial biofilm matrix.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2002

Regulation of icaR gene expression in Staphylococcus epidermidis.

LightCycler and conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to examine regulation of icaR, which encodes a repressor of the Staphylococcus epidermidis ica operon. Varying concentrations of NaCl and ethanol activated ica but only high levels of both compounds repressed icaR transcription. Activation of ica by subinhibitory concentrations of tetracycline, which was strain-dependent, was also associated with icaR repression. In an ICAR::Em mutant, NaCl but not ethanol activated ica whereas both compounds repressed icaR expression indicating that environmental regulation of the icaR gene is IcaR-independent. Apparently ethanol signals exclusively through IcaR to activate ica and regulates IcaR at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. NaCl also regulates icaR expression but in addition can activate ica via an icaR-independent pathway.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed2000

Mupirocin prophylaxis against methicillin-susceptible, methicillin-resistant, or vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus epidermidis vascular-graft infection.

A rat model was used to investigate the efficacy of mupirocin in the prevention of vascular prosthetic graft infection due to Staphylococcus epidermidis strains with different susceptibility patterns (methicillin susceptible, methicillin resistant, and with intermediate resistance to vancomycin). The effect of mupirocin-soaked Dacron was compared to that of perioperative intraperitoneal prophylaxis with vancomycin. Graft infections were established in the back subcutaneous tissue of adult male Wistar rats by implantation of Dacron prostheses (1 cm(2)) followed by topical inoculation with 5 x 10(7) CFU of one staphylococcal strain. The study included a control group (no graft contamination), three contaminated groups that did not receive any antibiotic prophylaxis, three contaminated groups that received mupirocin-soaked grafts, three contaminated groups in which perioperative intraperitoneal vancomycin prophylaxis (10 mg/kg of body weight) was administered, and three contaminated groups that received mupirocin-soaked grafts and perioperative intraperitoneal vancomycin prophylaxis (10 mg/kg). The grafts were sterilely removed 7 days after implantation, and the infection was evaluated by using sonication and quantitative agar culture. Data analysis showed the efficacy of mupirocin against all three strains, with growth of the strains in treated rats significantly different than that in the untreated control. In addition, mupirocin was more effective than vancomycin against the strain with intermediate susceptibility to the glycopeptide. Finally, the combination of mupirocin and vancomycin produced complete suppression of the growth of all of the strains.

Aminoglycosides↗

PubMed1991

Native valve Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis: report of seven cases and review of the literature.

This report describes seven patients from three university hospitals whose native valve infective endocarditis was caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis. The literature on endocarditis caused by S. epidermidis is also reviewed and the clinical features of patients with native valve endocarditis due to this organism are compared with those of patients from a general series of infective endocarditis cases. Compared with infective endocarditis caused by other organisms, S. epidermidis endocarditis tends to occur more frequently in male patients. Patients with S. epidermidis endocarditis exhibit fewer embolic complications and skin manifestations. The frequency of congestive heart failure is lower in this group. The relative indolent course and apparent rarity of native valve S. epidermidis endocarditis necessitate a high index of suspicion for early diagnosis.

Aged↗

PubMed1980

Antibiotic prophylaxis of experimental endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) was evaluated in a modified rabbit endocarditis model and compared with results obtained with methicillin-sensitive S. epidermidis (MSSE). One dose of nafcillin, cefamandole, cephalothin, or vancomycin neither prevented endocarditis nor sterilized the blood of rabbits challenged with each of two MRSE or two MSSE isolates. One dose of gentamicin protected greater than or equal to 80% of animals challenged with three of the four isolates, and one dose of rifampin protected greater than or equal to 90% challenged with any of the four isolates. Multiple doses of any of the antibiotics prevented endocarditis in greater than or equal to 80% of rabbits challenged with MSSE, and four doses of vancomycin protected rabbits challenged with MRSE. However, MRSE endocarditis was prevented in less than or equal to 25% of animals given six doses of nafcillin or cephalosporins. Thus, nafcillin and cephalosporins were ineffective prophylaxis for MRSE endocarditis, whereas vancomycin, gentamicin, and rifampin were effective.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Immunomodulation by altered gastrointestinal tract flora. The effects of orally administered, killed Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida, and Pseudomonas on systemic immune responses.

We investigated the role of microbial products from the gastrointestinal tract in the pathogenesis of immunosuppression in critical illness. Rats were gavaged daily for three weeks with killed Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida, and Pseudomonas--organisms frequently isolated from the upper gastrointestinal tract of the critically ill patient; nonspecific immunity was measured by the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response. Gavage with either Pseudomonas or Candida resulted in significant suppression of DTH responses, while gavage with S epidermidis produced modest enhancement of DTH. Animals given Pseudomonas demonstrated impaired ability to localize a subcutaneous Staphylococcus aureus challenge and decreased IgM but enhanced anti-Pseudomonas IgA and IgG responses after intraperitoneal immunization. Pulmonary bacterial clearance at seven days was normal. These findings suggest that gut colonization with Candida or Pseudomonas may contribute to impairment of cell-mediated immunity in the critically ill patient.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1993

Staphylococcus epidermidis--hospital epidemiology and the detection of methicillin resistance.

Infections in immunocompromised patients and in patients with indwelling prosthetic devices are often caused by hospital strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis resistant to methicillin. Tests for the detection of methicillin resistance, indicating resistance to all beta-lactam antibiotics, were evaluated in order to define a suitable screening test. A broth tube breakpoint test with a large inoculum, 10(7) colony forming units (cfu), gave the highest recovery of resistant strains. False resistance due to hyperproduction of beta-lactamase was excluded. The results correlated completely with the detection of the resistance gene, mecA, by the polymerase chain reaction. In 2/3 of the resistant strains tested the expression of the methicillin resistance was heterogeneous, only one cell in 10(2) to 10(4) expressed the resistance within 72 h in both. In broth screening tests an inoculum of at least 10(6) cfu therefore was required to detect all resistant strains within 24 h. Using agar dilution, 48 h incubation must be considered. In disc diffusion tests reliable results were obtained after only 16 h of incubation when discs containing cephradine 5 and 30 micrograms, oxacillin 1 microgram or cephalexin 30 micrograms were used, and the first disc is recommended for routine work. The epidemiology of S. epidermidis strains resistant to ciprofloxacin and/or gentamicin was studied in an isolation unit for patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Antibiograms and plasmids were used for typing and 31 such strains were found. Of 54 staff members 10 were colonized in the nares only, two in the nares and perineum and one in the nares and stool. In ambient air and on the clothes of staff a few of the strains predominated quantitatively. These strains colonized the skin of some of the patients who seemed to be the main dispersers. Possible routes of cross-infection were indirect contact transfer via the hands and clothes of staff (82% of the clothes were contaminated), and direct as well as indirect airborne transmission. To study the effects of chlorhexidine on skin bacteria, ten nurses washed one arm with chlorhexidine-detergent every morning for 3 weeks; the other arm served as control. The depression of the normal skin flora did not lead to a colonization with more antibiotic-resistant hospital strains. During the wash period the counts of antibiotic-resistant S. epidermidis on the treated arms were significantly reduced compared with the control arms, as also were the number of different strains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1996

pH modulation of aminoglycoside resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis harbouring 6'-N-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase.

The kinetic constants of the aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme 6'-N-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (AAC(6')IV) from the clinical strain Staphylococcus epidermidis RYC 13036 differed depending on whether tobramycin and amikacin (glycosamine group) or gentamicin and netilmicin (garosamine group) were used as substrates. Acetylation of the glucosamine antibiotics was highly susceptible to substrate inhibition which increased with pH whereas the garosamine group compounds showed limited substrate inhibition over a wide pH range. These differences in activity correlated with MIC values of S. epidermidis RYC 13036 for different aminoglycosides. Aminosugars moiety and pH markedly influenced the AAC(6')IV-aminoglycoside interactions.

Acetyltransferases↗

PubMed2002

Initial concentration of Staphylococcus epidermidis in simulated pediatric blood cultures correlates with time to positive results with the automated, continuously monitored BACTEC blood culture system.

The relationship of initial concentration of Staphylococcus epidermidis in blood cultures and time to positivity (TTP) in an automated, continuously monitored blood culture system was assessed. Blood and 1 to 1,000 CFU of S. epidermidis per ml in stationary or exponential phase were inoculated in BACTEC Pediatric Plus F bottles and incubated. The TTP was inversely proportional to the initial inoculated concentration. Blood culture bottles with initial bacterial densities of <10 CFU/ml had a TTP of >20 h (upper limit of 95% prediction interval, 20.7 h) and bottles with initial bacterial densities of > or =50 CFU/ml had a TTP of < or =15 h (lower limit of 95% prediction interval, 13.4 h).

Bacteremia↗

PubMed1985

Prosthetic valve endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus species successfully treated with rifampicin combined with other antibiotics.

Two patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Gram-positive cocci (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus spp.) are described. They were successfully treated with rifampicin combined first with an aminoglycoside and later with co-trimoxazole or co-trimoxazole plus vancomycin. The addition of rifampicin to these antibiotics resulted in enhanced serum bactericidal activity. High doses of rifampicin (1200-1800 mg) for 7-8 weeks did not cause any serious side-effect. Surgery was not required. During surveillance for more than 2 years endocarditis did not recur.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Cure of Ommaya reservoir associated Staphylococcus epidermidis ventriculitis with a simple regimen of vancomycin and rifampin without reservoir removal.

Staphylococcus epidermidis ventriculitis developed in a patient undergoing treatment for meningeal lymphoblastic lymphoma via Ommaya subcutaneous reservoir. Treatment with a regimen of intravenous and intraventricular vancomycin and oral rifampin resulted in prompt cure of the infection without removal of the reservoir. The antibiotic therapy, guided by CSF bacteriocidal levels, was convenient to administer, nontoxic, and well tolerated. No interruption of lymphoma treatment was necessary.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A adhesion to chemically modified cellulose derivatives.

The adhesion of coagulase negative Staphylococcus epidermidis expressing capsular polysaccharide/adhesin (PS/A) to cellulose diacetate (CDA), as well as to primary reference low-density polyethylene, was assessed in vitro. Attached bacteria were released by gentle sonication and quantified as colony forming units. Surface free energy of cells and materials and the free energy of interaction between cells, each type of material and water molecules was calculated through contact angle measurement, also enabling the determination of materials surface hydrophobicity. The influence of CDA surface modification by deacetylation and phosphorylation on bacterial adhesion was studied. Chemical modifications of CDA by deacetylation and by phosphorylation were effective in lowering bacterial adhesion.

Journal Article↗