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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Growth phase of orally administered Lactobacillus strains differentially affects IgG1/IgG2a ratio for soluble antigens: implications for vaccine development.

Lactobacillus strains with probiotic activity are major constituents of numerous common food products. Due to their 'generally regarded as safe'-status (GRAS-status), Lactobacillus strains can also be genetically engineered for use in oral immunotherapeutic applications, such as vaccination and T lymphocyte tolerance induction in autoimmune disease.In the current study, we demonstrate that the growth phase of orally administered individual Lactobacillus strains can differentially affect antigen-specific antibody subclasses IgG1 and IgG2a, which might reflect skewing of systemic activity of T helper cell type 2 (Th2) and T helper cell type 1 (Th1) pathways, respectively. Mice were orally fed different wild type Lactobacillus strains in log phase or stationary phase and immunized intraperitoneally with a T-cell dependent protein antigen. Sera were evaluated for the ratio of antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies. Stationary Lactobacillus murines and Lactobacillus casei cultures, but not two other Lactobacillus strains, evoked significantly higher IgG1/IgG2a ratios than log phase cultures, possibly relating to increased activity of the Th2-pathway. Despite normal variation in antibody responses against TNP-CGG among individual mice, a high correlation was found between the IgG1 and IgG2a responses of mice within experimental groups. This differential antibody response is likely due to growth phase-dependent differences in bacterial cell composition.Since Lactobacillus growth phase dependent skewing of antibody responses possibly reflecting T-cell pathways can inadvertently affect allergic and (auto)-immune responses, the current findings strongly caution against unidimensional views on the oral administration of individual Lactobacillus strains for probiotic or immunotherapeutic purposes, but also suggest additional possibilities for immune modulation.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Influenza update: vaccine development and clinical trials.

Although influenza activity throughout the world has been relatively low during the past year, epidemics of influenza A, in particular, which are caused by new virus variants, continue to be a major public health problem. Widespread vaccination is the only rational measure that can be used for the prevention of illness in key risk groups. Although current inactivated split/subunit vaccines are reasonably effective, significant improvements have been shown to be possible in the boosting of responses by the use of particular adjuvants and/or the direct administration of vaccines to the respiratory tract. Live attenuated vaccines, also administered directly to the respiratory tract, have continued to be shown to be safe and effective, and, in the longer term, probably will have a major role in influenza prophylaxis, especially in children and young adults.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2004

Coronavirus replication and pathogenesis: Implications for the recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the challenge for vaccine development.

A novel coronavirus has been recently identified as the causative agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak that has accounted for more than 8000 infected people worldwide. This review will discuss current knowledge on coronavirus replication, pathogenesis, evolution, and vaccine strategies, as well as the most recent findings on SARS coronavirus.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

New tuberculosis vaccine development.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a devastating disease that kills more than three million people each year. Of these, 0.9 million are co-infected with HIV and numbers of infections and death continue to rise with the global spread of HIV. A new vaccine is desperately needed to control this epidemic that threatens to kill 90 million people over the next 3 decades. Outstanding work in research laboratories, combined with the success of genome sequencing, has resulted in a variety of candidate TB vaccines, many of which are sufficiently promising to advance into clinical trials. This review discusses the array of new candidate TB vaccines and the clinical studies that are currently planned.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Host-pathogen interaction in amebiasis and progress in vaccine development.

Entamoeba histolytica, the causative organism of invasive intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis, infects approximately 50 million people each year, causing an estimated 40 to 100 thousand deaths annually. Because amebae only infect humans and some higher non-human primates, an anti-amebic vaccine could theoretically eradicate the organism. Uncontrolled epidemiologic studies indicate that acquired immunity to amebic infection probably occurs and that such a vaccine might be feasible. Application of molecular biologic techniques has led to rapid progress towards understanding how Entamoeba histolytica causes disease, and to the identification of several amebic proteins associated with virulence. These proteins are now being evaluated as potential vaccine components. Parenteral and oral vaccine preparations containing recombinant amebic proteins have been effective in preventing disease in a gerbil model of amebic liver abscess. Although systemic and mucosal cellular and humoral immunity both appear to play a role in protection against Entamoeba histolytica, the relative importance of each in the human immune response remains unknown. No animal model of intestinal amebiasis currently exists, moreover, so it has been impossible to evaluate protection against colonization and colitis. Further investigation of the fundamental mechanisms by which Entamoeba histolytica causes disease and of the human immune response to amebic infection is necessary to assess the true feasibility of an anti-amebic vaccine.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Schistosomiasis vaccine development: approaches and prospects.

Mounting evidence for acquired immunity to schistosomiasis in humans supports the case for immunological intervention. On the other hand, rapid reinfection poses a threat to younger age groups due to the slow maturation of natural resistance. However, rational approaches, based on advances in immunology and molecular biology, have substantially increased the odds of producing an effective vaccine. Since the parasite cannot replicate in the human host and serious morbidity generally occurs only after a relatively long period of heavy worm burden, complete protection against infection is not essential. The chances of success would increase if more than one of the various host/parasite interphases were targeted, for example reducing morbidity through decreased worm loads as well as through suppression of egg production. Several promising schistosome antigens have now reached an advanced phase of development and are currently undergoing independent confirmatory testing according to a standardized protocol. A few molecules are being contemplated for scaled-up production but, so far, only one has reached the stage of industrial manufacture and safety testing. Since schistosomiasis cannot realistically be controlled by a single approach, vaccination is envisaged to be implemented in conjunction with other means of control, notably chemotherapy.

Adolescent↗