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PubMed1999

The effects of cognitive and somatic anxiety and self-confidence on components of performance during competition.

This study considered the influence of competitive anxiety and self-confidence state responses upon components of performance. Basketball players (n = 12) were trained to self-report their cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence as a single response on several occasions immediately before going on court to play. Performance was video-recorded and aspects of performance that could be characterized as requiring either largely anaerobic power (height jumped) or working memory (successful passes and assists) were measured. Intra-individual performance scores were computed from these measures and the data from seven matches were subjected to regression analyses and then hierarchical regression analyses. The results indicated that, as anticipated, somatic anxiety positively predicted performance that involved anaerobic demands. Self-confidence, and not cognitive anxiety, was the main predictor of performance scores with working memory demands. It would appear that different competitive state responses exert differential effects upon aspects of actual performance. Identifying these differences will be valuable in recommending intervention strategies designed to facilitate performance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Anorectal function: defecographic measurement in asymptomatic subjects.

A study of anorectal function during fluoroscopically monitored defecation was conducted in 32 asymptomatic subjects. Two observers independently measured various parameters on defecograms and reviewed video recordings during the subjects' squeezing, rest, and straining. There was a wide range of measurements for the anorectal angle, the position of the anorectal junction, perineal motility, and anal canal width. Interobserver variation of these measurements was large. In 17 subjects, both observers agreed that rectal emptying was incomplete. In 10 patients, there was agreement on the presence of rectal wall changes such as intussusception, rectocele, and mucosal prolapse. Defecographic measurements should be interpreted with caution and should not be used as the only criteria for treatment. Anatomic changes of the anorectal region during straining at defecation do not necessarily cause symptoms but may be a precursor of clinical disorders. Defecography is useful in the detection of these abnormalities.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Infants and toddlers with caries. Mental health, family interaction, and life events in infants and toddlers with caries.

A child is part of a larger family system and the family, in turn, is part of a broader neighbourhood or community system. Consequently, changes in the family may affect the child and changes in the child, the family. Thus the basic etiological factors for caries are influenced by a number of indirect factors. The aim of this descriptive study was to investigate some of these indirect factors in families of children who had developed carious lesions at one or two years of age. By using a combination of interviews, questionnaires and video recordings, it was possible to obtain information regarding mental health, psychosocial background, life events, and family interaction. The results show that in all the investigated families, life events had occurred, that had caused a great deal of stress. From a descriptive point of view there does not seem to be a typical family in which infants develop caries. However, certain psychosocial factors could be essential for the development of caries in infants. Since family function, family interaction and life events influence many aspects of children's life, dental personnel must be aware of the repercussions this may have upon oral health in infants and toddlers.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

The effect of body orientation to gravity on early infant reaching.

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of body orientation with respect to gravity on infant's reaching quantity and quality. Two groups, 12- to 19-week-old and 20- to 27-week-old infants, were seated in three positions: vertical (90 degrees from horizontal), recline (60 degrees), and supine (0 degrees). Nine balls on a black board were presented. Video recordings were used to measure quantity of reaching (number and duration of reaches) and quality of reaching (open or closed hand, starting position of the arm, and position of touched and grasped balls). On the quantity measure there was a significant age x body position interaction that indicated that the 12- to 19-week-olds showed reaching behavior in the vertical position equal to that of 20- to 27-week-old infants in all positions. A similar tendency, although not significant, was found for the quality measurements. These findings indicate that the development of reaching does not just reflect maturation of the central nervous system, but a changing interaction between organismic and environmental constraints.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1989

The effects of the everyday environment on epileptic activity in three mentally retarded individuals.

Three mentally retarded epileptic subjects with frequent epileptiform EEG paroxysms were monitored with simultaneous radio-telemetered EEG and video recording while they were exposed to their everyday environmental conditions. These conditions included prompts and reinforcement for performing vocational training tasks, speech therapy, eating and drinking, and cues for resting, waiting, playing, exercising, and relaxing. Epileptiform EEG activity and the occurrence of clinical seizures varied as a function of the particular environmental conditions. Epileptiform EEG discharges were longer in duration, and clinical seizures were more frequent in all 3 subjects during conditions which produced inactive behavior than during conditions which produced active behavior. The modulation of epileptiform activity by everyday environmental conditions carries implications for (1) the optimum structuring of the environment for mentally retarded patients with frequent, subtle seizures, and (2) the analysis of the effects of epileptiform discharges on behavior.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1994

Tacalcitol in psoriasis: a video-microscopy study.

Video-microscopy is a video-imaging system which permits direct visualization of the skin surface and capillaries, by using a microscope attached to a camera, a video-recorder and a printer. This technique provides information on the morphology of capillaries in vivo and has been used both for research into normal skin microcirculation and as a clinical method to detect capillary changes in psoriasis and other skin diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphology of capillaries in psoriatic plaques before and after treatment with tacalcitol, a new topical vitamin D3 analogue. Clinical evaluation was made after 3 and 6 weeks of therapy. After 3 weeks a reduction in erythema and scaling was noted; and areas in which capillaries were less tortuous became evident. After 6 weeks, capillaries were less dilated and tortuous in the whole plaque and had lost the large and tortuous appearance of active psoriasis.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Ovulation in the isolated perfused rat ovary as documented by intravital microscopy.

Surface cell changes at the apices of preovulatory follicles and ovulations were documented in isolated perfused ovaries from immature rats treated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (20 IU) and 48 h later with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (10 IU). A video camera coupled to an inverted microscope and a video recorder captured the preovulatory and ovulatory events at a cellular level. At around 8 h post-hCG, the follicular apex changed from a smooth and optically homogeneous appearance into a rough surface with bleb formation and extrusions of single cells through minute perforations (early stigma formation). At approximately 10 h, a sticky material formed a basketlike structure with trapped cells (late stigma formation). At 12 to 15 h, ovulation took place at a constant speed and with no contractions of the follicular wall. This indicates that ovulation can occur with no visible circumfollicular muscular activity. Furthermore, the observations of a leakage of cells over an extended period of time indicates that the follicular wall is partly digested several hours before ovulation occurs.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

The expression of pain in infants and toddlers: developmental changes in facial action.

Age-related changes in the facial expression of pain during the first 18 months of life have important implications for our understanding of pain and pain assessment. We examined facial reactions video recorded during routine immunization injections in 75 infants stratified into 2-, 4-, 6-, 12-, and 18-month age groups. Two facial coding systems differing in the amount of detail extracted were applied to the records. In addition, parents completed a brief questionnaire that assessed child temperament and provided background information. Parents' efforts to soothe the children also were described. While there were consistencies in facial displays over the age groups, there also were differences on both measures of facial activity, indicating systematic variation in the nature and severity of distress. The least pain was expressed by the 4-month age group. Temperament was not related to the degree of pain expressed. Systematic variations in parental soothing behaviour indicated accommodation to the age of the child. Reasons for the differing patterns of facial activity are examined, with attention paid to the development of inhibitory mechanisms and the role of negative emotions such as anger and anxiety.

Child Development↗

PubMed1994

Recovery of the sutured facial nerve after removal of acoustic neuroma in patients with neurofibromatosis-2.

The authors compared the long-term recovery of sutured facial nerves after the removal of 8 neurofibromatosis-2 (NF2)-associated and 22 non-NF2 acoustic neuromas. The patients were from a series of 270 patients operated on for an acoustic neuroma between 1979 and 1989. The assessment was done with a modified House and Brackmann scale from video recordings. At least some facial movement or tone was achieved (Grade 5 or better) in all but three patients, but in none was the recovery excellent. The facial function, judged by the overall appearance in movement, recovered less in patients with NF2 (P = 0.048); a moderately good recovery (Grade 3 or better) was seen in one patient of eight with NF2, as compared with 13 of 22 with non-NF2. In conclusion, if the tumor cannot be peeled off easily from the facial nerve in patients with NF2, leaving a fragment of tumor behind is preferable to cutting and suturing the facial nerve.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Infant temperament, sleep organization, and nighttime parental interventions.

Objective measures of sleep-wake organization derived from time-lapse video recordings were compared with parental perceptions of infant temperament in 23 infants 6 months of age. Although both mothers' and fathers' ratings of infant temperament were correlated with variables reflecting sleep continuity, results for fathers were much more striking. Infants who required care giving during the night were rated as significantly more difficult and arrhythmic by fathers than by mothers. All infants awakened during the night. Some of them soothed themselves and returned to sleep; however, others signaled and required care giving interventions from their parents before returning to sleep. No differences in variables reflecting the biology of sleep distinguished "signaling" infants and "self-soothing" infants, although feedings at bedtime (breast or bottle) were more common in the signaling group.

Attitude↗

PubMed1990

In vivo videography of the rhesus monkey accommodative apparatus. Age-related loss of ciliary muscle response to central stimulation.

Fourteen rhesus monkeys, aged 1 to 24 years, underwent permanent implantation of a bipolar stimulating electrode into the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and complete unilateral or bilateral iridectomy. Slit-lamp Scheimpflug videography of the lens and slit-lamp goniovideography of the lens equator, zonule, and ciliary body allowed direct real-time observation and video recording of the movements of these structures during centrally stimulated accommodation and during disaccommodation. Scalloping of the lens capsule at the zonular insertion sites was clearly visible during disaccommodation and even during accommodation when the zonules were folded. During accommodation, the lens became axially thicker, the ciliary ring narrowed, and, at high levels of accommodation, the zonular fibers slackened and even folded and the lens moved downward. With increasing age and concomitantly decreasing accommodative amplitude, these excursions all diminished, so that in the oldest animals, they were very minimal or absent. Maximum centrally stimulated accommodative amplitude declined with age on a time scale similar to that for cholinomimetic drug-induced accommodation in the rhesus monkey and voluntary accommodation in the human.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

PubMed2005

Optimal timing of capsular tension ring implantation: Miyake-Apple video analysis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the appropriate timing for capsular tension ring implantation in cases of zonular weakness either prior to or after lens extraction using Miyake-Apple video analysis. SETTING: John Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. METHODS: Four cadaver eyes were prepared using a standard Miyake-Apple protocol with image capture using digital video recording. After continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis and hydrodissection/viscodissection were performed, 2 eyes had early capsular tension ring implantation (CTR) and 2 eyes had CTR implantation after lens extraction. The 12.3 mm CTR was implanted in all eyes. Capsular bag torque and displacement, zonular elongation and stress, and ease of CTR placement were evaluated in each eye. RESULTS: Early CTR implantation resulted in significantly increased capsular torque and displacement of up to 4.0 mm compared to insertion in an empty capsular bag. There was significant zonular elongation and tension during early placement. CONCLUSION: In terms of minimizing further zonular stress and damage and capsular destabilization, the ideal timing for CTR placement is after lens extraction and decompression of the capsular bag.

Biocompatible Materials↗

PubMed1996

Assessment of corneal alterations following laser in situ keratomileusis by confocal slit scanning microscopy.

This investigation was done to evaluate in vivo changes in corneal micromorphology occurring after laser in situ keratomileusis. By means of confocal microscopy, nine eyes of eight patients showing uncomplicated wound healing at 2-16 weeks after surgery and one eye of one patient at 30 weeks after initial surgery who had to undergo two retreatments because of a central island were examined. Video recording was used to register the data. The distribution of scattered light in the treated corneae was registered with the z-scan of the microscope. Slit-lamp findings obtained several weeks postoperatively showed only minor corneal alterations. Confocal microscopy revealed morphological changes as a result of the surgery, especially in the epithelium and in the anterior stroma. With the z-scan an additional peak determined by higher reflectivity in the anterior stroma was found. The retreated patient showed marked folds in the area of the interface and flap. Confocal in vivo microscopy is suitable for the noninvasive detection of micromorphological alterations following refractive corneal surgery and for observation of the postsurgical wound-healing phase, including nerve regeneration.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Asymmetries in mouth opening during word generation in male stuttering and non-stuttering participants.

We examined lateral asymmetries in mouth opening in right-handed male stuttering (N = 11) and non-stuttering (N = 14) participants. Lateral asymmetries in mouth opening were video-recorded and analysed in participants while they generated words beginning with the bilabial phones /b, p, m/. Non-stuttering participants showed an expected preference for right mouth opening during the task, whereas a group of stuttering participants who were matched for sex and age produced a left or bilateral pattern of mouth opening. Analysis of variance revealed the difference between the groups to be significant (p < .001). However, there was more variability in the lateral mouth asymmetries in the stuttering participants. We interpret this finding as adding some support for the hypothesis that aberrant hemispheric control for speech is involved in stuttering. Asymmetric mouth openings appear to have no direct linguistic function, and we discuss the possible implications of the phenomenon for models of speech planning and programming.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

What is the clinical significance of urethroprostatic reflux as a radiological finding during videocystourethrography in neurologically normal patients?

The video records of 264 males referred for videocystometry were reviewed retrospectively for evidence of urethroprostatic reflux. This was found in 11% of the cases with three distinct patterns; during bladder filling (27%); during voiding (50%), and during the 'stop test' (23%). All cases with filling reflux were unstable. Reflux at the time of the stop test was usually associated with prostatic or bladder neck obstruction. Voiding reflux occurred in a similar group of patients but there was often a clinical history of the previous surgical relief of obstruction or documented urinary infections. Recognition of this sign suggests the transmission of high pressures to the prostatic urethra and contrary to previous work is uncommonly associated with a history of lower urinary tract pain in cases where it may otherwise go unexplained.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Patterns of cell movement in early organ primordia of the chick embryo.

Purse-string constriction of the cytoskeleton at cell poles is generally accepted as the causal mechanism for invagination during early stages of organ formation. However, it is known that other cell movements, including intercalation, play a role in the organotypic shape changes that occur during gastrulation and neurulation. Such cell movements have not been investigated in pouching and branching epithelial primordia. There is reason to suspect that cells within these organ primordia might exchange their neighbors for others, that is, intercalate or translocate, at sites of sharp folding such as borders with the surrounding epithelial sheet or where a bend occurs within the primordium. The greatest difficulty in identifying these movements has been the need to use intact embryos so that the processes are not distorted. This study explores the possibility of using time-lapse video recording to identify cell movement at these locations. Three organ primordia were tested: otic and thyroid placodes, which had not been tested previously, and neural plate as a control, where movements of this sort have been documented. Embryos or parts containing the primordia were immobilized and cell apices visualized with Hoffman modulation contrast optics. Recordings to an optical memory disc recorder were transferred to a microcomputer for image analysis. The viewing procedure allows reasonably clear visualization of cell apices, and image analysis permits tracking of a number of adjacent cell apices over an extended time period. Several types of movement were found to occur within cell sheets, and the relative abundance of each type depends on the specific primordium. In the neural plate, some cells move many cell diameters from their neighbors. In the other two primordia, most cells show limited shifts in position relative to their neighbors except at regions where folds are formed. In other regions, adjacent cells move as a unit. Knowledge of the movements which occur in any particular primordium is essential to an understanding of the mechanisms controlling its formation.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations do not result from passive opening of the cardia by gastric distention.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation is the main mechanism for gastroesophageal reflux. Although there is evidence that transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations are neurally mediated, another school of thought is that transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations result from gastric distention, which shortens the sphincter to the point where it opens and the pressure decreases. We assessed the relationship of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation to gastroesophageal junction opening in an unsedated human model. METHODS: Seven healthy volunteers (6 men and 1 woman, aged 18-53 years) were studied while they were sitting. Manometry was performed by using a sleeve catheter passed through 1 nostril. A 5.3-mm endoscope was placed through the other nostril to obtain a retroflexed view of the cardia. The biopsy channel was connected to a barostat to distend the stomach with air at 15 mm Hg for 30 minutes. Manometric and endoscopic video-recording times were synchronized but scored independently. RESULTS: The transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation onset invariably preceded gastroesophageal junction opening (median, 5.0 seconds; range, 0.5-20.7 seconds; P < .001). The transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation nadir also typically occurred before gastroesophageal junction opening (median, 2.1 seconds; range, -4.2 to +19.5 seconds; P < .001). Once open, the gastroesophageal junction moved proximally for the duration of the transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Termination of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations occurred about the time the time of gastroesophageal junction closure. CONCLUSIONS: These data refute the hypothesis that transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations result from passive mechanical distraction of the gastroesophageal junction. Rather, transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations must occur before the gastroesophageal junction can open.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Diagnosis of laryngomalacia by fiberoptic endoscopy: awake compared with anesthesia-aided technique.

RATIONALE: Fiberoptic flexible laryngoscopy (FFL) is the diagnostic procedure of choice in patients with laryngomalacia. Two techniques can be applied, either when the infant is awake or using anesthesia/sedation. The choice of technique may effect the diagnosis. STUDY OBJECTIVES: To compare the two techniques for diagnosing laryngomalacia. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS: A total of 42 infants who underwent awake fiberoptic laryngoscopy for congenital stridor, in whom either laryngomalacia was diagnosed or no cause for stridor was found, underwent a repeat laryngoscopy using anesthesia/sedation. The 84 video recordings of the supraglottic portions were copied onto a videotape along with 25 recordings of normal upper airways without stridor and 31 duplicate cases with stridor. A total of 140 recordings was mixed at random on a videotape. Sound was not included. MEASUREMENTS: Three investigators (Y.S., J.B.A., and A.D.) independently scored each recording using a laryngomalacia scoring system (scoring range, 0 to 8). RESULTS: A threshold score of 2 was the optimal cutoff point for discriminating laryngomalacia from normal condition. The awake technique (WT) missed three cases of laryngomalacia and overdiagnosed one healthy control subject. The anesthesia technique was superior with a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 100% compared with 93%, 92%, 97%, and 79%, respectively, for the WT. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of laryngomalacia with FFL is more accurate using anesthesia/sedation. The WT may be appropriate for screening or for patients with mild cases having a characteristic presentation.

Anesthesia↗