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PubMed1999

The psychometric properties of the diabetes management self-efficacy scale for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

This article summarizes the development and validation of a scale to measure the level of self-efficacy of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Self-efficacy is described as people's belief in their capability to organize and execute the course of action required to deal with prospective situations. This self-efficacy scale was developed based on the self-care activities these patients have to carry out in order to manage their diabetes. The following psychometric properties of this scale were established: content validity, construct validity, internal consistency and stability. The original scale contained 42 items. A panel of five experts in diabetes and four self-efficacy experts evaluated the original scale two times for relevance and clarity. This content validity procedure resulted in a final scale which consisted of 20 items. Subsequently, patients with type 2 diabetes were asked to complete this 20-item scale and further tests were done with the 94 usable responses. Factor analysis identified four factors, all of which were related to clusters of self-care activities used to manage diabetes which comprised this scale. The internal consistency of the total scale was alpha=0.81 and the test-retest reliability with a 5-week time interval was r=0.79 (P < 0.001).

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Reliability and validity of the nutritional form for the elderly (NUFFE).

AIM: The aim of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Nutritional Form for the Elderly (NUFFE). BACKGROUND: The prevalence of undernutrition among older people in nursing homes and hospitals reaches high levels. Assessment of older patients' nutritional status is an important task for nurses in clinical care. To use a simple nutritional assessment instrument for older people is one approach for nurses. Examples of such instruments are the well validated Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and the newly developed NUFFE. METHODS: A total of 114 consecutively chosen, newly admitted older patients in an elder care rehabilitation ward in western Sweden were interviewed using the NUFFE and MNA. Arm and calf circumferences, body mass index (BMI), and presence of pressure sores and skin ulcers were noted as part of the MNA on admission. Weight was monitored and BMI calculated on discharge. Serum albumin levels on admission and discharge were used if these were available in the records. Reliability of the NUFFE was measured as homogeneity. Criterion related validity, concurrent validity, construct validity, and predictive validity were assessed with different statistical methods. The regional research ethics committee approved the study. RESULTS: The results showed that the NUFFE is a fairly reliable and valid instrument for identifying actual and potential undernutrition among older patients. CONCLUSION: The NUFFE is a simple tool for nurses to use to assess older patients with the aim of detecting undernourished individuals and those at risk for undernutrition. When doing a nutritional assessment with the NUFFE, the BMI ought also to be calculated. The assessment could also be combined with food intake recording for a period of time.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[II. Validity and sensitivity to change of the Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment Questionnaire in primary gonarthrosis and total endoprosthetic joint replacement].

INTRODUCTION: Scoring systems used so far in total knee arthroplasty are limited by their non-fulfillment of basic test criteria. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the validity and responsiveness of a German version of the new short musculoskeletal function assessment questionnaire (SMFA-D) in patients with primary osteoarthritis and total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: 66 patients with a tricompartmental cemented PFC-Sigma total knee arthroplasty completed the SMFA-D and the WOMAC questionnaire preoperatively and at 12 to 16 weeks follow-up. Preoperatively, physicians' rating of function of the leg, patients' self-selected walking speed, pain and arthritis severity score were registered for demonstration of criterion validity. Construct validity was evaluated with the WOMAC. Discriminant validity was assessed by comparing patients with or without previous surgery at the knee, use of pain medication and use of walking aids. The function and bother indexes of the SMFA-D were correlated with these parameters. Standardized response means were calculated. RESULTS: The function index correlated with physicians' rating (r = 0.51), walking speed (r = 0.61), pain (r = 0.36) and the arthritis severity index (r = 0.36). The bother index correlated with pain (r = 0.37) and the arthritis severity index (r = 0.25). The function and bother index correlated with the WOMAC (r = 0.77) and (r = 0.81), respectively. Patient groups with or without walking aids (p = 0.02) and with or without pain medication (p = 0.001) differed in the function index. The bother index of patients with or without pain medication (p < 0.001) and with or without walking aids (p < 0.006) differed. Function and bother index improved from 46 (SD 17) to 34 (SD 19, p < 0.001) and 43 (SD 18) to 33 (SD 22 p < 0.001), respectively. The standardized response mean was 0.86 for the function index and 0.53 for the bother index. CONCLUSIONS: The SMFA-D questionnaire is valid and responsive in patients with primary osteoarthritis of the knee and total knee arthroplasty. It measures function and bother from the perspective of these patients.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Pediatric asthma assessment: validation of 2 symptom diaries.

Accurate assessment of the value of asthma interventions in pediatric clinical trials is an essential step toward the improvement of the treatment of this disorder in children. Conventional pulmonary function measures can be infeasible and unreliable in younger children, particularly for use in multisite studies. As an alternative or supplemental approach, diary questionnaires completed by the patients or their caregivers may provide valuable data regarding the efficacy of asthma interventions in pediatric clinical trials. These questionnaires, however, have routinely not been validated for use in pediatric populations. Two pediatric diary questionnaires (the child-completed Pediatric Asthma Diary [PAD] and the parent/caregiver-completed Pediatric Asthma Caregiver Diary [PACD]) were designed to evaluate asthma symptoms in children aged 6 to 14 years and 2 to 5 years, respectively. The validity of these diary questionnaires was evaluated in 2 separate prospective studies that included children who were divided into 2 asthma groups: stable (requiring no additional asthma medication) and unstable (requiring either an increase in or the addition of asthma medication). Both scales displayed significant discriminant validity, construct validity, and responsiveness to change in asthma therapy. Only the PACD detected differences between groups in nighttime symptoms, such as awakenings caused by asthma. These validity studies suggest that diary questionnaires such as the PAD and PACD can be valuable as an alternative for the evaluation of interventions in pediatric asthma when pulmonary function testing is inappropriate or as an adjunct to such objective measures.

Asthma↗

PubMed2000

Validity and reliability of Swedish WOMAC osteoarthritis index: a self-administered disease-specific questionnaire (WOMAC) versus generic instruments (SF-36 and NHP).

We assessed whether a disease-specific, self-administered questionnaire could replace a generic instrument as an outcome tool after total hip replacement, and tested the validity and reliability of the Swedish WOMAC osteoarthritis index. 58 patients operated on with total hip arthroplasty 2-10 years ago were randomized to the study. All patients were asked to answer one disease-specific questionnaire (WOMAC osteoarthritis index) and two generic instruments (NUP and SF-36) in the same week. The procedure was repeated after 4 weeks. We tested content validity, construct validity, criterion validity, test-retest reliability and internal consistency reliability according to total score, domains and items. We found that both the generic instruments (NHP and SF-36) and the disease-specific test (WOMAC) had a high validity, i.e., measuring what they were supposed to measure (high validity). The questionnaires were also reproducible over time (high reliability). We suggest the Swedish WOMAC to be used after total hip arthroplasty in future studies.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Suitability of the WHOQOL-BREF for community-dwelling older people in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: while life expectancy among older people has been lengthened due to improved public health and medical interventions, the importance of health-related quality of life in later life has also increased. However, the application of a generic health-related quality of life measure for older people needs to be carefully validated. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the practicality, reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the use of the brief version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life for people aged 65 years or older. DESIGN: a prospective study. METHODS: for a baseline assessment, 1200 community-dwelling older people living in Shin-Sher Township of Taichung County, Taiwan, completed the brief version of World Health Organization Quality of Life at their residences either by themselves or with the assistance of an interviewer. Furthermore, score changes in each health-related quality of life domain after a fall were followed up for assessing its responsiveness. RESULTS: the average length of time required to complete the questionnaire was short (10.6 minutes for self-administration and 15.3 minutes for personal interview), and the score distribution in each domain was symmetrical with no floor or ceiling effect. Furthermore, all domain scores indicated excellent discriminant validity, construct validity, and responsiveness as well as good internal consistency and intra- and inter-observer test-retest reliabilities. Nevertheless, two items related to work capacity and sexual activity had higher missing values (4.5% and 16.5%) and poor interobserver test-retest reliabilities (0.43 and 0.20). Suggested modifications to the two items for older people are discussed. CONCLUSION: with a few modifications, the brief World Health Organization Quality of Life is a suitable health-related quality of life instrument for older people.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2000

The General Practice Assessment Survey (GPAS): tests of data quality and measurement properties.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe the psychometric properties of the General Practice Assessment Survey (GPAS) and its acceptability to patients in the UK. GPAS comprises seven multiple item scales and two single item scales addressing nine key areas of primary care activity (access, technical care, communication, inter-personal care, trust, knowledge of patient, nursing care, receptionists and continuity of care). A further four single items relate to patients' perceptions of the GP's role in referral and co-ordination of care, their willingness to recommend their GP and their overall satisfaction with care received. METHODS: Two hundred consecutive patients attending routine consulting sessions at 55 inner London practices were invited to complete the GPAS questionnaire. The acceptability, reliability and validity of GPAS was assessed using standard psychometric techniques. RESULTS: Out of 11 000 patients, 7247 (66%) completed a questionnaire in a GP surgery. Fifty-five out of a separate sample of 77 patients attending one practice completed a second questionnaire mailed to them 1 week following their attendance. GPAS was acceptable to patients as evidenced by low proportions of missing data for all items, and a full range of possible scores for all but one of the nine scales. Reliability of the instrument was good. Multiple item scales had excellent internal consistency, high item-total correlations, and test-retest reliability. Scaling assumptions were confirmed, with six of the seven scales achieving 100% scaling success (convergent and discriminant validity). Construct validity was evident, although this requires further evaluation against external measures. CONCLUSIONS: GPAS is a useful instrument for assessing several important dimensions of primary care. It is acceptable, reliable and valid, and has the potential for versatility in mode of administration. It will be a useful instrument for practices, primary care groups and primary care researchers evaluating key areas of primary care activity. Further work is required to evaluate its performance in non-inner-city settings and to evaluate further its validity against external criteria.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Six years of comprehensive, clinical, performance-based assessment using standardized patients at the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine.

By the end of 1990-91, the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine had had six years of experience with comprehensive, performance-based examinations of senior medical students' levels of clinical competence; this report assesses the psychometric aspects of the six examinations given during that period. The examinations were aimed at determining the students' readiness for postgraduate training. Compared with other clinical performance-based assessments that use standardized patients (SPs), these examinations had two important and unique features: (1) the examinations assessed a comprehensive range of clinical skills and reasoning; and (2) they approximated the challenges of real clinical practice wherein a practitioner's skills need to be orchestrated and prioritized in order to meet the challenges of the case encountered. Each year, the performance-based assessment given was an intensive clinical examination requiring each student to work up 13 to 18 SP problems over a three-day period. To administer an examination to an entire class of students took three weeks. Because all students after the first year of administration (1986) were required to pass these examinations, the fairness of test design and scoring and the setting of performance standards for the examinations became important issues for the faculty. The results, accumulated over six years and based on a total of 6,804 student-patient encounters involving 405 students, indicate that this kind of clinical performance-based examination can discriminate a wide range of students' clinical performances. The results provide evidence for the examinations' test security, content validity, construct validity, and reliability.

Clinical Clerkship↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Whose quality of life is it anyway? The validity and reliability of the Quality of Life-Alzheimer's Disease (QoL-AD) scale.

Quality of life (QoL) is becoming an increasingly used outcome measure in both clinical practice and research. There are now more than 1000 scales available to measure QoL, and it is important that they are assessed for reliability and validity. This study aims to assess the reliability and validity of the Quality of Life-Alzheimer's Disease (QoL-AD) scale, which is dementia specific and brief and uses the patient's own responses. Two separate samples of people with dementia (sample 1, n = 60; sample 2, n = 201) were assessed. Five focus groups were conducted involving both people with dementia and their caregivers; the focus groups showed that people with dementia had higher hopes for their QoL than their caregivers did for them. Questionnaires about the scale were completed by 71 health care professionals working with people with dementia. The scale was found to have good content validity with no additional items required and all items necessary. It also correlated well with the Dementia Quality of Life scale (0.69) and with the Euroqol-5D scale (0.54), indicating good criterion concurrent validity. Construct validity was also good with the principal components analysis showing all 13 items of the QoL-AD loaded on component 1. Interrater reliability was excellent with all Cohen's kappa values >0.70. Internal consistency was excellent with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.82. Some people with severe dementia and a Mini-Mental State Examination score as low as 3 were able to satisfactorily complete the QoL-AD. The QoL-AD has very good psychometric properties and can be completed with people with a wide range of severity of dementia.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Customization of pain treatments: single-case design and analysis.

The aim of this paper is to acquaint pain researchers and practitioners with recent developments in the single-case experimental approach and their potential to allow for tailoring the treatment and its evaluation to the specific complaints, aptitudes, or profile of the individual patient, without violating the canons of good science and practice. After contrasting the single-case experimental approach and the case-study approach, we show the possibilities of customization in design, measurement, and test statistics. This is done by distinguishing 2 types of single-case designs--alternation designs and phase designs--and 2 types of replication strategies--simultaneous replications and sequential replications. In addition, tailor-made randomization tests are proposed for alternation, phase, and simultaneous replication designs and the combining of P values to perform a meta-analysis on designs that are sequentially replicated. With our emphasis on: 1) randomization in the design; 2) the possibilities for a statistical test (together with the determination of power and the calculation of effect sizes); 3) the importance of reliable and valid measurement; and 4) the role of replication, we demonstrate how internal validity, statistical-conclusion validity, construct validity, and external validity concerns can be dealt with within a single-case experimental approach framework. Finally, the many research examples and references to clinical work illustrate the usefulness of the approach.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗

PubMed1994

The reliability and validity of the Chinese Polarity Inventory.

For the simultaneous measurement of manic and depressive symptoms, the Chinese Polarity Inventory (CPI), a 20-item self-report scale, was developed. A total of 329 depressive and 356 manic/hypomanic patients were recruited in this scale developmental study in China. All patients completed the CPI and either the Chinese version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (for depressed subjects) or the Chinese version of the Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale (for manic subjects). The CPI was found to have excellent reliability and satisfactory concurrent validity. Construct validity analysis was performed using principal component analysis, which yielded 4 clinically meaningful factors: activity, pleasurability, capability and irritability. The CPI was sensitive in differentiating different severities of depression and mania. However, its ability to differentiate mixed phase from other mood states and its sensitivity to changes during the treatment still need to be studied further.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Subjective well-being under the neuroleptic treatment and its relevance for compliance.

OBJECTIVE: To review the concept of 'subjective well-being under neuroleptic treatment', its development and clinical relevance,particularly regarding compliance. METHOD: The manuscript includes a review of the limited literature and recent open and controlled clinical trials. RESULTS: The patients' perspective of antipsychotic treatment was largely neglected for a long time. Scientific interest in this field of strong clinical relevance started mainly with the development of atypical antipsychotics. Recent research indicates that subjective well-being (SW) is a major determinant of medication compliance in schizophrenia. There are several self-report instruments with sufficient internal consistency and good construct validity. Effects of antipsychotic treatment on psychopathology and SW are only partly related. Most patients strongly prefer the atypical over typical antipsychotics. The assessment of SW is helpful for selecting the optimal drug for the individual patient. CONCLUSION: SW, under antipsychotic treatment, is a valid construct; its assessment provides an independent outcome variable, which is relevant to compliance.

Antipsychotic Agents↗

PubMed2003

Shared decision making: developing the OPTION scale for measuring patient involvement.

BACKGROUND: A systematic review has shown that no measures of the extent to which healthcare professionals involve patients in decisions within clinical consultations exist, despite the increasing interest in the benefits or otherwise of patient participation in these decisions. AIMS: To describe the development of a new instrument designed to assess the extent to which practitioners involve patients in decision making processes. DESIGN: The OPTION (observing patient involvement) scale was developed and used by two independent raters to assess primary care consultations in order to evaluate its psychometric qualities, validity, and reliability. STUDY SAMPLE: 186 audiotaped consultations collected from the routine clinics of 21 general practitioners in the UK. METHOD: Item response rates, Cronbach's alpha, and summed and scaled OPTION scores were calculated. Inter-item and item-total correlations were calculated and inter-rater agreements were calculated using Cohen's kappa. Classical inter-rater intraclass correlation coefficients and generalisability theory statistics were used to calculate inter-rater reliability coefficients. Basing the tool development on literature reviews, qualitative studies and consultations with practitioner and patients ensured content validity. Construct validity hypothesis testing was conducted by assessing score variation with respect to patient age, clinical topic "equipoise", sex of practitioner, and success of practitioners at a professional examination. RESULTS: The OPTION scale provided reliable scores for detecting differences between groups of consultations in the extent to which patients are involved in decision making processes in consultations. The results justify the use of the scale in further empirical studies. The inter-rater intraclass correlation coefficient (0.62), kappa scores for inter-rater agreement (0.71), and Cronbach's alpha (0.79) were all above acceptable thresholds. Based on a balanced design of five consultations per clinician, the inter-rater reliability generalisability coefficient was 0.68 (two raters) and the intra-rater reliability generalisability coefficient was 0.66. On average, mean practitioner scores were very similar (and low on the overall scale of possible involvement); some practitioner scores had more variation around the mean, indicating that they varied their communication styles to a greater extent than others. CONCLUSIONS: Involvement in decision making is a key facet of patient participation in health care and the OPTION scale provides a validated outcome measure for future empirical studies.

Decision Making↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Rigorous statistical reliability, validity, and responsiveness testing of the Cincinnati knee rating system in 350 subjects with uninjured, injured, or anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knees.

Although many instruments are used to assess outcome after knee ligament reconstruction, their reliability, validity, and responsiveness have not been adequately proven. Our purpose was to assess these statistical measures in a commonly used instrument, the Cincinnati Knee Rating System. Reliability was determined from the responses of 100 subjects who completed the instrument twice, a mean of 7 days apart. Validity and responsiveness were assessed from 250 patients observed for at least 2 years after autogenous ACL reconstruction. Questionnaire items included symptoms, functional limitations with sports and daily activities, patient perception of the knee condition, and sports- and occupational-activity levels. The items demonstrated high test-retest reliability, supporting their use in evaluating groups of patients between two different treatment periods (all intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.70). In addition, the questionnaire demonstrated good content validity, construct validity, and item-discriminant validity. For the overall rating score, no "floor effects" (worst score possible) were found before or after surgery. No "ceiling effects" (best score possible) were found before surgery, and, at follow-up, these effects were calculated in only 22 patients (9%). The questions were found to be highly responsive to detecting changes between evaluations. The data demonstrated that this rating system has acceptable reliability, validity, and responsiveness for use in outcome studies after knee ligament reconstruction.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Development of the Adolescent Health Concerns Inventory.

Health concerns of adolescents are important factors to consider when developing and implementing school health education programs. In addition, an understanding of adolescent concerns compared to their teachers' and parents' beliefs about adolescents' concerns may enhance communication between adolescents and adults. Despite the need to identify the health concerns of adolescents and beliefs about them among parents and teachers, few instruments exist. The inventory described in this article is one approach to assessing adolescent health concerns. Three forms of the Adolescent Health Concerns Inventory (AHCI) were developed to assess: (1) the health concerns of adolescents, (2) teachers' beliefs about adolescent health concerns, and (3) parents' beliefs about adolescent health concerns. The final version of the instrument contained 150 health-related items grouped into 12 topical subscales. Reliability estimates for the 12 subscales as measured by Cronbach's alpha ranged from .76 to .92. A panel of experts was used to assess content validity. Construct validity was assessed using principal components factor analysis. All items were positively loaded on factor 1. Readability was estimated at the eighth grade as measured by the SMOG readability formula. Psychometric characteristics of the instrument and recommendations for the use of the ACHI are presented.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

The OnyCOE-t questionnaire: responsiveness and clinical meaningfulness of a patient-reported outcomes questionnaire for toenail onychomycosis.

BACKGROUND: This research was conducted to confirm the validity and reliability and to assess the responsiveness and clinical meaningfulness of the OnyCOE-t, a questionnaire specifically designed to measure patient-reported outcomes (PRO) associated with toenail onychomycosis. METHODS: 504 patients with toenail onychomycosis randomized to receive 12 weeks of terbinafine 250 mg/day with or without target toenail debridement in the IRON-CLAD trial completed the OnyCOE-t at baseline, weeks 6, 12, 24, and 48. The OnyCOE-t is composed of 6 multi-item scales and 1 single-item scale. These include a 7-item Toenail Symptom assessment, which comprises both Symptom Frequency and Symptom Bothersomeness scales; an 8-item Appearance Problems scale; a 7-item Physical Activities Problems scale; a 1-item Overall Problem scale; a 7-item Stigma scale; and a 3-item Treatment Satisfaction scale. In total, 33 toenail onychomycosis-specific items are included in the OnyCOE-t. Clinical data, in particular the percent clearing of mycotic involvement in the target toenail, and OnyCOE-t responses were used to evaluate the questionnaire's reliability, validity, responsiveness, and the minimally clinical important difference (MCID). RESULTS: The OnyCOE-t was shown to be reliable and valid. Construct validity and known groups validity were acceptable. Internal consistency reliability of multi-item scales was demonstrated by Cronbach's alpha > .84. Responsiveness was good, with the Treatment Satisfaction, Symptom Frequency, Overall Problem, and Appearance Problem scales demonstrating the most responsiveness (Guyatt's statistic of 1.72, 1.31, 1.13, and 1.11, respectively). MCID was evaluated for three different clinical measures, and indicated that approximately an 8.5-point change (on a 0 to 100 scale) was clinically meaningful based on a 25% improvement in target nail clearing. CONCLUSION: The OnyCOE-t questionnaire is a unique, toenail-specific PRO questionnaire that can be used with confidence in future studies of toenail onychomycosis. MCID was evaluated for three different clinical measures, and indicated that approximately a 7-point change (on a 0 to 100 scale) was clinically meaningful based on a 12.5% improvement in target nail clearing.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Development and testing of the Oncology Patients' Perceptions of the Quality of Nursing Care Scale.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To develop and test the Oncology Patients' Perceptions of the Quality of Nursing Care Scale (OPPQNCS). STUDY DESIGN: Development and psychometric testing of a scale to measure perceptions of patients with cancer of quality of nursing care. SETTING AND SAMPLE: Hematology-oncology service of a comprehensive center in a New England tertiary medical center. The sample consisted of 436 patients in active treatment for cancer; two-thirds were female, and the mean age was 54.8 years. METHODS: Eight subscales and 112 initial items were developed from concepts and data from a grounded theory study of patients' perspectives of the quality of their cancer nursing care. Fifty-nine items resulted from an expert panel's review for content validity. Construct validity was tested using exploratory factor analysis. Principal components analyses (PCA) with promax (oblique) rotation were conducted. Criteria for item retention were a factor loading of greater than or equal to 0.4 and unambiguous loading on one factor. Internal consistency reliability was determined using coefficient alpha. FINDINGS: The initial PCA yielded four factors that explained 81% of the variance. Three forced four-factor solutions using PCA and promax rotation were required for all items to meet criteria. The final scale included 40 items (alpha = 0.99) in four subscales: responsiveness (22 items, alpha = 0.99), individualization (10, 0.97), coordination (3, 0.87), and proficiency (5, 0.95). A short form (18 items, alpha = 0.97) was created using stepwise regression. CONCLUSIONS: Psychometric properties indicated that both OPPQNCS forms adequately measure cancer nursing care quality from the patient's perspective. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: The OPPQNCS holds promise for nurses who wish to monitor and improve the quality of patient-centered cancer nursing care and those who wish to investigate relations among care quality and healthcare system characteristics, patient characteristics, and nurse sensitive patient outcomes.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Using the eating disorder examination in the assessment of bulimia and anorexia: issues of reliability and validity.

OBJECTIVE: The Eating Disorder Examination will be assessed according to its reliability and validity in the assessment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. METHOD: A thorough review of the literature was conducted to judge the reliability and validity of the Eating Disorder Examination and its subscales. RESULTS: The review shows that the EDE and its subscales have good interrater reliability and internal consistency reliability. Similarly, high levels of discriminant validity, construct validity, and treatment validity in the assessment of eating disorders were also found. A summary of each study concerning the various types of reliability and validity will be provided. CONCLUSIONS: The EDE is considered to be the "gold standard" by which to identify eating disorders, so this tool used in conjunction with other behavioral measures will be imperative for clinical social work practice.

Anorexia↗