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PubMed1999

Efficacy of parental application of eutectic mixture of local anesthetics for intravenous insertion.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that parent application of eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) results in equal reduction of the pain of intravenous (IV) placement compared with clinician application of EMLA, and to assess potential difficulties with parental application. STUDY DESIGN: A 2 x 2 randomized block design was used, with 41 children divided into two age groups (5-12 years vs 13-18 years) and randomized to one of two experimental groups (parent-applied EMLA vs clinician-applied EMLA). METHODS: All children were scheduled to have outpatient gastrointestinal endoscopies with IV sedation. EMLA was placed at least 60 minutes before IV insertion either by the parent or a clinician, depending on the experimental group assignment. Outcome measures were child pain ratings and observed behavioral distress ratings. Parents and children were interviewed to determine parent and child anxiety levels in anticipation of the IV insertion, previous needle stick experience, and previous difficulty coping. Feasibility outcomes included technical difficulty with application of EMLA and appearance of the EMLA cream and occlusive covering. RESULTS: Pain ratings and behavioral distress ratings in the low to moderate range for all groups and ws and were consistent w previous empiric reports of EMLA outcome. There were no significant differences in pain or distress ratings for either the age or the experimental groups. Parent ratings of their child's previous difficulty coping was related to the level of behavioral distress exhibited before (r =.50), during (r =.32) and after (r =.44) the IV insertion. In addition, children's anxiety ratings about IV insertion seemed to differ among groups (although not statistically significant for post hoc comparisons), with the most anxiety reported by the younger children when clinicians applied the EMLA and by older children when parents applied the EMLA. CONCLUSION: Parent application of EMLA appears to be as effective as clinician application in reducing children's pain and distress associated with IV insertion. Permitting parents to apply the EMLA at home can allow children who are having procedures on an outpatient basis to benefit from topical anesthesia without having to arrive early to the clinic or hospital. Additionally, application by parents may result in less anticipatory anxiety for younger children.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Proposal of abolition of the skin sensitivity test before equine rabies immune globulin application.

An epizootic outbreak of rabies occurred in 1995 in Ribeirão Preto, SP, with 58 cases of animal rabies (54 dogs, 3 cats and 1 bat) confirmed by the Pasteur Institute of São Paulo, and one human death. The need to provide care to a large number of people for the application of equine rabies immune globulin (ERIG) prevented the execution of the skin sensitivity test (SST) and often also the execution of desensitization, procedures routinely used up to that time at the Emergency Unit of the University Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (EU-UHFMRP-USP), a reference hospital for the application of heterologous sera. In view of our positive experience of several years with the abolition of SST and of the use of premedication before the application of antivenom sera, we used a similar schedule for ERIG application. Of the 1489 victims of animal bites, 1054 (71%) received ERIG; no patient was submitted to SST and all received intravenously anti-histamines (anti-H1 + anti-H2) and corticosteroids before the procedure. The patients were kept under observation for 60 to 180 minutes and no adverse reaction was observed. On the basis of these results, since December 1995 ERIG application has been decentralized in Ribeirão Preto and has become the responsibility of the Emergency Unit of the University Hospital and the Central Basic Health Unit, where the same routine is used. Since then, 4216 patients have received ERIG (1818 at the Basic Health Unit and 2398 at the EU-UHFMRP), with no problems. The ideal would be the routine use of human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) in public health programs, but this is problematic, because of their high cost. However, while this does not occur, the use of SST is no longer justified at the time of application of ERIG, in view of the clinical evidence of low predictive value and low sensitivity of SST involving the application of heterologous sera. It is very important to point out that a negative SST result may lead the health team to a feeling of false safety that no adverse reaction will occur, but this is not true for the anaphylactoid reactions. The decision to use premedication, which is based on knowledge about anaphylaxis and on the pharmacology of the medication used, is left to the judgment of health professionals, who should always be prepared for eventual untoward events.

Anaphylaxis↗

PubMed2001

Application technique and irrigation method affect imidacloprid control of silverleaf whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on poinsettias.

Subirrigation systems are increasingly used to water and fertilize greenhouse crops. They also appear to be well suited for the application of systemic pesticides. We conducted two studies to look at interactive effects ofimidacloprid application technique and irrigation method on plant uptake of imidacloprid and whitefly control. Drench applications of imidacloprid resulted in much higher concentrations in the leaves than applications to the bottom of pots after 14 d. However, imidacloprid efficacy in subirrigated plants was better if the imidacloprid was applied to the bottom of the pot than when an equal amount was applied as a drench. In drip-irrigated plants, imidacloprid efficacy was greater after a drench than after an application to the bottom of the pots. A second study showed that drench applications to drip-irrigated plants result in high imidacloprid concentrations in the bottom of the canopy, whereas bottom applications to subirrigated plants result in a more even distribution of imidacloprid throughout the plant. Surprisingly, the high leaf imidacloprid concentrations in the bottom layer of drip-irrigated plants did not result in improved whitefly control. Imidacloprid efficacy was better in subirrigated, bottom-treated plants than in drip-irrigated, drenched plants. Overall, results from these studies indicate that imidacloprid is very effective when applied to the bottom of subirrigated pots.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2005

Determining the optimal timing of foliar insecticide applications for control of soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on soybean.

Field experiments were performed over 3 yr to examine the impact of insecticide application timing to control soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), populations and to prevent soybean yield losses. Experiments were conducted in early and late-planted soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. Insecticide applications were made based on soybean growth stages. In 2001, applications were made at V1, V3, R2, and R3 growth stages; in 2002 and 2003, applications were made at R2, R3, and R4 stages. Additional treatments consisted of an unsprayed control and a multiple spray treatment that received insecticide applications at 7-10-d intervals. Soybean aphid densities were recorded throughout the growing season, and yields were measured. Soybean aphid populations varied considerably across years and planting dates. In general, late-planted soybean exhibited higher aphid pressure than early planted soybean, and experiments in 2002 had lower aphid numbers than those in 2001 and 2003. The multiple spray treatment significantly increased yield over the control in four of the six experiments, the exceptions being 2002 late planted and 2003 early planted. This suggests that soybean aphid populations were not large enough to cause yield losses in these two experiments. The R3 spray treatment increased yield in three of the six experiments (2001 late planting, 2002 early planting, and 2003 late planting), the R2 spray treatment increased yield in two of six experiments (2001 and 2003 late plantings), and the V1 application increased yield over the control in the 2001 late-planted experiment. Results suggest that when aphid populations are high insecticide applications made at R2 and R3 plant stages are most effective in preventing yield loss.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

The recovery period of the taste responses of rat chorda tympani after application of toothpaste.

The recovery period of the taste responses of rat chorda tympani after application of toothpaste was examined. The response observations of four kinds of essential taste stimuli, 0.1 M sodium chloride, 0.005 M quinine hydrochloride, 1.0 M sucrose, and 0.05 M tartaric acid, were repeated every 2 or 5 minutes. After five observations of summated responses of the chorda tympani with each taste stimulus, a toothpaste solution diluted 3 to 1 was applied to rat tongues for 3 minutes and then they were washed with distilled water for 1.5 minutes. Thereafter, observations of the responses to each taste stimulus were repeated at 2 or 5 minute intervals for 30 or 60 minutes. The responses caused by four kinds of essential taste stimuli became smaller immediately after application of toothpaste, and then gradually returned to normal. The same experimental procedure was also applied using an application of distilled water instead of an application of toothpaste to rat tongues. A t-test was performed between the response ratios after application of toothpaste and those after application of distilled water. Significant differences disappeared at 18 minutes after application on the 0.1 M sodium chloride stimulus, at 23 minutes on the 0.005 M quinine hydrochloride stimulus, at 15 minutes on the 1.0 M sucrose stimulus, and at 15 minutes on the 0.05 M tartaric acid stimulus. The authors estimated that all kinds of taste responses recovered within at least 50 minutes.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Rainfall timing and frequency influence on leaching of Escherichia coli RS2G through soil following manure application.

The time between swine (Sus scrofa) manure application to soil as a crop fertilizer, the first rainfall event, and the frequency of rainfall events should influence leaching potential of fecal pathogens. Soil microcosms were inoculated in the lab with a swine manure isolate of Escherichia coli, strain RS2G, expressing green fluorescent protein, to examine how timing and frequency of rainfall events influences RS2G leaching and survival in soil. Liquid swine manure inoculated with RS2G was applied to intact soil cores (20 cm in diameter x 30 cm long) 4, 8, or 16 d before the first rainfall event (50.8 mm over a 4-h period), and each core received one to three rainfall events. Manure application methods (no-till surface-broadcast, broadcast and incorporated, and tilled before broadcast) had no affect on leaching, although there was greater survival in soils when the manure had been incorporated. Most of the RS2G in the leachate appeared following the first rainfall event and RS2G leaching decreased with increasing time between manure application and the first rainfall, although leachates contained as much as 3.4 to 4.5 log colony forming units (CFU) 100 mL(-1) of RS2G when the first rainfall occurred 16 d after manure application. With increasing frequency of rainfalls there was a decrease in subsequent concentrations of RS2G in the leachate. There was no correlation between leachate RS2G and total coliforms or fecal streptococci concentrations. Soil RS2G numbers were 1 to 10% of the inoculum regardless of the length of time between manure application and the first rainfall. RS2G leaching was mostly influenced by the time between manure application and first rainfall event, and significant leaching and survival in soil was possible even if the first rain occurred 16 d after manure application.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Corn residue level and manure application timing effects on phosphorus losses in runoff.

Growing interest in corn (Zea mays L.) silage utilization on Wisconsin dairy farms may have implications for nutrient losses from agricultural lands. Increasing the silage cutting height will increase residue cover and could reduce off-site migration of sediments and associated constituents compared with conventional silage harvesting. We examined the effects of residue level and manure application timing on phosphorus (P) losses in runoff from no-till corn. Treatments included conventional corn grain (G) and silage (SL; 10- to 15-cm cutting height) and nonconventional, high-cut (60-65 cm) silage (SH) subjected to different manure application regimes: no manure (N) or surface application in fall (F) or spring (S). Simulated rainfall (76 mm h(-1); 1 h) was applied in spring and fall for two years (2002-2003), runoff from 2.0- x 1.5-m plots was collected, and subsamples were analyzed for dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), total phosphorus (TP), and P mass distribution in four particle size classes. Total P and DRP loads were inversely related to percent residue cover, but both TP and DRP concentrations were unaffected by residue level. Manure application increased DRP concentrations in spring runoff by two to five times but did not significantly affect DRP loads, since higher concentrations were offset by lower runoff volumes. Spring manure application reduced TP loads in spring runoff by 77 to 90% compared with plots receiving no manure, with the extent of reductions being greatest at the lower residue levels (<24%). The TP concentration in sediments increased as particle size decreased. Manure application increased the TP concentration of the 0- to 2-microm fraction by 79 to 125%, but elevated the 2- to 10- and 10- to 50-microm fractions to a lesser extent. Recent manure additions were most influential in enriching transported sediments with P. By itself, higher residue cover achieved by high-cutting silage was often insufficient to lower P losses; however, the combination of manure application and higher residue levels significantly reduced P losses from corn fields harvested for silage.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2006

Phosphorus and nitrogen in rainfall simulation runoff after fresh and composted beef cattle manure application.

Fresh beef cattle (Bos taurus) manure has traditionally been applied to cropland in southern Alberta, but there has been an increase in application of composted manure to cropland in this region. However, the quality of runoff under fresh manure (FM) versus composted manure (CM) has not been investigated. Our objective was to compare runoff quality under increasing rates (0, 13, 42, 83 Mg ha(-1) dry wt.) of FM and CM applied for two consecutive years to a clay loam soil cropped to irrigated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). We determined total phosphorus (TP), particulate phosphorus (PP), dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), total nitrogen (TN), NH4-N, and NO3-N concentrations and loads in runoff after one (1999) and two (2000) applications of FM and CM. We found significantly (P < or = 0.05) higher TP, DRP, and NH4-N concentrations, and higher DRP and TN loads under FM than CM after 2 yr of manure application. The TP loads were also higher under FM than CM at the 83 Mg ha(-1) rate in 2000, and DRP loads were higher for FM than CM at this high rate when averaged over both years. Application rate had a significant effect on TP and DRP concentrations in runoff. In addition, the slope values of the regressions between TP and DRP in runoff versus application rate were considerably higher for FM in 2000 than for FM in 1999, and CM in both 1999 and 2000. Significant positive relationships were found for TP and DRP in runoff versus soil Kelowna-extractable P and soil water-extractable P for FM and CM in 2000, indicating that interaction of runoff with the soil controlled the release of P. Total P and DRP were the variables most affected by the treatments. Overall, our study found that application of CM rather than FM to cropland may lower certain forms of P and N in surface runoff, but this is dependent on the interaction with year, application rate, or both.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1993

Duration of analgesia following application of eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics (EMLA) on genital mucosa.

The topical anaesthetic formulation EMLA cream (eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics) is increasingly used prior to minor painful procedures performed on genital mucosa. The aim of the present study was to gain knowledge about the correlation between duration of application of EMLA and duration of analgesia. Three different application times--5, 10 and 20 min--were investigated in 12 healthy young women. Pin-prick pain thresholds to argon laser stimulation were measured before and after application of EMLA. Repeated measurements were performed until normal sensitivity returned. No significant difference in duration of analgesia was seen between the three application times. However, 10 min application time tended to produce the longest mean duration of analgesia (22.2 min). Surprisingly, a large inter-individual variation in duration of analgesia was seen. Thus, after 10 min application time the shortest duration of sufficient analgesia was 5 min, while the longest was 46 min. On the basis of this work, it seems advisable to start minor surgery on genital mucosa after about 10 min application time, and it is recommended to bear in mind that the duration of analgesia varies and may be very short in some patients.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prevention of artificial caries: effect of bonding agent, resin composite and topical fluoride application.

This study investigated the effect of fluoride containing resin composites and bonding agents, as well as the topical fluoride (F) application on the inhibition of artificial caries progression by using a pH-cycling model with alternating demineralizing (pH:4.5) and remineralizing (pH:7.0) solutions. Two bonding systems (F-containing bonding system [Reactmer Bond: RB] and non-F containing bonding system [Clearfil SE Bond: SE]), two resin composites, (F-containing [Reactmer Paste: RP] and non-F containing [Clearfil AP-X: AP]) were used. A combination of each bonding agent and a resin composite, RB+RP, RB+AP, SE+RP and SE+AP, was placed in 2 x 3 x 1.5-mm cavities on root dentin of extracted molars (n=96). Specimens were subjected to pH-cycling for 6 or 12 weeks. Half of all specimens were immersed in 0.05% NaF solution for 1 minute once a day as a topical F application. After the pH cycling period, a microradiograph of each specimen was taken, and the outer lesion depth of the artificial caries was measured by means of image analyzing software. The depths of the outer lesions at different periods were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Sheffe's test at p=0.05. The combination that received F treatment showed reduced lesion depth compared to the same combination without F application. Except for the F application group of 12 weeks, there was no significant difference in lesion depth among each bonding and composite combination (p>0.05). At week 12 with the F application, RB+RP showed the shallowest lesion compared to the other combinations (p<0.05). The results indicated that the F application reduced the progression of artificial caries. Moreover, the combination of fluoride containing bonding agent and restorative material was the most effective for the inhibition of artificial caries progression based on the 12-week experimental period with topical F application.

Cariostatic Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Heating pattern of helical microwave intracavitary oesophageal applicator.

Helical microwave intracavitary oesophageal (HMIO) applicators were designed to operate at frequencies of 433 MHz and 915 MHz. Heating patterns were studied within muscle-equivalent phantom by thermographic camera and fibreoptic thermometers. The results showed that frequency significantly influenced the microwave heating pattern. The 433 MHz applicator had a single power deposition region, the longitudinal specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution appeared to be nearly even, and the maximum SAR value occurred close to the centre of the active length of the applicator. The 915 MHz applicator had two power deposition regions, the peak SAR values occurred at about 1/4 and 3/4 of the active length respectively. The radial SAR distribution suggested that there is no obvious difference between the 433 MHz and 915 MHz applicators in that the average radial penetration of 50% surface SAR (RP50) was about 0.65 cm. It was also shown that power deposition was axially symmetric for both 433 MHz and 915 MHz HMIO applicators. It is shown that better impedance matching is more important for intracavitary hyperthermia than for external hyperthermia. Choosing HMIO applicators in clinical practice is also discussed.

Esophageal Neoplasms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Design of intracavitary microwave applicators for the treatment of uterine cervix carcinoma.

A 915 MHz intracavitary applicator was designed to heat tumours in the cervical and upper vaginal regions. The applicator has a 3.5-turn helical coil wound around the distal 19 mm of a dielectric rod 43 mm long and 30 mm in diameter. For treating uterine cancer, a 2450 MHz, 4 mm diameter helical applicator was made by replacing 6 cm of the outer conductor of a coaxial cable with six turns of copper wire soldered to the outer conductor. The heating patterns were determined thermographically in a muscle phantom. The maximum heating rates were 0.42 and 0.83 degrees C/W-min, respectively, for the 915 and 2450 MHz applicators. Intracavitary temperature distributions in the upper vagina, cervix and uterus were measured at the surface of the applicators with thermocouples. The average temperature was 46.0 +/- 2.1 degrees C (S.D.) at mid-tumour and 44.5 +/- 0.8 degrees C at the tumour periphery. The maximum temperature, up to 51.5 degrees C, was measured at the surface of the cervical applicator. The majority of the patients (28/30) tolerated the investigational treatment without burns or pain. Rectal temperatures were also monitored. The location of the hot-spot (40.7 degrees C) in the rectum, 5-7 cm above the anus, corresponded to the tip of the cervical applicator (47.1 degrees C).

Diathermy↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Theoretical and experimental investigations of a newly developed intracavitary applicator system for the radiothermotherapy of gynaecological tumours.

This paper describes a new type of applicator system for the intracavitary radiothermotherapy of gynaecological tumours. Hyperthermia and radiation can be delivered by one and the same applicator. The hyperthermia is delivered by a modified capacitive heating technique (27.12 MHz) combined with cooling systems, the radiation by the numerically controlled oscillation of a gamma source on the inside of the main applicator, the RF gamma applicator (HDR afterloading technique). Isotherms and isodoses can be adapted to the anatomical-pathological situation. Interactions between the applicator system and the surrounding tissue were investigated in a theoretical model (FEM). Complex two-dimensional SAR calculations as well as three-dimensional temperature calculations were carried out. The RF gamma applicator was also examined by thermography; the thermography proved the theoretical modelling to be correct. The applicators were also tested in animal experiments.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

SAR characteristics of three types of Contact Flexible Microstrip Applicators for superficial hyperthermia.

The Effective Field Sizes (EFS) and the Effective Heating Depths (EDH) of Contact Flexible Microstrip Applicators (CFMA), tuned at a frequency of 434 MHz, were determined on two fat/muscle phantoms. One phantom was box-shaped with a flat top layer of 1 cm thick artificial fat and the other one a tube of which the cross-section was elliptically shaped (25 x 36 cm) having a fat equivalent shell of 1 cm thick. For the muscle material a 6 g/l saline (NaCl) solution was used. On the flat rectangular phantom, the effective field size at 1 cm depth in saline was measured to be 4.7 x 13.5 cm, 17.5 x 17.7 cm and 12.5 x 14.0 cm for the 1H-applicator, the 3H-applicator and the 5H-applicator, respectively. For the 3H-and the 5H-applicator, the Specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution at 1 cm depth showed a single maximum of SAR for a thin bolus, which split into two separate "hot spots' for a thicker bolus. The Effective Heating Depths in the phantom with a flat surface were of the order of that of a plane wave (approximately 1.4 cm), whereas a larger EHD of 2.4 cm was achieved below the 3H-applicator bent to fit the elliptical phantom. Due to the large effective field size and the "flatness' of the SAR distribution, the applicators 3H and 5H are suitable to adequately treat large superficial tumours.

Fats↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Direct-coupled interstitial ultrasound applicators for simultaneous thermobrachytherapy: a feasibility study.

This study presents the design and performance evaluation of interstitial ultrasound applicators designed specifically for thermal therapy with simultaneous brachytherapy. The applicator consists of a multielement array of piezoceramic tubular radiators, each with separate power control, surrounded by thin layers of electrically-insulating and biocompatible coatings (< 2.6 mm OD). A catheter which is compatible with remote afterloaders and standard brachytherapy technology forms the inner lumen. These 'direct-coupled interstitial ultrasound applicators' (DCIUA's) are placed within the tumour or target region, with the coated transducer surface forming the outer wall of the implant catheter. Thermocouple sensors embedded in the coating over each transducer can be used for continuous monitoring of the tissue/applicator interface temperatures for feedback control of power to each transducer segment. Theoretical acoustic power deposition and corresponding temperature distributions from thermal simulations have demonstrated that the radius of effective heating is highly dependent upon the acoustic efficiency of the piezoceramic transducers, with effective heating extending > 1 - 1.5 cm radially for typical DCIUA applicators that are 60-65% efficient. This exceeds the effective heating radius of both thermal conduction and RF heating technologies. Measurements with prototype multielement ultrasound applicators have demonstrated acoustic efficiencies between 60 and 65% and beam distributions which are fairly uniform and collimated to the transducer axial length. Thermal dosimetry measurements within in vivo tissues have demonstrated controllable therapeutic temperature rises at 1 - 1.5 cm radial depth from the applicators, which were in agreement with the simulations. This study demonstrates that direct-coupled ultrasound applicators, designed without an active cooling mechanism in order to accommodate the insertion of radiation sources, are practicable for simultaneous thermobrachytherapy and promises to give more adjustable heating patterns than current alternative techniques.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Occupational therapy entry-level program applicants: a survey of northwest schools.

Recruitment of occupational therapy students requires both expansion and broadening of ethnic, cultural, age, sex, and geographic distribution. Information used to guide recruitment activities can be limited, quickly outdated, and regionally nonspecific. Applicants to all entry-level programs in the Northwest were surveyed to assess trends that could influence recruitment practices. One hundred thirty-five (82.8%) of the 163 applicants surveyed responded to a questionnaire that probed for sources of exposure to occupational therapy, career goals, and educational preferences. Applicants indicated having an initial interest in allied health or education fields, yet only 36% began college with occupational therapy education in mind. Volunteer or work experience in specific practice settings was identified by approximately 80% of the applicants as an influence in seeking an education in occupational therapy. Career influences, goals, and educational program preferences did not differ among applicants based on age, residential background, grades, or previous degree. An absence of applicants of ethnic minority allows limited application of findings to these targeted groups.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Minimal prevalence of authorship misrepresentation among internal medicine residency applicants: do previous estimates of "misrepresentation" represent insufficient case finding?.

BACKGROUND: High rates of authorship misrepresentation have been documented among medical trainees. OBJECTIVE: To assess misrepresentation among internal medicine residency applicants while comparing searches used by previous authors (searches 1 and 2) to a more comprehensive strategy (search 3). DESIGN: Review of 497 residency applications. SETTING: Two university-based internal medicine residency programs. MEASUREMENTS: Search 1 was limited to MEDLINE. Search 2 added Current Contents, Science Citation Index, and BIOSIS and included searching journals by hand. Search 3 added seven other databases and contacts to librarians, editors, and coauthors. RESULTS: 224 applicants reported 634 articles; 630 (99%) were verified. The number of applicants with misrepresented citations varied depending on the search used (56 applicants [25%] in search 1 vs. 34 applicants [15%] in search 2 vs. 4 applicants [1.8%] in search 3). CONCLUSIONS: Using a comprehensive search, we found substantially less misrepresentation than had been reported. Previous studies probably overestimated the magnitude of the problem.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Response of Canada geese to a turf application of diazinon AG500.

We investigated the effects of a turf application of the insecticide diazinon AG500 on Canada geese (Branta canadensis) on a golf course in coastal Washington (USA). On both 19 and 26 March 1987, 1 ha of turf on a golf course located in Birch Bay, Washington was treated with diazinon AG500 at a target application rate of 2.2 kg active ingredient per hectare (AI/ha). Treated areas were then irrigated with 6 mm water. Grass and water samples were collected from three different sites one day before and 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after each application. Diazinon residues > or = 20 ppm were found in golf course grasses for one week after each application. Diazinon residues in study area ponds and creeks were > or = 17 ppb. Samples from two irrigation puddles one day post-application had 1.00 and 0.20 ppm of diazinon, respectively. Numbers of geese present declined following diazinon application; however, no goose mortality was observed. Geese spent 422 and 538 min feeding on the treated areas after the first and second diazinon applications, respectively. One goose feeding in treated areas demonstrated signs of poisoning (lethargy, ataxia) for several hours. Two other geese feeding in the treated areas may have been slightly intoxicated. During carcass searches, three American wigeon (Anas americana) carcasses were found. Based on brain cholinesterase (ChE) levels and gastrointestinal (GI) tract residues of diazinon present, we concluded that these wigeon died from diazinon poisoning. Numerous songbirds (Passeriformes) also fed on the treated turf but no apparent response to the insecticide was observed.

Analysis of Variance↗