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At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources

PubMed2003

Speed-of-processing and driving simulator training result in improved driving performance.

Useful field of view, a measure of processing speed and spatial attention, can be improved with training. We evaluated the effects of this improvement on older adults' driving performance. Elderly adults participated in a speed-of-processing training program (N = 48), a traditional driver training program performed in a driving simulator (N = 22), or a low-risk reference group (N = 25). Before training, immediately after training or an equivalent time delay, and after an 18-month delay each participant was evaluated in a driving simulator and completed a 14-mile (22.5-km) open-road driving evaluation. Speed-of-processing training, but not simulator training, improved a specific measure of useful field of view (UFOV), transferred to some simulator measures, and resulted in fewer dangerous maneuvers during the driving evaluation. The simulator-trained group improved on two driving performance measures: turning into the correct lane and proper signal use. Similar effects were not observed in the speed-of-processing training or low-risk reference groups. The persistence of these effects over an 18-month test interval was also evaluated. Actual or potential applications of this research include driver assessment and/or training programs and cognitive intervention programs for older adults.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Decreasing speech anxiety of female prisoners.

This study compared self-reported speech anxiety experienced by female prisoners before and after attending a special program within a state vocational facility. With high scores on the Personal Report of Confidence as a Speaker, 13 women volunteers were treated in a program incorporating various techniques including systematic desensitization, cognitive restructuring, skills training, and shaping. These components were presented in six 2-hr. sessions. Pre- and posttreatment comparisons showed a significant decrease in speech anxiety. Discussion focuses on basic characteristics relevant to this sample (short attention span and low reading levels) and limitations of an institutional nature such as excessive noise, lack of privacy, and restrictions on possession of study materials.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Primary care options to prevent mental illness.

The common mental disorders, mainly anxiety and depression, constitute a major public health problem, incurring considerable costs in terms of use of health services and time lost from work. Risk factors include low socioeconomic status, poverty and poor housing, as well as stressful life events and difficulties such as demanding child care, separation or divorce, bereavement, loss of employment and caring for a dependant relative. Population approaches are probably necessary to reduce significantly the burden of such mental health problems, but health care measures are far from negligible. Primary care professionals have regular opportunities to identify people at risk of mental health problems and refer them to welfare and social support services (primary prevention). A number of interventions among high-risk groups have been shown to be effective, including problem-solving training and cognitive-behavioural approaches. The most important tasks in primary care are to identify people with depression, alcohol and drug misuse and eating disorders as early as possible in the course of their illness and to institute effective treatment (secondary prevention). Primary care teams should also join in shared care arrangements for patients with chronic disabling mental illnesses, in order to prevent recurrences and relapses (tertiary prevention).

Chronic Disease↗

PubMed2005

Skill training, retention, and transfer: the effects of a concurrent secondary task.

In two experiments, we examined training, retention, and transfer of a duration production skill in a prospective paradigm. Participants were trained with feedback and then were either tested immediately for transfer without feedback or retrained with feedback 1 week later. There were three training and retraining conditions, two involving secondary tasks. Retention of the duration production skill was perfect across the 1-week delay when the secondary task condition was unchanged, but there was no skill transfer when that condition was changed. These findings demonstrate specificity of training, with the assumption that the cognitive operations learned during duration production training incorporate requirements of the secondary task. More generally, this study challenges the current practice in which training conditions often do not match eventual testing conditions.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

The quieting response (QR): a modality for reduction of psychophysiologic stress in nursing students.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a 5-week stress management program for 40 junior baccalaureate nursing students. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design was used. The stress management group included training sessions using cognitive modification techniques and Stroebel's Quieting Response (QR) augmented with biofeedback techniques for self-relaxation. A significant reduction of state anxiety (P < .001) was reported on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) by the experimental groups, while the state anxiety of the control groups remained relatively unchanged. There were no significant changes in trait anxiety scores. Urinary potassium excretion was measured as an index of the adrenal stress response. Findings revealed no statistically significant correlation between potassium excretion and scores on the STAI. These results support the benefits of integrating a stress management program into curricula for nursing students.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Evaluation of psychological risk factors: prospective prediction of psychopathology during basic training.

OBJECTIVE: Three theoretically derived cognitive risk factors were evaluated to determine whether they predicted the development of stress responding in the context of Basic Cadet Training (BCT). METHOD: A large sample of cadets (N = 1,401) was prospectively followed for the 5-week BCT period. RESULTS: All risk factors were found to significantly and independently predict the development of psychopathology and impairment as well as changes in symptoms during basic training. Risk factors conveyed approximately two to five times greater likelihood of experiencing clinically significant levels of symptoms at the end of BCT. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide strong evidence for three psychological risk factors in the development of anxiety and mood symptoms. Implications for screening and primary prevention are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Functional rating scales and psychometric assessment in Alzheimer's disease: applications in pharmacological trials.

New findings on cognitive aging show that decline in brain functions is not part of a general decline of functioning in old age. We know now that with increasing age there is a differentiation of cognitive functions into two independent dimensions (fluid and crystallized functions). This two-dimensional model allows a more precise description of the cognitive aging process and of pathological changes. While crystallized cognitive abilities can be improved by training till late in life, fluid cognitive functions are subject to a progressive decrease starting as early as age 30, becoming most evident in cases of organic mental disorders. Thus, pathological aging is not necessarily accompanied by global loss of functions. Different abilities undergo changes in different ways, a fact taken into consideration by modern methods of psychometric evaluation. Beyond the aging processes mentioned previously, cognitive and behavioral changes in the elderly may be considered to be early indicators of organic mental disorders. The Nuremberg Self-Evaluation List seems to be a promising approach to diagnosis.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Partner participation in cognitive-behavioral self-management group treatment for patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if participation of the spouse of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in cognitive-behavioral oriented self-management training aimed at improving disease related cognitions and coping with pain has additional benefits for the patients. METHODS: A total of 59 couples were randomly assigned to 2 conditions. In the experimental condition the couples participated in a group program aimed at restructuring disease related cognitions and decreasing passive coping. In the control condition, only the patient participated. Disease status, self-reported physical and psychological functioning, coping, disease related cognitions, and marriage characteristics were assessed prior to the intervention and 2 weeks and 6 months postintervention. A general linear model with repeated measures was used to test for differences between conditions. RESULTS: In both conditions, similar positive changes in disease activity, cognitions, coping, and physical and psychological functioning were observed. Patients reported a decrease in potential support. There were no differences between conditions. However, at the followup assessment patients in the experimental condition reported more improvement of disease related communication with their spouse. CONCLUSION: No evidence was found for additional beneficial effects of spouse participation in the cognitive-behavioral oriented self-management group treatment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Relapse prevention and recovery in the treatment of schizophrenia.

Nonadherence to medication is a predictor of relapse in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, and preventing relapse is crucial to achieving the goal of recovery. Long-term treatment with antipsychotics can be effective, although long-term patient response to medication may be difficult to predict from trials that measure response, remission, and relapse rates because they are often too short. Longer trials are needed to fully understand the implications of adherence and symptom remission in patient outcome. Recovery, however, is contingent on the stabilization of the symptoms of schizophrenia and the acquisition of the skills necessary to function in society. Psychosocial interventions, such as family psychoeducation, social skills training, and cognitive-behavioral therapy, used in conjunction with pharmacotherapy are effective in helping to prevent symptom relapse and promote functional recovery in patients with schizophrenia.

Antipsychotic Agents↗

PubMed1989

[Action-oriented versus state-oriented reactions to experimenter-induced failures].

The present study assessed different effects of action-oriented versus state-oriented styles of coping with failure on achievement-related performance and cognition. In a learned helplessness experiment, students were exposed to an academic failure situation and were then tested on a series of problem-solving tasks, either immediately after the pretreatment or after a delay of 24 hours. Performance and cognitive concomitants were measured during both experimental periods. Results demonstrated that action orientation was associated with self-immunizing cognitions during helplessness training. Action-oriented participants improved their performance level even after repeated failure feedbacks. Moreover, action-oriented students assigned to the delayed test condition responded with increased striving for success and showed performance increments, even in comparison with control subjects. In contrast, state-oriented participants developed symptoms of helplessness and showed impaired performance during failure inductions. In later tests on problem-solving tasks, state-oriented groups responded with increased fear of failure. Independent of immediate or delayed test conditions, they soon lapsed into new performance decrements.

Achievement↗

PubMed1988

Social skills training in the rehabilitation of patients with traumatic closed head injury.

This research used a traditional social skills training program in the remediation of documented social behavior deficits of severely head-injured persons. More than two years after injury, four severely head-injured persons participated in a skills training program with five components: (1) instruction in the rationale for modifying target behaviors, (2) modeling the correct form of the behaviors, (3) behavioral rehearsal, (4) videotape feedback on performance, and (5) social reinforcement of correct behaviors. The research design was a multiple baseline across behaviors design with four replications. Three patients showed clear treatment effects with evidence of generalization across situations and maintenance of gains at follow-up one year later, thus supporting the applicability of social skills training to this cognitively impaired population.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Cardiorespiratory health, reaction time and aging.

Visual simple and choice reaction time (RT) tests were administered to 64 male and female volunteers 23 to 59 years of age. One half of the subjects were runners involved in rigorous training programs averaging 42 miles per week. The other half of the subjects were sedentary adults. Eighty simple and 100 choice reaction time trials were given with a variable foreperiod ranging from 400 to 1100 msec. Five catch trials were given in both simple and choice reaction time conditions. The results indicated that there was a gradual decline in RT performance as age increased. However, this trend was not evident in the trained group. Reaction time remained constant with age within the trained group. It was concluded that a high state of cardiorespiratory training may prevent cognitive decrements in performance with age.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

The spinal injury learning series: an experimental test.

A new rehabilitation technique, developed for the care of patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCI), the Spinal Injury Learning Series (SILS) combines learning and communications methods to identify the behavioral needs of SCI patients and to provide systematic training for improving cognitive and psychomotor proficiencies. Emphasizing SCI information and procedures (catheter, bowel, skin-inspection, pressure-relief), 297 representative patients were tested at 6 regional SCI centers over a 29-month period. Statistical comparisons of experimental (SILS) and control (traditional) groups indicated higher average cognitive and psychomotor scores for SILS than for regular patients even a year after injury. Evaluations of functional independence, although varying with procedures, revealed faster acquisition and better retention with SILS. Psychomotor independence varied inversely with level of injury, and mean differences between the experimentals and controls decreased somewhat with time, but overall SILS was significantly more effective than current treatments.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Educational attainment, continued learning experience, and cognitive function among older men.

OBJECTIVES: This article assesses the effects of educational attainment, posteducational training experience, and occupational status on cognitive function among older men, controlling for demographic and health factors. Conditional relationships between educational attainment and factors that importantly influence cognitive function are also investigated. METHODS: Data from a nationally representative sample of 1,839 older men are used to explore life-course effects of occupational and training experiences during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. RESULTS: A positive relationship is found between formal educational attainment and cognitive function, but this association is conditional on subsequent training experience, ethnicity, and symptoms of depression. Training experiences are also positively associated with cognitive function. DISCUSSION: Continued pursuit of education and training may offer opportunities to promote cognitive function throughout the life course, especially among those with low educational attainment early in life.

Cognition↗

PubMed2001

[Socio- and psychotherapy in patients with Alzheimer disease].

Symptoms presented by patients with Alzheimer-type dementia do not only reflect organic disturbances only but require a holistic and person-oriented view. Affective and behavioral disturbances are not necessarily secondary to cognitive impairment. Guidelines are presented for a multidimensional treatment involving the significant other. Socio- and psychotherapy are essential for this treatment. Their approaches have greatly increased in number and diversity in the past few years. Sociotherapy is based on milieu therapy and includes different training- and group activities. Several psychosocial treatment modalities are available, including validation, dementia care mapping, reminiscence therapy, cognitive training and psychoeducational group work. Psychotherapeutic approaches include relaxation techniques, and psychodynamic oriented- and behavioral modalities. The indication for a specific modality is based on an assessment of the disturbances present and available resources. Of special importance are also services to family carers, including counseling, psychotherapy, as well as support and modification of the care-setting. Even though there are only limited empirical data available on the effects of socio- and psychotherapy for patients with Alzheimer-type dementia, the available evidence is indicative of a positive influence on symptoms of this illness. Diversity of symptoms and individualized, variable course of the illness may point to the importance of psychological and social factors in this illness, by far larger than presently recognized.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

A survey of trainees' opinions and current clinical practice after behaviour therapy training.

The widespread use of cognitive behaviour therapy principles in psychiatric/mental settings has been an ongoing feature of health and social care since at least the 1960s. The current study evaluated the training process as well as the use of the skills by course participants on a dedicated behaviour therapy course in Ireland. A cross sectional study was undertaken, using postal distribution of a questionnaire based on a similar study undertaken in the UK. The sample comprised all graduates of the course from 1986 to 1999 (N = 257). Thirty-three per cent of respondents report using their behaviour therapy skills to a high level since completion of the course. Approximately 53% of respondents reported having changed job since completion of the course. Significant differences emerged within this group in relation to their ratings of the importance of various elements of the course and also in relation to the perceived enhancement of both general clinical skills (P = 0.000) and specific behaviour therapy skills (P = 0.000) as well as the rating of current skills (P = 0.015) and the respondents' use of behaviour therapy since completing the course (P = 0.015). While a high proportion of participants had some prior theoretical or experiential exposure to behaviour therapy, the findings report high satisfaction levels with the training they received. However, the survey signals deficits in terms of the usage of the skills. While on the one hand, the general and specific skills acquired while on the course seem to transfer quite easily across functions and levels of responsibility, it is of concern that over a 13-year period, only 17% of respondents indicated that behaviour therapy was the main focus of their work. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to policy and practice issues.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Modifiability of figural relations performance among elderly adults.

This study examined the relative efficacy of two figural relations training strategies in improving cognitive performance in healthy, well-functioning elderly individuals (N = 69; aged 62 to 92). Participants were randomly assigned to a no-contact control group (n = 24), a training group that received formal instructions in principles underlying figural relations problem solution (n = 24), or a self-instructed interactive group that received practice with the figural relations training materials but no formal instruction (n = 21). All participants took a pretest battery and posttests on two occasions following training that tapped a variety of cognitive abilities. Planned comparisons indicated that the experimental groups differed significantly from the control group at the first posttest as well as across both posttest occasions on near versus far transfer tasks. However, self-generated strategies for task solution were found to be more durable over time as compared to specific rule training on near versus far transfer.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Effects of neurocognitive enhancement therapy in schizophrenia: normalisation of memory performance.

INTRODUCTION: A preponderance of research indicates that cognitive function in schizophrenia can be improved through cognitive remediation. However, few studies have attempted to characterise the extent of improvement relative to nonpsychiatric controls. METHOD: Cognitive performance on reaction time, digit recall, and word recall of 58 schizophrenia patients at baseline and after 6 months of cognitive remediation was compared to the performance on these tasks of 39 community controls. Schizophrenia patients participated in Neurocognitive Enhancement Therapy (NET) and received hierarchical training on the memory tasks, but not on the reaction time task, which was only administered at intake and follow-up. RESULTS: The schizophrenia sample showed significantly poorer performances than the community control sample on all three tasks at baseline. NET led to significant improvements in performance on trained memory tasks, but not the untrained reaction time task. There was a significant increase in the proportion of schizophrenia patients who achieved normal range performance on the memory tasks. CONCLUSIONS: 52% of schizophrenia patients who were impaired on at least one of the memory tasks normalised their performance on at least one of those tasks as a result of cognitive training. Results suggest that clinically meaningful improvement may be possible using cognitive remediation.

Journal Article↗