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PubMed1995

Complement activation during painful crisis in sickle cell anemia.

Previous studies documented complement activation in sickle cell disease patients and suggested that this contributes to increased risk of infection. We have demonstrated alternative pathway activation initiated by membrane phospholipid changes which occur in sickled erythrocytes. The present studies compared complement activation products in serial samples from sickle cell anemia patients at baseline and during hospitalization for painful crisis to examine the correlation between complement activation and disease activity. Plasma concentrations of Bb, C4d, and C3a were measured as well as C3 bound to erythrocytes. Patients were subdivided into those with continuous pain and those with intermittent painful episodes. In patients with intermittent pain, there was little evidence of complement activation at baseline and increased plasma concentrations of Bb and C3a during painful crisis. Elevated C3a and C4d levels were observed in patients with continuous pain regardless of hospitalization status, suggesting a continuous underlying inflammatory process in these patients.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

Complement-dependent binding of C-reactive protein complexes to human erythrocyte CR1.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase serum protein that binds to phosphocholine (PC) on phospholipids and polysaccharides and to protein components of chromatin and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. Complexes between CRP and ligands activate complement and bind to receptors on phagocytic cells. Although complement is required for CRP-mediated clearance or phagocytosis of ligand-coated erythrocytes, the participation of complement and complement receptors in clearance of soluble CRP complexes has not been examined. We have used PC-conjugated BSA to prepare complexes containing either IgG antibody or CRP. We found similar complement-mediated binding of both types of complexes to human erythrocyte complement receptors (CR1, CD35). We also found that serum deficient in C4A or C4B supported binding of CRP and IgG complexes to erythrocytes. These findings indicate that complexes between CRP and soluble ligands may be cleared by the erythrocyte CR1 pathway described for soluble immune complexes.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗
PubMed2002

Complement activated C4d immunoreactive oligodendrocytes delineate small cortical plaques in multiple sclerosis.

C4d-immunoreactive complement-activated oligodendrocytes (C4d-CAOs) have been described in several neurodegenerative diseases but have not been studied in multiple sclerosis (MS). Here we report that such CAOs delineate miniature MS plaques of 300-500 mum diameter. They are devoid of myelin and are surrounded by a rim of activated microglia intermingled with the C4d-CAOs. Although C4d-immunostained periaxonal oligodendroglial processes are often swollen, the axons of passage appear undamaged and extend through the demyelinated plaque area. No immunostaining with other components of the complement cascade (C1q-C9) was observed in association with these miniature plaques. However, in large MS lesions, C1q-C9 immunoreactive fibers were present, indicating complete activation of the complement cascade in these more developed lesions. It is possible that the miniature plaques, bordered by C4d-CAOs, represent the earliest stage of plaque development, preceding even the larger, transient plaques frequently observed in serial MRI studies. The association of CAOs with miniature areas of demyelination suggests a direct attack on oligodendroglial cells by the early complement components as an initiating event in MS. Incomplete complement activation indicates that this step may be reversible, whereas full and persistent activation as observed in large MS lesions may lead to death of oligodendroglia with permanent axonal damage.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Sequences promoting the transcription of the human XA gene overlapping P450c21A correctly predict the presence of a novel, adrenal-specific, truncated form of tenascin-X.

A compact region in the human class III major histocompatibility locus contains the human genes for the fourth component of human complement (C4) and steroid 21-hydroxylase (P450c21) in one transcriptional orientation, while the gene for the extracellular matrix protein tenascin-X (TN-X) overlaps the last exon of P450c21 on the opposite strand of DNA in the opposite transcriptional orientation. This complex locus is duplicated into A and B loci, so that the organization is 5'-C4A-21A-XA-C4B-21B-XB-3'. Although this duplication event truncated the 65-kb X(B) gene to a 4.5-kb XA gene, the XA gene is transcriptionally active in the adrenal cortex. To examine the basis of the tissue-specific expression of XA and C4B, we cloned the 1763-bp region that lies between the cap sites for XA and C4B and analyzed its promoter activity in both the XA and the C4 orientations. Powerful, liver-specific sequences lie within the first 75 to 138 bp from the C4B cap site, and weaker elements lie within 128 bp of the XA cap site that function in both liver and adrenal cells. Because these 128 bp upstream from the XA cap site are perfectly preserved in the XB gene encoding TN-X, we sought to determine whether a transcript similar to XA arises within the XB gene. RNase protection assays, cDNA cloning, and RT/PCR show that adrenal cells contain a novel transcript, termed short XB (XB-S), which has the same open reading frame as TN-X.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1988

DNA polymorphism unique for a complotype with deletion of HLA-linked C4B and 21-hydroxylase B genes causing congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Defects in the enzyme steroid 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) result in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a frequent disorder of steroid biosynthesis. The gene encoding the enzyme, 21-OHB, has been mapped adjacent to the complement component C4B gene in the human HLA gene complex. DNA-level analyses of patients with CAH have shown that the 21-OHB gene has often been deleted, but the detection of 21-OHB deletions in heterozygotes is often problematic because it is based on relative band intensities. We here report a DNA polymorphism in the C4A91 gene unique to one particular type of 21-OHB deletion occurring solely with a complement phenotype BfF C4A91 B null, shown earlier to be frequent in CAH patients. This marker makes direct detection of the 21-OHB deletion in heterozygotes possible.

Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital↗
PubMed1992

The relative roles of C4A and C4B in prevention of immune precipitation, solubilisation and immune adherence.

C4A and C4B levels were measured in serum from 246 normal individuals. Complement-mediated solubilisation, assayed using alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase immune complexes (IC), correlated with both C4A and C4B levels. However, C4A and C4B levels showed no correlation with solubilisation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) ICs, or with the prevention of immune precipitation of BSA or alkaline phosphatase ICs, nor with immune adherence assayed using thyroglobulin and BSA ICs.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗
PubMed1985

Complotype genetic loci segregate more frequently with HLA-DR than with HLA-B.

The loci for BF, C2, C4A, and C4B are very closely linked to each other so that alleles of these plasma protein markers occur in populations in linkage disequilibrium and are inherited as single genetic units called complotypes. These complotypes are coded by a DNA region of the short arm of chromosome 6 embracing approximately 100 kilobases, which serve as a marker of the major histocompatibility complex. We have studied the complotypes of nine families with known HLA-B/DR crossovers. In seven families, the complotypes were inherited with HLA-DR, including in one family with a double recombination. The haplotype HLA-A28, Cw1, B27, FC3, 20, DR4 of JTr resulted from two recombinations between HLA-A2, Cw1, B27, SC42, DR7 and HLA-A28, Cwx or Cw1, B37, FC3, 20, DR4. In the remaining two families (Ro and Lo) the complotypes were inherited with HLA-B. The haplotype A2, Cw5, Bw44, SC30, DR3 of StLo resulted from paternal recombination between the haplotypes A2, Cw5, Bw44, SC30, DR4 and A24, B8, SC01, DR3, and the haplotype A24, Cw4, Bw35, SC31, DR3 of NaRo resulted from maternal recombination between A24, Cw4, Bw35, SC31, DR4 and A26, Bw41, FC31, DR3. Our data suggest that the complotype region maps closer to HLA-D than to HLA-B.

Complement C2↗