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PubMed1989

Consensus statement on the use of breastfeeding as a family planning method.

An interdisciplinary international group of researchers in the area of lactational infertility gathered with the purpose of coming to a consensus about the conditions under which breastfeeding can be used as a safe and effective method of family planning. The consensus of the group was that the maximum birth spacing effect of breastfeeding is achieved when a mother "fully" or nearly fully breastfeeds and remains amenorrheic. When these two conditions are fulfilled, breastfeeding provides more than 98% protection from pregnancy in the first six months. Data are reviewed from thirteen prospective studies in both developed and developing countries supporting the consensus. The rationale for the consensus is given in detail. Recommendations are made based on what is currently known of the antifertility effects of breastfeeding. Research should continue to measure a broad spectrum of variables so that these guidelines can be refined as new information becomes available.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2001

Consensus statement on the role of acute dopaminergic challenge in Parkinson's disease.

Available evidence on the practice of acute pharmacological challenge tests in parkinsonian patients was reviewed by a committee of experts, which achieved a general consensus. The published data deal mainly with the acute administration of levodopa and apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. Such challenge may serve different purposes, e.g., research, diagnosis, or tailoring of treatment. Unique protocols describing the clinical setting and practice parameters are not available. The present paper describes the scientific background and supplies practical guidelines, whenever possible, to perform and evaluate acute challenge tests in parkinsonian syndromes. With the appropriate indication and setting, acute challenge tests are useful in diagnosis and therapy of Parkinson's disease and related disorders.

Apomorphine↗
PubMed2005

The usefulness of in vitro models to predict the bioavailability of iron and zinc: a consensus statement from the HarvestPlus expert consultation.

A combination of dietary and host-related factors determines iron and zinc absorption, and several in vitro methods have been developed as preliminary screening tools for assessing bioavailability. An expert committee has reviewed evidence for their usefulness and reached a consensus. Dialyzability (with and without simulated digestion) gives some useful information but cannot predict the correct magnitude of response and may sometimes predict the wrong direction of response. Caco-2 cell systems (with and without simulated digestion) have been developed for iron availability, but the magnitude of different effects does not always agree with results obtained in human volunteers, and the data for zinc are too limited to draw conclusions about the validity of the method. Caco-2 methodologies vary significantly between laboratories and require experienced technicians and good quality cell culture facilities to obtain reproducible results. Algorithms can provide semi-quantitative information enabling diets to be classified as high, moderate, or low bioavailability. While in vitro methods can be used to generate ideas and develop hypotheses, they cannot be used alone for important decisions concerning food fortification policy, selection of varieties for plant breeding programs, or for new product development in the food industry. Ultimately human studies are required for such determinations.

Biological Availability↗