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PubMed2004

A critical evaluation of intrapopulation variation of delta13C and isotopic evidence of individual specialization.

Individual variation in the diet of consumers is common in many ecological systems and has important implications for the study of population dynamics, animal behavior, and evolutionary or ecological interactions. Ecologists frequently quantify the niche of a population by intensive analyses of gut contents and feeding behaviors of consumers. Inter-individual differences in delta13C signature can indicate long term differences in feeding behavior, often unattainable by a single snapshot analysis of gut contents. If a consumer's food sources have unique delta13C signatures, then the intrapopulation variation in delta13C may be useful for quantifying diet variation and detecting isotopic evidence of individual specialization. However, intrapopulation variation in delta13C can underestimate or overestimate dietary variation, and therefore is not directly equivalent to a dietary based niche. In this paper we show that intrapopulation variability of delta13C in consumers critically depends on the isotopic range and distribution of food sources. Our analyses fundamentally challenge how we interpret the intrapopulation isotopic variance of delta13C, and how we evaluate isotopic evidence of individual specialization.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Wanted--doctors who care.

A study was conducted to determine what consumers value in doctors' behavior. Results indicate that consumers in the sample population studied prefer doctors who are friendly and caring as well as those who are technically competent. However, these respondents reported less favorable opinions about doctors' friendliness (i.e., affective behavior) than they did about doctors' competence (i.e., instrumental behavior).

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1979

Evaluation of outpatient client progress: time-series telephone interview data.

A cost-efficient information system that allows for the continual monitoring of the verbal reports of mental health outpatient behavior was designed and implemented. Verbal descriptions of patients' problem behaviors were collected during baseline, therapy, and post-therapy periods using a telephone interview procedure. Descriptive data were presented for 25 patients, demonstrating that: (a) adequate baseline measures can be taken to evaluate therapy interventions, (b) there are wide differences among patients' reports as to the change in frequency of problems that occurs, and (c) patients' reported satisfaction with therapeutic services may be inconsistent with their verbal reports of behavioral change.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed2005

More than just being there: balancing the participation equation.

The research and evaluation evidence is mounting: out-of-school-time (OST) programs can keep young people safe, support working families, and improve academic achievement and social development. Over 6 million children are enrolled in after-school programs nationwide, but an estimated 14.3 million children still care for themselves in the nonschool hours. Because of this discrepancy, OST stakeholders need information about how to maximize participation in OST programs. The Harvard Family Research Project (HRFP) has developed a conceptual model, based on scholarly theory, empirical research, and knowledge gained from providers, that describes the characteristics that predict participation in OST programs as well as the potential benefits of that participation. In the center of the model, participation is conceived as a three-part construct of enrollment, attendance, and engagement. This equation serves as the basis for framing this issue of New Directions for Youth Development. The chapter provides an overview of why participation in OST programs matters for young people, describes some of the barriers and challenges to youth participation, teases out more precise definitions of participation, and presents HFRP's conceptual model of participation. It focuses on the participation equation and concludes by highlighting some overarching themes that recur throughout the issue and that have an impact on future directions for research and evaluation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

To participate or not to participate: that is the question.

Do I wish to participate or not to participate in this program? That is the question that young people ask themselves when considering a new opportunity. What can be done to increase the likelihood that they will choose to participate in out-of-school-time (OST) programs? This chapter describes a qualitative study that examined reasons for participating or not participating in OST programs. Some common reasons emerged, but the study also revealed differences among youth from different ethnic groups. It is clear that those who design and conduct programs must understand the processes through which diverse adolescents initiate their participation in programs and either persist or drop out. Given the apparent benefits of active participation in youth programs, it is important to remove barriers and increase access and, equally important, design programs that are of interest to youth in the contexts in which they live.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Activities, engagement, and emotion in after-school programs (and elsewhere).

Experiences that are deeply engaging and enjoyable, engender full concentration, and present a balance between challenge and skill promote children's development. This chapter describes a study that sought to identify the kinds of settings and activities that foster engagement and, by extension, positive youth development. The after-school experiences of 191 ethnically diverse youth living in three states, some of whom participated in after-school programs and some of whom did not, were studied. Youth were equipped with logbooks and watches that were programmed to signal at random times. When signaled, youth recorded their location, social partners, activity, and feelings. The study found pervasive differences in the experiences at programs and elsewhere. Youth spent more time in academic and arts enrichment, organized sports and physical activities, community service, and homework at programs versus elsewhere, and they spent less time eating and watching TV at programs. They also reported higher levels of motivation, engagement, and positive affect at programs. At the same time, there were few differences in activities, emotions, effort, or motivation of program participants and nonparticipants when both groups were elsewhere. The similarities in these experiences while elsewhere suggest that the program context, not differences in youth characteristics or interests, was responsible for the feelings of engagement that were reported at programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Children's mental health services: a parent perspective.

Parents of severely emotionally and behaviorally disturbed children rarely have the opportunity to participate in the policy-making processes that affect their children's welfare. In the present study, a structured parent interview was developed as part of Washington State's Child and Adolescent Services System Program (CASSP). Thirty-five parents of disturbed children provided information about their children's problems and services histories. Respondents identified unmet needs and barriers to timely, effective intervention. The nature and quality of services received were examined in the context of CASSP service standards. The study confirmed that parents of disturbed children can provide information rich in implications for system change.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Training parents of hyperactive children in child management: a comparative outcome study.

Parents of 44 hyperactive children were assigned to either a behavior modification group (PAT), a communications group (PET), or a delayed-treatment control group. Parents in the treatment groups participated in 9-week training workshops. Parents and their children were assessed before and after the workshops on measures that included ratings of hyperactivity and severity of problems, a daily checklist of problem occurrence, parental attitudes, and direct observations in a laboratory situation. Both treatment methods were more effective than a no-treatment control condition in reducing hyperactivity ratings, problem severity ratings, and daily problem occurrence. Additionally, parents receiving behavior modification training rated their children as more improved than did PET parents, were more willing to recommend the program to a friend, felt the program was more applicable to them, and were less likely to drop out of the program. Nine-month follow-up assessments indicated that treatment parents continued to view their children's behavior more positively than did control group parents. Results are discussed with respect to the implications that an educational approach to teaching child management can be an effective means of reducing behavioral problems in children, that methods differing in theoretical background and actual skills taught may result in similar outcomes, and that a "psychological," as opposed to a medical, approach to the treatment of hyperactive children can have considerable merit.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2001

Children with persistent conduct problems who dropout of treatment.

Dropout of treatment is one of the key issues in outcome in a child and adolescent mental health service. We report two studies focusing on the treatment process and the dropout rate of children with persistent conduct problems presenting to a community mental health service, using a prospective design. The first study included 32 children and used a randomised controlled treatment design comparing a CBT approach with conjoint family therapy and an eclectic approach. The overall dropout rate was 36%. Dropout occurred significantly less frequently in the CBT group. The dropout group was associated with mothers who were younger and less educated, a poorer rating by the clinicians at the last meeting, parental dissatisfaction with the treatment service and perception that the treatment was less organised and having less behavioural tasks. In the second study we used a naturalistic follow-up design. Forty-six children were included. The overall dropout rate was 48%. Again, the children who defaulted were rated by clinicians as less likely to have improved and dropout was also significantly associated with parental perception of a less organised treatment. In both studies dropout usually occurred after assessment and at the early phase of treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Relating satisfaction with access to utilization of services.

Underlying the continuing emphasis on access by health services researchers and policymakers is the assumption that patients having poorer access will receive less than appropriate health care, other things being equal. However, recent research results typically have not supported this assumption, and the nature and importance of relationships between access and use still remain unclear. Most published studies have sought to define general relationships that are descriptive of the behavior of all patients in a population facing access problems. The authors use interview data to show that significant relationships between satisfaction with access and use of services can be found if segments of the population, homogeneous in terms of age, sex, or other characteristics, are considered separately. This approach is based on the assumption that dissatisfaction with a particular dimension of access may be salient for some groups of patients but not others, and it is consistent with the view that patients' beliefs and perceptions are important determinants of health behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Treatment motivation, treatment satisfaction and quality of life from the viewpoint of parents at a child psychiatry facility--contribution to quality assurance].

This study tried to figure out if parents initial treatment motivation influenced their final assessment of the treatment process and its outcome in child psychiatry. We evaluated parents therapy motivation by developing a questionnaire based on solution focussed therapy's conception of motivation of clients (Berg 1992). The change during the treatment in parents satisfaction with their life situations and their experience of pressure ("life quality")--independent from their pronounced assessment of the quality of therapy--was taken as one indication of treatment quality. In addition to this parents' assessment of treatment was investigated by a questionnaire for therapy evaluation which included process and outcome quality factors. There could be shown that significant relations existed. Therefore we are convinced that the discussion of quality assurance in child psychiatry should be enlarged with a methodical conception of therapy motivation and the assessment of life quality of parents in addition to the evaluation of their specific therapy satisfaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Utilization and effectiveness of short-term counseling in child guidance].

UNLABELLED: This study investigates the utilization and effectiveness of short-term counseling in child guidance. For this purpose a comparison was made between short-term and long-term counseling (each N = 89) and a catamnestic telephone interview of the parents who had had short-term counseling was conducted (N = 70). RESULTS: 1. The rate of short-term counseling amounts to 39%. 2. The individuals seeking short-term counseling are significantly less burdened with problems. 3. In stating the reason for a short-term counseling, 58% of the individuals concerned claim that the number of counseling sessions held had been sufficient, that there had been an improvement with regard to the problems, or that according to the counselor there had been no need for further activity; 24% were dissatisfied with the counseling and for this reason broke it off; 10% were directed to other institutions. 4. On the whole the persons seeking advice evaluated the short-term counseling mainly positively. The evaluation of satisfaction and success corresponds with the evaluation commonly gained in educational guidance: 70% of the individuals seeking counseling were satisfied with the results, 44% reported positive changes due to the advice they received, and 66% seem to have gained a better understanding for their children. 5. The good relationship between the counselor and the person seeking advice appeared to be particularly important.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Clinical practice of a child and adolescent psychiatric service as evaluated by parents].

A follow-up study was conducted at an outpatient child psychiatry facility on parents' satisfaction with the quality and effectiveness of the treatment provided their children. The selection of the sample (N = 105), the methods used and the high response rate of 80% are discussed. The parents who did not return the questionnaire were interviewed later by telephone. For the sample as a whole, about 75% of the parents made a positive assessment of the service provided by the clinic and the improvement in their child's situation and general development. The initially non-responding parents were less positive in their assessment than the responders. The conclusions to be drawn from these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Child care needs, arrangements, and satisfaction of mothers of children with developmental disabilities.

Child care arrangements used by mothers of 5-year-old children with developmental disabilities were described as were the difficulties they experienced in locating that care and their satisfaction with it. Care provided by relatives was the most common arrangement; center-based care was the least common. Mothers of children who had the most severe developmental delays and who exhibited behavior problems experienced greater difficulty in locating care. The findings suggest that child care options should be increased by training providers who work in out-of-home settings and by expanding respite services to include the provision of in-home child care.

Attitude↗
PubMed1991

Choosing a hospital: analysis of consumer tradeoffs.

In today's competitive health care industry, hospital administrators and marketers must determine how important various product/service attributes are to potential consumers and how those attributes influence consumer choice decisions. The authors outline an approach (the analytic hierarchy process) that can be used to assess or predict health care choice decisions by consumers. The analytic hierarchy process is a method for analyzing consumer choice behavior whereby a hierarchical structure is used to determine the relative preferences of consumers for health care alternatives. Marketing strategies based on the study findings are suggested.

Community-Institutional Relations↗