Evolution of renal osteodystrophy in patients treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adult↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Continuous Evolution”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Continuity and change in the post-Kleinian evolution in London: clinical work of John Steiner, Ronald Britton and Michael Feldman (1988-2004).
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
History, 20th Century↗
[Evolution of upper molar morphology and remnants of the trigone in man. Continuation and conclusion].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Animals↗
Bacterial evasion of innate defense at epithelial linings.
The evolution of multicellular organisms has been, and continues to be, paralleled by the evolution of the surrounding microbial flora. This intimate coexistence between higher host organisms and microbes has generated a myriad of adaptation strategies at both sides to cope with, or even benefit from the given conditions. On the host side, the development of an effective immune defence system allowed the maintenance of an astonishingly stable homeostasis on many body sites, and even the establishment of sterile surfaces at vulnerable anatomical sites. On the other hand, microbial diversity has led to the establishment of a large number of microbial life styles that allow persistence and proliferation in the presence of host defense mechanisms. The following review describes bacterial strategies to circumvent or modify host defenses that operate at the epithelial lining. It illustrates the enormous diversity of mechanisms that are part of the complex interplay between microbial organisms and the host. It also reflects the dramatic progress made in the understanding of the mammalian immune defense system which many times has been initiated by the surprising results from the study of microbial pathogenesis.
Animals↗
[Pathomorphosis of infectious diseases in children].
The general and therapeutically conditioned pathomorphosis was expressed in a significantly reduced number of autopsies predominantly due to reduced incidence of infectious diseases in children. Histological features of reactions in various organs in antibiotic therapy are examined. The necessity of continuous study of the clinical features and time course of infectious diseases in children is emphasized because the evolution of these processes continues.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
[Nutritional status in uremic patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Relation with 1 year's evolution].
BACKGROUND: Signs of malnutrition have been detected in patients with chronic renal failure and a possible relation with complications of the disease has been speculated. The aim of the present study was to analyze the nutritional status of a group of patients with the aforementioned diagnosis on a substitutive treatment program with outpatient continuous peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and its relation with complications over one year. METHODS: The nutritional status of 29 of these patients and 22 individuals with normal renal function (controls) with global parameters of body fat, muscular protein and visceral protein being evaluated. The study was repeated at 6 and 12 months after the initial evaluation. The incidence of mortality, need for hospital admission because of complication and episodes of clinical peritonitis were analyzed. RESULTS: More than 70% of the patients presented protein-caloric malnutrition to a greater or lesser degree. This percentage dit not modify throughout the study and was produced at the expense of visceral protein, additionally affecting the fat and muscular protein of the males. Mortality, need for admission and the number of cases of peritonitis were greater in those presenting the lowest fat parameters with these complications beings foreseen from determined fat values. CONCLUSIONS: These patients have malnutrition which is related with the complications in the course of substitutive therapy making surveillance and nutritional support necessary.
Adult↗
Theory on prospect of population evolution processes.
This paper is aimed at investigating the dynamic process of population growth applied to population of the People's Republic of China. The discrete and continuous models of population evolution process are revised and adjusted to suit the social conditions of China. The relationship between two kinds of models is established. A series of new formulae of demographic indices are studied and defined as functions on the negative space of generalized solutions of the population equation. Based on survey data collected in China for recent years, the prospect of population growth according to different projections is offered for a one-hundred-year period from now on.
Demography↗
Polyploidy and genome evolution in plants.
Genome doubling (polyploidy) has been and continues to be a pervasive force in plant evolution. Modern plant genomes harbor evidence of multiple rounds of past polyploidization events, often followed by massive silencing and elimination of duplicated genes. Recent studies have refined our inferences of the number and timing of polyploidy events and the impact of these events on genome structure. Many polyploids experience extensive and rapid genomic alterations, some arising with the onset of polyploidy. Survivorship of duplicated genes are differential across gene classes, with some duplicate genes more prone to retention than others. Recent theory is now supported by evidence showing that genes that are retained in duplicate typically diversify in function or undergo subfunctionalization. Polyploidy has extensive effects on gene expression, with gene silencing accompanying polyploid formation and continuing over evolutionary time.
Evolution, Molecular↗
The computer in office medical practice.
There will continue to be change and evolution in the medical office environment. As voice recognition systems continue to improve, instant creation of office notes with the absence of dictation may be commonplace. As medical and computer technology evolves, we must continue to evaluate the many new computer systems that can assist us in our clinical office practice.
Appointments and Schedules↗
[Evolution of canine parvovirus: loss and gain of the feline host].
Canine parvovirus is a newly emerged virus that was first isolated in 1978. As with all new viruses CPV continues to show active evolution, demonstrated by the appearance of new antigenic types. These new types termed CPV-2a and CPV-2b have replaced the original type CPV-2 throughout the world. The reason for the evolutionary advantage of the new viruses was most likely the acquisition of a new host, the cat. The new types are in contrast to CPV-2 able to infect and replicate in cats. Interestingly, about 10 per cent of the parvovirus isolates made from routine diagnostic cat materials were found to be canine parvovirus type 2a or 2b. The relevance of these findings for the epizootiology of parvovirus infection of dogs and cats and also for the vaccination are discussed.
Animals↗
Pineal 'synaptic ribbons' and serum melatonin levels in the rat following the pulse action of 52-Gs (50-Hz) magnetic fields: an evolutive analysis over 21 days.
In continuation of earlier studies, we have investigated the influence of 52-Gs (50-Hz) magnetic fields on the evolution of pinealocyte 'synaptic ribbons' and serum melatonin levels in rats, following 30 min daily exposure. The animals were sacrificed after 1, 3, 7, 15 and 21 days. A significant decrease in the number of synaptic ribbons was observed after 15 and 21 days, together with a significant drop in serum melatonin concentrations after 15 days. The mediating role of the retina in these modifications and magnetic field effects is discussed.
Animals↗
Molecular evolution: codes, clocks, genes and genomes.
The discoveries, advancements and continuing controversies in the field of molecular evolution are reviewed. Topics summarized are (1) the evolution of the genetic code, (2) gene evolution including the demonstration of homology, estimation of sequence divergence, phylogenetic trees, the molecular clock and the origin of genes and gene families by various genetic mechanisms, and (3) eukaryotic genome evolution, including the highly repeated satellite sequences, the interspersed and potentially mobile repeated sequences and the unique sequence fraction of the genome.
Biological Evolution↗
Flat-panel detectors in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: revolution or evolution-what are the issues?
Continuous developments in digital imaging technology have contributed to the vital role held today by digital X-ray imaging in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Foremost among these developments is the replacement of cine film with digital data equivalents as the procedure record. Other improvements include software innovations and processing algorithms, along with new types of hardware capable of delivering required functionality more rapidly. A significant recent development is that of the flat-panel X-ray detector as a replacement for the image intensifier, which has served the needs of the cardiac catheterization laboratory for nearly 5 decades. Clinical users must evaluate the respective technologies and determine whether one or the other meets the needs of their own laboratories. In this review, the two competing detector technologies are reviewed and a summary of general advantages and disadvantages of each is provided. A qualitative description is provided of parameters that can be used to assess quantitatively the performance of detectors and imaging systems. Using such objective measurements, together with standard techniques for evaluating imaging systems, angiographers and managers can better arrive at informed decisions for their own situation.
Cardiac Catheterization↗
Recent progress in heart valve surgery: innovation or evolution?
Although heart valve surgery continues to evolve in a dynamic fashion, there is still no optimal solution for all patients. Minimally invasive surgery currently receives considerable attention but its value still needs to be determined. Progress has been made in valve repair, which now allows reconstruction in most patients with mitral valve disease. Reconstruction of the aortic valve is now also possible with results that are now comparable to those of mitral repair. In the future a wider application of repair procedures and further improvements of biologic valves can be anticipated not only to influence long-term results, but also the decision making process for conservative or surgical treatment.
Aortic Valve↗
Change in Microbial Numbers during Thermophilic Composting of Sewage Sludge with Reference to CO(2) Evolution Rate.
Dewatered sewage sludge was composted in a laboratory-scale autothermal reactor in which a constant temperature of 60 degrees C was kept as long as possible by regulating the air feed rate. The change in CO(2) evolution rate was measured continuously from the start up through the cessation of compositing. The succession of mesophilic bacteria, thermophilic bacteria, and thermophilic actinomycetes was also observed during the composting. Specific CO(2) evolution rates of thermophilic bacteria and actinomycetes in the constant-temperature region of 60 degrees C were assessed quantitatively. It was found that the CO(2) evolution rate was attributed to thermophilic bacteria at the initial stage of 60 degrees C and to thermophilic actinomycetes at the later stage of 60 degrees C.
Journal Article↗
[Continuing medical professional development in Uruguay as the country faces the 21st century].
This paper outlines the evolution of the concept of continuing medical professional development in Uruguay, as that professional development has progressed from independent and varied efforts that were not coordinated or evaluated to a plan that is aimed at improving the quality of educational activities and programs and making them accessible to all the physicians in the country. In contrast to countries where scientific societies and medical associations preside over continuing professional development, in Uruguay the Graduate School of the School of Medicine of the University of the Republic has taken on managing and developing this process. The key objective of this process is for the Graduate School to work in conjunction with other leading players in professional development to create a national system of continuing medical professional development. This system should be interinstitutional and include both public and private entities. By having the key public institutions (the Graduate School and the Ministry of Public Health) working with private entities (medical associations, scientific societies, and health care institutions), there should be an adequate balance of interests. The national professional development system should work in the most decentralized manner possible and should be based on a network of units distributed around the entire country, but with centralized coordination. The system's interinstitutional character should ensure high technical and ethical standards as well as a balance among the governmental, commercial, professional, and university components. This system should serve as the basis for extending this activity to all health personnel in Uruguay. While the national system is still being finalized, the Graduate School has implemented a process of accrediting institutions that are involved in continuing professional medical development. The aim of this accreditation process is to improve the educational offerings for physicians and to generate practical experience that will serve the future system.
Education, Medical, Continuing↗
Immunologic pressure within class I-restricted cognate human immunodeficiency virus epitopes during highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are known to exert strong evolutionary pressures on the virus population during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, it is not known whether CTL responses continue to substantially affect viral evolution during treatment. To study the effect of immunologic pressure on viral sequences during HAART, we identified 10 targeted HIV-specific CD8+-T-cell epitopes in five treatment-naive patients, sequenced each epitope in plasma-derived viruses, and then identified evidence of immunologic pressure at these epitopes by comparing the frequency of viral variants in plasma to the frequency of the CD8+-T-cell response for each variant identified. For one of the five patients, evidence of viral evolution was found during therapy. The sequence of the CTL-targeted epitope changed from an apparent escape variant prior to the initiation of therapy, to the sequence that is best recognized by the CTL response after the initiation of therapy, and then finally to a new escape variant during continued therapy. These data show that CTL-mediated pressure can continue to affect viral evolution after the initiation of HAART, even when treatment drives the viral load below detectable levels, and suggest that antiretroviral therapy may preferentially inhibit those virus variants that escape the CTL response.
Amino Acid Substitution↗
Thermodynamics of neutral protein evolution.
Naturally evolving proteins gradually accumulate mutations while continuing to fold to stable structures. This process of neutral evolution is an important mode of genetic change and forms the basis for the molecular clock. We present a mathematical theory that predicts the number of accumulated mutations, the index of dispersion, and the distribution of stabilities in an evolving protein population from knowledge of the stability effects (delta deltaG values) for single mutations. Our theory quantitatively describes how neutral evolution leads to marginally stable proteins and provides formulas for calculating how fluctuations in stability can overdisperse the molecular clock. It also shows that the structural influences on the rate of sequence evolution observed in earlier simulations can be calculated using just the single-mutation delta deltaG values. We consider both the case when the product of the population size and mutation rate is small and the case when this product is large, and show that in the latter case the proteins evolve excess mutational robustness that is manifested by extra stability and an increase in the rate of sequence evolution. All our theoretical predictions are confirmed by simulations with lattice proteins. Our work provides a mathematical foundation for understanding how protein biophysics shapes the process of evolution.
Computer Simulation↗