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PubMed1987

Opioid modulation of ingestive behaviors in the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus).

Feeding and drinking behavior were studied in deprived or sated spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) at various time intervals following peripheral administration of naloxone hydrochloride and butorphanol tartrate. Naloxone attenuated both food and water intake, but not latency to respond, indicating existence of functional opioid-sensitive feeding and drinking systems in this species. Butorphanol tartrate, a mixed opioid agonist/antagonist produced a dose-related enhancement or suppression of feeding, the former naloxone reversible, but had no measureable effect on drinking.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Chronicity of sexual harassment and generalized work-place abuse: effects on drinking outcomes.

AIMS: This study examined the impact of two forms of interpersonal conflict in the work-place, sexual harassment (SH) and generalized work-place abuse (GWA), on drinking outcomes. We hypothesized that SH and GWA would be associated more strongly with negative outcomes than task-related work stressors, especially when SH and GWA were chronic problems. DESIGN: This was a two-wave panel study. SETTING: The study was conducted at an urban university in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 2038 university employees in four occupational groups (faculty, student, clerical and service workers) who responded to both waves of the survey. MEASUREMENTS: Data on SH, GWA, task-related stressors and drinking outcomes were gathered from self-report mail questionnaires. Data from 1880 non-abstaining respondents were included in the analyses. FINDINGS: SH and GWA experiences were widespread, typically chronic, and tended to co-occur. In regression analyses controlling for demographics, occupational group, prior drinking and task-related stress, GWA chronicity was linked to increased odds of reporting one or more indicators of problem drinking at time 2, in contrast to onset and remission. SH chronicity coupled with no GWA experiences was also significantly related to increased drinking variability. Task-related stressors generally did not explain significant variance in drinking outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: SH and GWA may be better predictors of drinking behavior compared to task-related stressors, particularly when harassment is chronic. Increased attention to conflictual relationships in the work-place, the relationship between SH and GWA and the dynamic nature of stressors in general is necessary in future research on drinking behavior.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2006

Identification of miltirone as active ingredient of Salvia miltiorrhiza responsible for the reducing effect of root extracts on alcohol intake in rats.

BACKGROUND: Previous work found that extracts from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza, a Chinese medicinal herb, reduced alcohol intake in selectively bred Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats. The present study was designed to evaluate whether miltirone, one of the possible active constituents of S. miltiorrhiza, might be responsible for the reducing effect of the extracts on alcohol intake. METHODS: An initial experiment assessed the effect of 100 mg/kg (intragastric, i.g.) of 4 extracts of S. miltiorrhiza, differing in miltirone content (0, 2, 3, and 7%, respectively), on alcohol intake in alcohol-experienced sP rats exposed to the 2-bottle "alcohol (10%, volume in volume) versus water" choice regimen. Subsequently, the effect of pure miltirone (2.5-10 mg/kg, i.g., i.e., a dose range comparable to its content in the effective doses of the active extracts) on acquisition and maintenance of alcohol-drinking behavior was evaluated in alcohol-naive and alcohol-experienced sP rats exposed to the 2-bottle choice regimen. The effect of miltirone (10 mg/kg, i.g.) on blood alcohol levels was assessed after the i.g. and intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of alcohol. Finally, the effect of miltirone (30-100 mg/kg, i.g.) on the severity of alcohol withdrawal syndrome was evaluated in Wistar rats made physically dependent on alcohol by the repeated administration of intoxicating doses of alcohol. RESULTS: The reducing effect of 4 different extracts of S. miltiorrhiza on alcohol intake was positively and significantly correlated with their miltirone content. Pure miltirone reduced alcohol intake in alcohol-experienced rats and delayed acquisition of alcohol-drinking behavior in alcohol-naive rats. Similar to S. miltiorrhiza extracts, miltirone markedly reduced blood alcohol levels when alcohol was administered i.g. but not i.p., suggesting that miltirone hampered alcohol absorption from the gastrointestinal system. Finally, miltirone failed to affect the severity of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in alcohol-dependent rats. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that miltirone is the likely active constituent of S. miltiorrhiza responsible for the reducing effect of its extracts on alcohol intake in different experimental models of excessive alcohol consumption.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1997

[Behavioral pharmacological studies on the effects of cocaine on alcohol preference in inbred strain of mouse C57BL/6J].

Concurrent use of alcohol and other drugs is a serious problem. Cocaine is the most frequently abused drug overseas. An increasing number of cases demonstrating concurrent use of alcohol and cocaine is being noted. Alcohol preference (AP) in animals is an index of human drinking behavior. In this study brain monoamine and alcohol metabolism were studied to clarify the mechanisms of changes in AP following single or repeated cocaine administration. To inbred strain of mouse, C57BL/6J, 10% alcohol and tap water were given and AP was measured following intraperitoneal cocaine administration once or repeatedly for one week. Then the rate of blood alcohol disappearance in vivo (beta value) and liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity in vitro were measured. Changes in brain norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites were also measured. A single cocaine administration reduced the AP of C57BL/6J mice. beta value was not changed after pretreatment with cocaine. The level of brain dopamine was increased only two hours after cocaine administration. In repeated cocaine administration, AP was reduced after cocaine administration. Brain monoamine levels were not changed. Neither the beta value nor liver ADH, ALDH activity was changed after either single or repeated cocaine administration. It is speculated that reduced AP is associated with an increase in brain dopamine and changes in AP did not contribute to alcohol metabolism pharmacologically. Dopaminergic system makes a rule of, in part, alcohol drinking behavior.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗

PubMed2004

Voluntary alcohol intake in two rat lines selectively bred for learned helpless and non-helpless behavior.

RATIONALE: A high comorbidity between depression and alcoholism has been reported in several studies, but the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unknown. OBJECTIVES: We tested whether learned helplessness in rats as a model for depression is associated with enhanced alcohol intake and relapse behavior. METHODS: Congenital learned helplessness (cLH) and congenital non-learned helplessness (cNLH) rats were selectively bred for differences in an escape paradigm. Sucrose preference was tested at the first hour of the dark phase. In order to study an association with alcohol drinking behavior, rats underwent a free-choice procedure with access to water, and 5% and 20% alcohol solutions for 6 weeks. After acquisition of alcohol drinking behavior, the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) was assessed. Sensitivity to the sedative-hypnotic effect of alcohol was measured by loss of the righting reflex. RESULTS: cLH rats showed significantly lower preference for sucrose solutions during the second half hour of the dark phase than cNLH rats. Alcohol intake of male cLH rats was not significantly different from that of male cNLH rats. In contrast, cLH female rats consumed higher amounts of alcohol than female cNLH rats. The ADE was more pronounced in female animals, although the magnitude of the ADE was similar in both cNLH and cLH female rats. The time to regain the righting reflex was significantly higher in both male and female cLH rats than in cNLH rats. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, these data suggest that an inborn depressive-like behavior in female rats is associated with enhanced alcohol intake.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1988

Evaluation of long-term therapeutic efficacy of behavior modification program with chronic male psychiatric inpatients.

An experimental Behavior Modification Program (BMP) was carried out on fifteen diagnosed chronic schizophrenic male patients on a mixed-population open psychiatric unit in a VA Medical Center. Treatment consisted of positive-reinforcement and response-cost contingency procedures and was conducted for 85, 80, 75 and 70 sessions, respectively, for the fifteen patients. These psychiatric patients were recruited for treatment based on staff documentation and reports of gross verbal abuse, non-attendance at assignments, poor grooming skills, and excessive drinking behavior while circulating on the mixed-population open psychiatric ward. Three to four of the aforementioned inappropriate (target) behaviors were selected for each subject and were treated sequentially in a multiple baseline design. Both procedures were highly successful for the fifteen male psychiatric patients in changing three of their target behaviors, but only partially effective for eight of those patients with drinking behavior problems. Follow-up assessment of the participants in the study indicated that most of the positive effects of intervention persisted over 6-12 months post-treatment periods. Of the fifteen inpatients that participated in the BMP, fourteen have been discharged into community foster homes and one remains on the open psychiatric ward awaiting placement outside the hospital.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Alcohol expectancies and drinking in different age groups.

AIMS: Because expectancies about the effects of alcohol change as drinking experience is accumulated, it is likely that the relationship of expectancy to drinking will differ with age. In this study, we examine the prediction of drinking behavior from positive and negative outcome expectancy at different ages. DESIGN: Data were collected as part of the National Alcohol Survey, using a multi-stage area probability sample of the household population of the 48 contiguous United States. PARTICIPANTS: US residents aged 12 and older (n = 2875). MEASUREMENTS: Survey questions included drinking habits (frequency, quantity, frequency of drunkenness, maximum quantity) and beliefs about the effects of alcohol (alcohol expectancies). FINDINGS: Structural equation models tested the relationship of positive and negative expectancy to drinking behavior in six age groups. Outcome expectancy accounted for a larger portion of the variance in drinking among younger respondents than among older respondents. However, suppression effects were common. When suppression effects were considered, positive expectancy predicted drinking better than negative expectancy only among respondents under 35, while negative expectancy was a better predictor of drinking status in most respondents over 35 years. Among drinkers, positive expectancy predominated over negative expectancy when suppression effects were considered. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that negative expectancy predicts abstention, while positive expectancy predicts level of drinking among drinkers. In expectancy research, differences between drinkers and abstainers, age of participants and the presence of suppression effects should be taken into account.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Characteristics of intoxicated trauma patients.

Of 1320 patients who were hospitalized for injuries, a total of 315 were known to be intoxicated with alcohol at the time of trauma. A retrospective chart review was performed to determine which biopsychosocial markers correlated with increasing severity of alcohol use disorders in a sample of 184 (58.4%) of these 315 patients. Markers associated with increased severity were: an increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV; p = 0.007), previous legal problems (p = 0.023), previous alcohol rehabilitation (p < 0.001), previous attendance at self-help meetings (p < 0.001), admitting to having an alcohol problem (p < 0.001), and a willingness to change drinking behavior (p < 0.001). Routine toxicology screening tests, simple questions about previous alcohol or drug abuse treatment, and direct questions about the patient's own perception of the severity of disease and readiness to change drinking behavior can identify many victims of major trauma who could potentially benefit from a referral for alcohol rehabilitation.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

The opioid receptor system and alcoholism: a genetic perspective.

Over the past decade, mounting evidence has implicated the endogenous opioid receptor system as a central player in the etiology of alcohol drinking behavior in animals and alcoholism in humans. Much of this work is a product of a pharmacological approach, where differences in opioid receptor pharmacology have been found to predict drinking behavior in animal models of alcoholism, including rats and mice selectively bred for alcohol preference and avoidance. This review considers the opioid receptor system and alcoholism from a genetic standpoint, and discusses investigation into opioid receptor pharmacology in animal models of alcoholism as work that paved the way for the more recent molecular genetic studies implicating the delta-, and particularly, the mu opioid receptors as genetically linked to alcoholism-associated phenotypes in animal models of the disease. These genetic studies are set within the broader context of the candidate gene approach for alcoholism, where opioid receptor genes are taken to be partial, rather than complete, risk factors for alcoholism. Building upon these findings, the recent genetic association between alcoholism and the mu opioid receptor gene in humans is discussed. Finally, the translation of such genetic association studies between opioid receptor genes and alcoholism to a pharmacogenetic approach, allowing for the evaluation of putative relationships between genotype and pharmacological response profiles, is suggested to address the etiological question of what the molecular mechanism is underlying opioid receptor genetic risk for alcoholism phenotypes.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed2000

Effects of dehydration on plasma osmolality, thirst-related behavior, and plasma and brain angiotensin concentrations in Couch's spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus couchii.

Under dehydrating conditions, many terrestrial vertebrates species exhibit increases in plasma osmolality and their drinking behavior. Under some circumstances, this behavioral change is accompanied by changes in plasma and central angiotensin concentrations, and it has been proposed that these changes in angiotensin levels induce the thirst-related behaviors. In response to dehydration, the spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus couchii, exhibits thirst-related behavior in the form of cutaneous drinking. This behavior has been termed water absorption response (WR) behavior. Spadefoot toads live in harsh desert environments and are subject annually to dehydrating conditions that may induce thirst-related behavior. We tested the hypothesis that an increase in WR behavior is associated with both an increase in plasma osmolality and an increase in plasma and brain angiotensin concentrations. First, we determined the degree of dehydration that was necessary to initiate WR behavior. Animals dehydrated to 85% of their standard bladder-empty weight via deprivation of water exhibited WR behavior more frequently than control toads left in home containers with water available. Next, using the same dehydration methods, we determined the plasma osmolality and sodium concentrations of dehydrated toads. Toads dehydrated to 85% standard weight also had a significant increase in plasma osmolality, but exhibited no overall change in plasma sodium concentrations, indicating that while an overall increase in plasma osmolality appears to be associated with WR behavior in S. couchii, changes in sodium concentrations alone are not sufficient to induce the behavior. Finally, plasma and brain angiotensin concentrations were measured in control toads and toads dehydrated to 85% standard weight. Plasma and brain angiotensin concentrations did not increase in dehydrated toads, indicating that dehydration-induced WR behavior that is associated with changes in plasma osmolality may not be induced by changes in endogenous angiotensin concentrations in S. couchii.

Angiotensin II↗

PubMed2005

Alcohol withdrawal and conditioning.

This review contains the proceedings from a symposium held at the RSA conference in 2003 on "Alcohol Withdrawal and Conditioning." The presentations covered a range of interactions between conditioning and alcohol withdrawal, in both animal behavior and the clinic. Dr. D.N. Stephens first described his studies exploring the consequences of alcohol dependence and repeated experience of withdrawal on the conditioning process. His data suggested that repeated withdrawal from moderate alcohol intake impairs amygdala-dependent mechanisms for learning about aversive events. Dr. H. Becker then detailed studies examining the consequences of repeated ethanol withdrawal experience on subsequent ethanol drinking behavior in mice, and conditions in which motivational properties of odor cues that are associated with different phases of ethanol withdrawal influence such relapse behavior. The data suggested that cues associated with acute withdrawal or "recovery" from withdrawal may serve as modulating factors in influencing subsequent ethanol drinking behavior, and that the timing of the cues determines their consequences. Dr. F. Weiss described recent findings from animal models of relapse that suggested the efficacy of alcohol-associated contextual stimuli in eliciting alcohol-seeking behavior resembles the endurance of conditioned cue reactivity and cue-induced cocaine craving in humans. The interactive effects of stress and ethanol-related environmental stimuli were found to be dependent on concurrent activation of endogenous opioid and corticotropin-releasing factor systems. Conditioning factors (i.e., exposure to drug-associated stimuli) and stress could therefore interact to augment vulnerability to relapse. Dr. C. Drummond then addressed the clinical aspects of conditioning during alcohol withdrawal and described studies showing exposure of alcoholics to alcohol-related cues elicited greater subjective and physiological responses than exposure to neutral cues. The former responsivity showed a relationship with a measure of motivation to drink alcohol. Finally, Dr. C. Cunningham provided a summary of the concepts involved in the presentations and discussed the conditioning processes that affect behavior during and after alcohol withdrawal.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1998

Anger in an inpatient treatment sample of chronic alcoholics.

Four measures of anger were investigated in sober male and female alcoholics and nonalcoholic peers. The relationships among anger variables, past drinking behavior, and substance abuse consequences in alcoholics were explored. Additionally, the interrelationships among anger, depression, and anxiety in the groups were examined, and the relationships between an overall dysphoria index and drinking behavior and substance abuse consequences were determined. 104 alcoholics (sober 21 to 45 days) and 70 community controls, aged 21 to 56, were given the Spielberger Anger Expression Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory. Alcoholics scored higher than controls on Trait Anger, Anger-In, and Anger-Out, but not on State Anger. There were no main effects of sex. Anger-In was significantly negatively correlated with the Quantity-Frequency Index in alcoholic males. Anger-In was significantly positively correlated with depression in male and female alcoholics and with substance abuse consequences in the latter group. The depression measure was significantly correlated with consequences in female, but not in male alcoholics. These data have treatment implications, especially for female alcoholics.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Effects of cautionary messages and vulnerability factors on viewers' perceptions of alcohol advertisements.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined how individual difference vulnerability factors affect college students' perceptions of beer commercial actors' age, attractiveness and drinking. We were also interested in whether viewers' exposure to a cautionary message would affect their perceptions of the actors' drinking behavior. METHOD: Three groups of college students were exposed to the same set of two alcohol advertisements. After watching the ads, each group received a different cautionary message prior to answering questions about the ad's content: (1) a neutral message (viewed by 42% [n = 119] of the sample), (2) a U.S. federal warning (viewed by 31% [n = 89]) and (3) an industry message (viewed by 27% [n = 76]). We also examined three putative vulnerability factors: age (underage 21 or not), gender and family history of alcohol problems (yes or no) as well as the effects of quantity-frequency of alcohol consumption, episodic heavy drinking, severity of alcohol dependence, disinhibition sensation seeking and the eight factors of the Alcohol Expectancy Scale. RESULTS: The cautionary messages had no effect on viewers' perceptions of characters' age, attractiveness and drinking behavior. Although neither of the commercials depicted the physical act of drinking, the student raters nevertheless perceived the characters to be heavy episodic drinkers. Those reporting more alcohol dependence symptoms perceived increased drinking for the male characters, as did females and viewers with expectancies for social and physical pleasure. CONCLUSIONS: Perceptions of the drinking in beer commercials are based in part on the character depicted in the ad and in part on the demographic and personal vulnerability factors of the viewer.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Genetic influences on quantity of alcohol consumed by adolescents and young adults.

OBJECTIVE: To examine genetic and environmental influences on drinking in a nationally representative study of genetically informative adolescents followed into young adulthood. METHOD: The average quantity of alcohol used per drinking episode during the past year was analyzed in 4432 youth assessed during adolescence (mean age of 16) and then 1 and 6 years later. The variance of quantity of alcohol consumed was decomposed into three components: additive genetic (a2), shared environmental (c2), non-shared environmental (e2). Four candidate genes were tested for association. RESULTS: Wave 1 a2-0.52e2-0.48, Wave 2 a2-0.28e2-0.72, Wave 3 a2-0.30e2-0.70. Genetic correlations between Waves 1 and 2 were 0.85, Waves 1 and 3 were 0.34. The DAT1 440 allele was associated at Wave 1 (p=0.007). DRD2 TaqI A1/A2 was associated at Wave 3 (p=0.007). DRD4 and 5HTT were not associated. The DAT1 and DRD2 polymorphisms accounted for 3.1% and 2.0% of the variation, respectively. CONCLUSION: Genetic influence on drinking behavior was common in adolescents longitudinally assessed 1 year apart, but was less correlated between these adolescents and their assessment as young adults at a subsequent time point. Polymorphisms in genes of the dopaminergic system appear to influence variation in drinking behavior.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Alcohol themes within country-western songs.

Cultural norms regarding alcohol use and drinking behavior can be communicated through the lyrics of songs. An analysis of alcohol themes in country-western lyrics was undertaken. Seven categories emerged from a rational clustering procedure used with 58 alcohol-related lyrics. Almost two-thirds of the lyrics were placed in three of the categories, labeled Existential Dilemmas and Lessons Learned, Loneliness and Lost Love, and Negative Consequences. There were few references to drinking for positive, celebratory reasons. Implications for prevention efforts and for further research on drinkers' perceptions and the relationship between popular culture and drinking behavior are discussed.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2005

Using the EDAC test to monitor abstinence and relapses during outpatient treatment.

The main objective of this study is to show the performance of the EDAC test in monitoring alcohol consumption during outpatient treatment. The EDAC is a new approach that uses routine laboratory tests to identify binge drinking as well as chronic drinking. The overall diagnostic performance of the EDAC fluctuates around 80 to 90% for both specificity and sensitivity. Close to two thousand subjects have been tested by the EDAC since the early eighties; 300 of these were patients undergoing treatment at different institutions across the U.S. This article selected five case studies to represent examples of classical drinking behaviors encountered in most outpatient clinics. The first four cases illustrate the use of the EDAC alone and the last case represents the use of the EDAC combined with CDT. These five case studies illustrate the use of the EDAC to detect relapse episodes, to monitor abstinence during outpatient treatment and to recognize a slip early enough to prevent more severe drinking. The use of biomarkers to monitor drinking behavior in alcohol dependent patients is gaining popularity because they provide objective information on a patient's drinking status when used as an adjunct to self-report.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Inhalant use and delinquent behavior among adolescents: a comparison of inhalant users and other drug users.

AIMS: To evaluate the association between inhalant use and delinquent or criminal behavior. DESIGN: A large statewide sample of high school students participated in a survey on drug use. Five groups were identified based on reported drug use: inhalant experimenters, other drug experimenters, inhalant users, other drug users and non-users. Inhalant users were compared with other drug users and inhalant experimenters with other drug experimenters on three measures of problem behavior. PARTICIPANTS: Over 13,000 students in grades 7-12 participated in the 1993 survey on drug use. MEASUREMENTS: Three measures of problem behavior: drinking and drug-taking, "trouble behavior" and minor criminal activity. FINDINGS: Among upper (9-12) grade level students only, both inhalant users and inhalant experimenters reported more minor criminal activity than other drug users and other drug experimenters, respectively. A similar trend was noted for trouble behavior. The same was not found for drinking and drug-taking behavior. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that inhalant use is categorically different from other drug use, and that it has more in common with general delinquency than with general drug use. Prevention and treatment strategies should take this into consideration.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed2000

Gender differences in alcohol consumption and adverse drinking consequences: cross-cultural patterns.

AIMS: To examine the consistency and/or variability of gender differences in drinking behavior cross-culturally. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS: Women's and men's responses in 16 general population surveys from 10 countries, analyzed by members of the International Research Group on Gender and Alcohol. MEASUREMENTS: Comparable measures of drinking, versus abstention, typical drinking frequencies and quantities, heavy episodic drinking, intoxication, morning drinking, and alcohol-related family and occupational problems. FINDINGS: Women and men differed little in the probability of currently drinking versus abstaining, but men consistently exceeded women in typical drinking frequencies and quantities and in rates of heavy drinking episodes and adverse drinking consequences, while women were consistently more likely than men to be life-time abstainers. In older age groups, both men and women drank smaller quantities of alcohol and were more likely to stop drinking altogether, but drinking frequencies did not change consistently with age. CONCLUSIONS: A theoretical synthesis proposes that gender roles may amplify biological differences in reactions to alcohol, and that gender differences in drinking behavior may be modified by macrosocial factors that modify gender role contrasts.

Adult↗