SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “FECES, IMPACTED”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources

PubMed2004

Evaluation of an indirect serum ELISA and a bacteriological faecal culture test for diagnosis of Salmonella serotype Dublin in cattle using latent class models.

AIMS: To evaluate a conventional bacteriological test based on faecal culture and an indirect serum ELISA for detection of S. Dublin infected cattle. To compare the predictive values of the two tests in relation to the prevalence. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 4531 paired samples from cattle in 29 dairy herds were analysed for presence of S. Dublin bacteria in faeces and immunoglobulins directed against S. Dublin lipopolysaccharide in an indirect serum ELISA. Sensitivity and specificity were estimated at two ELISA cut-off values using a validation method based on latent class models, which presumably provides less biased results than traditional validation methods. Stratification of data into three age groups gave significantly better estimates of test performance of the ELISA. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed for comparison of overall performance of the ELISA between the three age groups. The sensitivity of the faecal culture test was low (6-14%). ELISA appeared to have a higher validity for animals aged 100-299 days of age than older or younger animals. Overall, the negative predictive value of the ELISA was 2-10 times higher than for the faecal culture test at realistic prevalence of infection in the test population. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic sensitivity of the faecal culture test for detection of S. Dublin is poor, the specificity is 1. The superior sensitivity and negative predictive value of the serum ELISA makes this test preferable to faecal culture as an initial screening test and for certification of herds not infected with S. Dublin. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: A quantitative estimate of the sensitivity of a faecal culture test for S. Dublin in a general population was provided. ELISA was shown to be an appropriate alternative diagnostic test. Preferably, samples from animals aged 100-299 days of age should be used as these give the best overall performance of the ELISA. Plots of ROC curves and predictive values in relation to prevalence facilitates optimisation of the ELISA cut-off value.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

[Effect of long-term preventive use of TMPS on the composition and resistance behavior of aerobic fecal flora].

Trimethoprim Sulfa is a valuable agent in the prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunocompromised children. Like several other antimicrobial substances also TMPS has an impact on the normal bacterial flora of children. TMPS sensitive enterobacteria are eliminated from the gut flora within 48 hours. The impact on the total number of aerobic organisms and the composition of the fecal flora however is just moderate. Major changes in gut flora result from previous administration of antibiotic and chemotherapeutic agents or from environmental changes (e. g. discharge into ambulatory care). The gut flora of patients under such chemoprophylaxis is a major source of TMPS resistant aerobic bacteria in the hospital and requires careful disposal of these wastes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Transanal one-stage endorectal pull-through for Hirschsprung's disease in infants and children.

PURPOSE: This report presents the technique and results of transanal one-stage endorectal pull-through procedure in children with rectosigmoid lesions from Hirschsprung's disease. METHODS: Eight children aged one month to 6 years with frozen section biopsy-proven Hirschsprung's disease underwent transanal one-stage endorectal pull-through procedures during a 12-month period. A rectosigmoid transitional zone was suggested by contrast enema in 7 patients; rectal manometry was done to confirm the diagnosis in one patient. Preoperative colonic irrigation to evacuate feces out of the dilated colon was done in the hospital. Bowel preparation was the same as conventional colorectal surgery. Full-thickness rectal biopsy at 1 to 2 cm above the dentate line was submitted for pathologic diagnosis. A rectal mucosectomy dissection was started 0.5 cm proximal to the dentate lines and was extended into the intraperitoneal rectum. The muscular sleeve was divided circumferentialy at 3 to 4 cm proximal to the dentate line, exposing the intraperitoneal rectum and allowing full-thickness mobilization of the rectosigmoid colon out of the anus. Aganglionic colon segment was resected, and the normal colon was pull down to anastomose with the distal end of anorectal mucosa. RESULTS: Operating time, including taking frozen sections, ranged from 110 to 180 minutes. The length of bowel resections ranged from 9 to 25 cm. The length of hospital stay depended on the amount of fecal impaction in the colon. Older children with substantial fecal impaction required 2 weeks of preoperative saline enema. One infant needed 3 days for bowel preparation, the same as for conventional colorectal surgery. The hospital stay ranged from 6 to 7 days in children younger than 2 years and 10 to 28 days in older children. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications related to the pull-through procedure. One case of colitis occurred in the 6-year-old child, which required rectal tube decompression one week after the operation. Seven patients passed stool within 24 hours after surgery. All patients had normal bowel movements within 3 weeks. There was no rectal cuff stricture or enterocolitis during one year of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Transanal one-stage endorectal pull-through operations for rectosigmoid lesions from Hirschsprung's disease can be performed successfully in all ages of children with good results, avoiding transabdominal exploration. The early postoperative enterocolitis in the older children might occur and should be treated urgently. The partial coloanal anastomosis obstruction found in older children could be treated by placing a rectal tube into the anus to decompress the dilated pull-through colon. The limitation of this approach is that retroperitoneal fixation of the descending colon could not be dissected by the transanal route.

Anal Canal↗

PubMed1992

Astroviruses and caliciviruses: emerging enteric pathogens.

Acute, infectious gastroenteritis is an extremely common disease that contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the United States, it is the second most frequent illness encountered in families. While this illness generally runs a self-limited course, it may be temporarily incapacitating and impact substantially on numbers of days lost from work or school. At present, 30-40% of infectious gastroenteritis cases in the United States are attributable to viral agents, while 20-30% are due to bacteria and parasites. These estimates are almost certainly low, since the cause of gastroenteritis is not discernible in approximately 40% of the cases, and gastroenteritis may be caused by viruses or other pathogens that cannot be identified at this time. Rotavirus and enteric adenovirus are two of the most prevalent and well-studied of the viral agents and have been reviewed extensively elsewhere. This review focuses on two broad groups of small round structured viruses (SRSV), astroviruses and caliciviruses (classic, Norwalk, and Norwalk-like). Although recognized in association with acute, nonbacterial gastroenteritis since the early 1970s, the study of these viruses has been hampered by the relatively low levels of viral shedding in feces, difficulty in propagating the virus in cell or organ culture, and the lack of widely available, well-standardized reagents for their detection. In spite of these obstacles, much has been learned about these viruses using standard virologic (electron microscopy, biophysical characterization, immunoassays) and epidemiologic methods. More recently, substantial progress has been made in studying astroviruses and caliciviruses at the molecular level. Molecular techniques are now being used as diagnostic aids to characterize the epidemiology of these agents in greater detail.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Ammonia emission, deposition and impact assessment at the field scale: a case study of sub-grid spatial variability.

A local ammonia (NH3) inventory for a 5x5 km area in central England was developed, to investigate the variability of emissions, deposition and impacts of NH3 at a field scale, as well as to assess the validity of the UK 5-km grid inventory. Input data were available for the study area for 1993 and 1996 on a field by field basis, allowing NH3 emissions to be calculated for each individual field, separately for livestock grazing, livestock housing and manure storage, landspreading of manures and fertiliser N application to crops and grassland. An existing atmospheric transport model was modified and applied to model air concentrations and deposition of NH3 at a fine spatial resolution (50 m grid). From the mapped deposition estimates and land cover information, critical loads and exceedances were derived. to study the implications of local variability for regional NH3 impacts assessments. The results show that the most extreme local variability in NH3 emissions, deposition and impacts is linked to housing and storage losses. However, landspreading of manures and intensive cattle grazing are other important area sources, which vary substantially in the landscape. Overall, the range of predicted emissions from agricultural land within the study area is 0-2000 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) in 1993 and 0-8000 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) in 1996, respectively, with the peak at a poultry farm located in the study area. On average, the estimated field level NH3 emissions over the study area closely match the emission for the equivalent 5-km grid square in the national inventory for 1996. Deposition and expected impacts are highly spatially variable, with the edges of woodland and small "islands" of semi-natural vegetation in intensive agricultural areas being most at risk from enhanced deposition. Conversely the centres of larger nature reserves receive less deposition than average. As a consequence of this local variability it is concluded that national assessments at the 5 km grid level underestimate the occurrence of critical loads exceedances due to NH3 in agricultural landscapes.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2002

A DNA-based method for identification of krill species and its application to analysing the diet of marine vertebrate predators.

Accurate identification of species that are consumed by vertebrate predators is necessary for understanding marine food webs. Morphological methods for identifying prey components after consumption often fail to make accurate identifications of invertebrates because prey morphology becomes damaged during capture, ingestion and digestion. Another disadvantage of morphological methods for prey identification is that they often involve sampling procedures that are disruptive for the predator, such as stomach flushing or lethal collection. We have developed a DNA-based method for identifying species of krill (Crustacea: Malacostraca), an enormously abundant group of invertebrates that are directly consumed by many groups of marine vertebrates. The DNA-based approach allows identification of krill species present in samples of vertebrate stomach contents, vomit, and, more importantly, faeces. Utilizing samples of faeces from vertebrate predators minimizes the impact of dietary studies on the subject animals. We demonstrate our method first on samples of Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) stomach contents, where DNA-based species identification can be confirmed by prey morphology. We then apply the method to faeces of Adelie penguins and to faeces of the endangered pygmy blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda). In each of these cases, krill species consumed by the predators could be identified from their DNA present in faeces or stomach contents.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

The newly isolated lytic bacteriophages st104a and st104b are highly virulent against Salmonella enterica.

AIMS: To screen Irish faecal samples from a variety of sources with a view to isolating novel anti-Salmonella phages and to subsequently evaluate their lytic capability. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two novel anti-Salmonella phages st104a and st104b were isolated from a screening programme based on their lytic capability. The phages produced significantly larger plaques (2 mm) on the chosen indicator Salmonella enterica strain, DPC6046, when compared with the well-known control phage, Felix 01 (0.5 mm). Both phages st104a and st104b were found to have a broad host range within the Salm. enterica species. During in vitro trials, both phages (st104a and st104b) reduced Salm. enterica numbers more than 99% within 1 h. In vivo studies, involving the addition of the phage to porcine gastric juice (pH 2.5) demonstrated that phage st104a and phage Felix 01 were capable of surviving (10 and 30% survival respectively) the acidic conditions, unlike st104b, which was undetectable after 2 h exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Two novel lytic anti-Salmonella phages were isolated and characterized. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: With the exception of phage Felix 01, there has been relatively little phage therapy work performed using lytic Salmonella phage. In this study, the lytic phages st104a and st104b were isolated as a result of a faecal screening programme. Subsequently, phage st104a was found to have potential for biocontrol of Salm. enterica numbers if administered orally to pigs given their survival in porcine gastric juice, whereas, phage st104b may have potential in reducing cell numbers if applied by alternative approaches.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Impact of azlocillin on the colon microflora.

To evaluate the impact of parenteral azlocillin therapy on human colon microflora, faecal specimens were taken from 6 patients before, during and after therapy for analysis of the microflora. In 2 patients major changes took place. Thus the numbers of streptococci, Escherichia coli, anaerobic cocci, lactobacilli, clostridia and bacteroides decreased markedly during therapy. One of these patients was colonized with azlocillin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae. The other 4 patients had only minor changes in the microflora. Variations between patients seem to exist. Pronounced alterations in the colonic flora may have clinical implications.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Evaluation of novel cationic 99mTc(I)-tricarbonyl complexes as potential radiotracers for myocardial perfusion imaging.

This report describes the evaluation of three cationic (99m)Tc(I)-tricarbonyl complexes--[(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(L)](+) (L=N-methoxyethyl-N,N-bis[2-(bis(3-ethoxypropyl)phosphino)ethyl]amine (ME-PNP), N-[15-crown-5)-2-yl]-N,N-bis[2-(bis(3-ethoxypropyl)phosphino)ethyl]amine (15C5-PNP) and N-[18-crown-6)-2-yl]-N,N-bis[2-(bis(3-ethoxypropyl)phosphino)ethyl]amine (18C6-PNP))--as potential radiotracers for myocardial perfusion imaging. Biodistribution, imaging and metabolism studies were performed using Sprague-Dawley rats. It was found that bisphosphine ligands have a significant impact on the biodistribution characteristics and clearance kinetics of their cationic (99m)Tc(I)-tricarbonyl complexes. Among the three radiotracers evaluated in this study, [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(15C5-PNP)](+) has a very high initial heart uptake and is retained in the rat myocardium for >2 h. It also shows rapid clearance from the liver and lungs. The heart/liver ratio of [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(15C5-PNP)](+) is approximately 2.5 times better than that of (99m)Tc-sestamibi at 30 min postinjection. [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(15C5-PNP)](+) is almost identical to (99m)TcN-DBODC5 with respect to heart uptake, heart/lung ratio and heart/liver ratio. Results from metabolism studies show that there is no significant metabolism for [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(15C5-PNP)](+) in the urine, but it does show a small metabolite peak (<10%) in the radio high-performance liquid chromatography chromatogram of the feces sample at 120 min postinjection. Results planar imaging studies demonstrate that [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(15C5-PNP)](+) has a much better liver clearance profile than (99m)Tc-sestamibi and might give clinically useful images of the heart as early as 30 min postinjection. [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(15C5-PNP)](+) is a very promising candidate for more preclinical evaluations in various animal models.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Impact of imipenem/cilastatin therapy on faecal flora.

To evaluate the effects of parenteral imipenem/cilastatin therapy upon human faecal microflora, stool specimens obtained from ten patients before, during and after therapy were cultured quantitatively for aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. The patients received 500 mg imipenem combined with 500 mg cilastatin every 6 h for 6-11 days. The antimicrobial therapy was associated with a small decrease in the numbers of enterobacteria, anaerobic cocci and bacteroides during treatment but afterward the microflora normalized in all patients. None of the patients was colonized with new imipenem-resistant bacteria, had Clostridium difficile or cytotoxin in the stools, or developed diarrhoea.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

The viral diarrhoea epidemic 2002 in the Marshall Islands: its impact on a small island pharmacy.

This paper describes the increased demands on the pharmacy department of Majuro Hospital in the Marshall Islands during a recent viral diarrhoea epidemic. It discusses the increased number of patients, the increased usage of drugs and also the increased costs during this epidemic. The number of patients only rose 10%. However, the increase in workload of the outpatient department, laboratory and the pharmacy department was much greater. The percentage of children presenting to the outpatient department with diarrhoea increased from 10% to 80%. Oral rehydration solution (ORS) was the most common medication given during the epidemic in line with the World Health Organisation Guidelines.

Acetaminophen↗

PubMed2004

Infection dynamics of Lawsonia intracellularis in pig herds.

Little information is known about the natural course and within-herd prevalence of porcine proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. The objective of the study was to investigate the within-herd dynamics of naturally acquired L. intracellularis infection in pigs from weaning to slaughter. The study was designed as a longitudinal survey where 100 pigs from five herds were randomly selected at weaning (approximately 4 weeks of age). Every second week until slaughter (10-12 times, i.e. 20-24 weeks) the pigs were weighed and faecal as well as blood samples were collected. Faecal shedding of L. intracellularis was assessed by real time-PCR and sero-conversion by an indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Clinical disease was not reported but infection was present in all herds and the PCR assay indicated infection in 75% of pigs examined. Most L. intracellularis infected pigs were shedding at 10-12 weeks of age (22-29 kg) and shed for 2-6 successive weeks. After 18 weeks of age all shedding had ceased and re-infection at PCR detectable level was not seen. Variable L. intracellularis associated impact on growth rate was observed. Immediately before bacterial shedding and during early infection the average growth rate declined whereas a compensatory impact was observed during later infection and after bacterial shedding had ceased. The performance of the IFAT resembled the bacteriological test almost perfectly. Sero-conversion was first detected at 12-14 weeks of age. Relative to the bacterial shedding, the onset of sero-conversion was a little delayed, in general, most pigs had sero-converted 2 weeks after the first shedding. Once sero-converted, 92% of the pigs remained sero-positive over the entire survey period.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative aspects of plasma antioxidant status in sheep and goats, and the influence of experimental abomasal nematode infection.

This paper provides, for the first time, comparative data on the plasma antioxidant status of two ruminant species, namely sheep and goats. In addition, the influence of experimental infection with Teladorsagia circumcincta on antioxidant status in the same two species is compared and contrasted. In general terms, antioxidant status was significantly higher in uninfected kids than in lambs. Differences in protein sulphydryl groups and vitamin E concentrations were particularly noteworthy; trends were similar, however, for albumin, vitamin A and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Parasitological results, based on worm burden, faecal egg counts and peripheral blood eosinophil numbers, confirmed that goat kids were more susceptible than lambs to experimental T. circumcincta infection. "Trickle infection" had a variable impact on both total and individual antioxidant status; particularly during the early weeks, the trend was for reduced values in lambs and increased values in kids, as compared with uninfected controls. Subsequent challenge infection was associated with a transient decrease in TAC and albumin in trickle-infected animals of both species, and in appropriate control animals. The observed differences in plasma antioxidant capacity between sheep and goats may have important implications in terms of the comparative resilience of sheep and goats to parasite infection.

Abomasum↗

PubMed1983

[Ultrastructural changes of the tegument on Diphyllobothrium erinacei and Hymenolepis nana treated with paromomycin sulfate in vitro].

The effects of paromomycin sulfate on Diphyllobothrium erinacei and Hymenolepis nana in vitro were examined morphologically with a scanning and a transmission electron microscope. D. erinacei was incubated for 3 and 6 hours at 37 degrees C in a culture medium, 0.85% physiological saline solution, containing 0.5% paromomycin sulfate. H. nana was incubated in the same medium for 3 hours only. The concentration of paromomycin sulfate was set basing on the results which Kitamoto (1968) reported as the concentration level in feces after administrations of this drug in a clinical survey. The effect of the drug on the surface structure in both worms appeared markedly in the neck region. Mechanisms of breakdown on the tegument were supposed as follows. First, microtriches were disconnected from the tegumental surface and many vesicles were formed in the cytoplasm of the tegument. Finally, the tegument layer was excoriated to exposed the basal lamina. In 6 hours incubation, this surface of the worm suffered more damage than that in 3 hours. The damage of the basal lamina as in the case of D. latum expelled from a man by paromomycin (Y. Tongu et al.), however, could not be observed in the present study in vitro. It suggests that the destruction of basal lamina usually observed with the expelled worms from clinically treated human might be due to the combined effect of digestive enzymes secreted from host and the mechanical impact of intestinal peristalsis. Some of the vesicles in the tegument may originate from mitochondria because the fine structure of cristae were occasionally observed remaining in the vesicles.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Comparison of selenite and selenate apparent absorption and retention in infants using stable isotope methodology.

The inorganic selenium compounds selenite and selenate are used for selenium fortification of infant formulas. However, information on absorption and retention of selenium from these compounds is lacking. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine apparent absorption and retention of selenium from selenate and selenite added to a milk-based infant formula in healthy infants. Labeled test meals were prepared by addition of 10 microg Se as (76)Se-selenate or (74)Se-selenite to 500 mL formula. The two batches of labeled formulas were fed as alternate feeds during the first day of the balance period, followed by unlabeled formula. Selenium isotopes were determined in feces collected for 72h after intake and in 3 consecutive 24h collections of urine. Mean apparent absorption was 97.1% for (76)Se-selenate and 73.4% for (74)Se-selenite; mean difference 23.7% (range: 13.8%-35.7%; SD 6.8%, p < 0.001). Mean urinary excretion (% of ingested dose) was 36.4% ((76)Se-selenate) and 9.7% ((74)Se-selenite); mean difference 26.7% (range: 13.9%-36.5%; SD 5.9%, p < 0.001). Mean apparent retention of selenium from (76)Se-selenate and (74)Se-selenite was not significantly different, 60.7% ((76)Se-selenate) versus 63.7% (for (74)Se-selenite). The average difference was -3.01% (range: -14.0%-12.0%; SD 9.4%, p = 0.36). Although apparent selenium absorption and urinary excretion differed for selenite and selenate, selenium was equally well retained by infants from both selenium compounds. We therefore concluded that Se fortification of infant formulas with selenate or selenite can be expected to have similar impact on the selenium nutritional status of term infants.

Female↗

PubMed2006

Isotopic enrichment in a phloem-feeding insect: influences of nutrient and water availability.

The isotopic enrichment between an animal and its diet can vary among and within living systems, but the sources of variation are not yet fully understood. Some studies have found that diet quality or an animal's nutritional status can influence the degree of trophic enrichment, while others have dismissed nutrition as a contributing factor. We evaluated the effects of nutrient and water availability on carbon and nitrogen isotopic enrichment in a specialized plant-herbivore system. Aphids are largely sedentary and rely exclusively on nitrogen-poor phloem sap of their host for nutrition. We grew potato aphids [Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Aphididae)] on an accepted host, pumpkin [Cucurbita pepo L. (Cucurbitaceae)], in a glasshouse environment. Twelve pumpkin plants growing under high- and low-watering regimes were inoculated at 4 weeks of age with aphids. During the course of the experiment we collected leaves, phloem sap, aphids and honeydew (i.e., aphid exudates). We found no trophic enrichment between aphids and their phloem sap diet, but significant carbon enrichment of honeydew relative to aphids (2.5 per thousand) and phloem sap (2.1 per thousand). Honeydew was also enriched in nitrogen compared to the phloem sap (1.2 per thousand). Watering treatment had a substantial impact on trophic enrichment. Correlations among tissues, an indication of uniform trophic enrichment among samples, were significant only for the carbon isotopic composition, and then only for plants and aphids grown in the low-water treatment. Diet quality also influenced the degree of isotopic enrichment; trophic enrichment for both carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition increased as diet quality (C/N) declined. We conclude that the degree of trophic enrichment is variable due, in part, to diet quality, but that the scale of variation is small.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2002

Long-term survival of Escherichia coli O157 on pasture following an outbreak associated with sheep at a scout camp.

AIMS: To monitor the decay of E. coli O157 in soil (loamy sand) on a scout campsite following an outbreak in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS: Samples of soil and sheep faeces were collected from the campsite and tested for the presence of E. coli O157 by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) after enrichment in buffered peptone water + vancomycin at 42 degrees C for 6 h. Enumeration of target was carried out by direct plating onto sorbitol MacConkey agar plates supplemented with cefixime and tellurite (CTSMAC) incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Low numbers (< 100 g(-1)) were estimated by the most probable number (3-tube MPN) technique. CONCLUSIONS: Survival was observed for 15 weeks. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: A number of laboratory studies have followed the decay of E. coli O157 in soil, animal faeces and water. This study follows (for the first time) the decay of the organism in soil after an outbreak associated with sheep. It demonstrates the long-term persistence of the organism in the environment and the results will be potentially important in performing risk assessments for both human and animal infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Methods for assessing the impact of avermectins on the decomposer community of sheep pastures.

This paper outlines methods which can be used in the field assessment of potentially toxic chemicals such as the avermectins. The procedures focus on measuring the effects of the drug on decomposer organisms and the nutrient cycling process in pastures grazed by sheep. Measurements of decomposer activity are described along with methods for determining dry and organic matter loss and mineral loss from dung to the underlying soil. Sampling methods for both micro- and macro-invertebrates are discussed along with determination of the percentage infection of plant roots with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. An integrated sampling unit for assessing the ecotoxicity of ivermectin in pastures grazed by sheep is presented.

Animals↗