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PubMed2002

Ring vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease.

The study of the available information, notably after the epizootic of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) which raged in Western Europe in 2001, shows that, in the current conditions of the international sanitary rules relative to this disease, in a FMD-free country of Western Europe accidentally infected, ring vaccination is a solution which, with regard to preventive slaughter, contains more inconveniences (notably economic) than advantages. The appeal to ring vaccination would be interesting only as far as the international sanitary rules would be modified by taking into account the results expected from the coordinated use of highly purified vaccines and differential research kits (vaccine-linked versus infection-linked antibodies). Propositions are this way made.

Animals↗
PubMed1966

Presence and persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in bovine skin.

Gailiunas, Peter (Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory, Greenport, N. Y.), and George E. Cottral. Presence and persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in bovine skin. J. Bacteriol. 91:2333-2338. 1966.-This study established that the seven known antigenic types of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have consistent affinity to all areas of bovine skin, even though gross cutaneous lesions usually are found only in the pedal area. Considerable amounts of FMDV were present in skin of 13 different body areas, irrespective of the presence of hair. All skin specimens from the trunk of 50 experimentally infected steers, necropsied from 12 hr to 7 days postinoculation (DPI), contained FMDV in the dermal and epidermal tissues. In skins of some steers, FMDV persisted for as long as 5 days after cessation of viremia. The highest average virus titer, 10(3.6) plaque-forming units (PFU) per g of skin, was found at 2 DPI. Some areas of the trunk and extremities had titers of approximately 10(5.0) PFU per g of skin. Characteristic gross lesions were not observed in sampling areas. The present observations have epizootiological importance for hides offered in international trade, because FMDV localized intracutaneously is more difficult to inactivate than virus adhering to hide surfaces.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Simulated economic consequences of foot-and-mouth disease epidemics and their public control in France.

The efficient management of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemics in France was examined through a simulation model which combines epidemiological and economic modules. From the reactions of the importing countries in terms of the products subject to import bans and the regionalization commitments, the economic module assesses the financial consequences of FMD outbreaks borne not only by the breeding sector but also by the other economic sectors on regional and national levels. Among the control options for FMD, the strategy of stamping out infected herds and dangerous in-contact herds most often contributes to reducing the economic consequences of FMD epidemics. Implementing a campaign of emergency vaccination is socially optimal if the additional export losses associated with the delay of slaughtering the vaccinated animals are offset by the gains of reducing the duration of the FMD epidemic. The importance of reducing as much as possible the total duration of the import bans is stressed by the estimated cost of an extra week of import bans. The optimal control strategy was unaffected by the introduction of stochastic parameters.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

T-lymphocyte responses in guinea pigs vaccinated with foot-and-mouth disease virus.

The guinea pig provides an alternative experimental model for analysis of the immune response against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The cellular immune response against FMDV in this experimental animal is unknown and was analyzed by in vivo and in vitro studies. In guinea pigs immunized with an FMDV A5 vaccine, a marked change in T-lymphocyte count appeared. For analyzing which functional T-cell compartment was affected, immunofluorescence studies, using monoclonal antibodies directed against differentiation antigens on guinea pig lymphoid cells, were performed. The proliferating T-cells were predominantly CD4-positive and, therefore, helper cells. T-cells from these animals were re-stimulated in vitro with homologous inactivated virus. The antigen-specific proliferative response of the T-cells in vitro was measured using the thymidine incorporation assay. A proliferative response to FMDV was observed that depended on the dose of the antigen. High concentration of virus had an inhibitory effect on T-cell proliferation. These data indicate that the guinea pig is a useful model for analysis of T-cell mediated mechanisms in the pathogenesis and immunity of foot-and-mouth disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Antigenic variation in Foot and Mouth Disease Virus type Asia 1 isolates circulated during 1993-95 in India.

The antigenic variation in Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) is very high. The effective strategy to control the Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in India which is a habitat of four serotypes O, A, C and Asia 1, is by regular vaccination, using the vaccine strain most suitable for the local situation. India is an endemic country with the disease being widely distributed. Selection of vaccine strain should therefore need the information on the circulating viruses. Asia 1 causes the second largest number of disease outbreaks in India. As there is no information available with respect to the extent of antigenic variation in FMDV type Asia 1, we have studied FMDV isolates from vaccinated and unvaccinated animals from different parts of the country and compared their relationship with Asia 1 vaccine virus. The immunogenic, hypervariable region of viral protein 1 (VP1) gene was amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. Analysis of sequence data showed that the viruses from two field outbreaks of Southern India were closely related to each other when compared to the isolate from the North and all the three isolates are away from the vaccine virus.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evolving perception on the benefits of vaccination as a foot and mouth disease control policy: contributions of South America.

Within the past decade, changes in perceptions on the benefits of vaccination as an appropriate tool to achieve complete foot and mouth disease eradication have become evident. The former negative view was derived from misconceptions, resulting mainly from the belief that vaccines are not entirely effective and that vaccination masks asymptomatic viral circulation. The advent in the 1990s of vaccination policies implemented within a strategic eradication plan in South America, and during recurrence of the disease in disease-free regions contributed towards generating more reliable and visible outcomes of vaccination programs, paving the way towards a new perception. Particularly relevant was the development and application of novel serodiagnostic approaches to assess silent viral circulation, irrespective of vaccination. The use in South America of vaccination allied to serosurveys to accompany viral clarification during eradication campaigns and after emergencies clearly established the importance of this control tool to stop the spread of viral infection. This alliance gave input to break many myths associated with the use of vaccines, including the belief that immunized carrier animals pose an epidemiologic risk. This experience launched new concepts that supported the internationally recognized status of foot and mouth disease-free regions with vaccination and the 'vaccination to live' policy as an alternative to 'stamping out'.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Estimation of 140S particles in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccine by using the computer analyzing system.

The quantity of 140S particles in inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccine samples produced in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Production Center (FMD Vaccine Production Center) in Thailand was estimated by the sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and optical density analysis by using the computer applying system. The soft ware; Chromato Data System (CDS) (Nihon Chromato Works Co., Ltd. Japan) which is prepared for the analysis of chromatography, was applied for the estimation of 140S particles in FMDV vaccine. The quantity of 140S particles in each vaccine sample measured by CDS was mostly ranged from 2-4 micrograms/ml and this quantity was consistent with the results of the other reports. This method is considered to be the available method for estimation of 140S particles in FMDV vaccine as routine assay.

Aphthovirus↗
PubMed2002

Investigation of the possible spread of foot-and-mouth disease virus by the burning of animal carcases on open pyres.

An atmospheric dispersion model was used to predict the airborne spread and concentrations of foot-and-mouth disease virus within the plumes generated by 11 pyres built to burn infected carcases during the epidemic of 2001 in the UK. On the basis of assumptions about the quantity of virus emitted during the three hours after the pyres were built and the threshold concentration of virus required to cause an infection in cattle, it was concluded that none of the disease breakdowns which occurred under the plumes was due to the spread of virus from the pyres.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1994

Application of subjective methods to the determination of the likelihood and consequences of the entry of foot-and-mouth disease into New Zealand.

New Zealand has a history of continuous freedom from foot-and-mouth disease and relies on a two-tier system of surveillance to maintain this status. The first involves border control procedures and stringent importation standards, and the second is an exotic disease and pest response programme. As part of an economic evaluation comparing the exotic disease and pest response programme against a hypothetical lower grade ;measured response programme subjective judgements of the risks involved were required. Twenty-eight selected animal health professionals, predominantly veterinarians, were posted a questionnaire that used three techniques (single point estimates, three point estimates and elicitation methods) to determine the risk components in a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak. The two key variables were the probability of an outbreak in New Zealand, and the number of secondary properties to which the disease spread during the epidemic. A Delphi conference of ten selected participants then focused mainly on the two key variables, with a second round postal extension to this group for the first variable. The individual data sets were then analysed and combined using a stochastic simulation technique. The final mean probability of an outbreak was about once in 50 years (0.0199). The mean numbers of farms to which disease would spread during an epidemic under the existing exotic disease and pest response programme, a measured response programme which allowed vaccination and a measured response programme which excluded vaccination were estimated to be 61, 478 and 2230 respectively. The policy implications arising from the quantification of these two key variables are that more expenditure on preparedness is justifiable and current resource planning is barely adequate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus gene products with antisera against bacterially synthesized fusion proteins.

Defined segments of the cloned foot-and-mouth disease virus genome corresponding to all parts of the coding region were expressed in Escherichia coli as fusions to the N-terminal part of the MS2-polymerase gene under the control of the inducible lambda PL promoter. All constructs yielded large amounts of proteins, which were purified and used to raise sequence-specific antisera in rabbits. These antisera were used to identify the corresponding viral gene products in 35S-labeled extracts from foot-and-mouth disease virus gene products in the nucleotide sequence, to identify precursor-product relationships, and to detect several foot-and-mouth disease virus gene products not previously identified in vivo or in vitro.

Animals↗