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At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

The relationship between disc degeneration and morphologic changes in the intervertebral foramen of the cervical spine: a cadaveric MRI and CT study.

A cadaveric study was performed to investigate the relationship between disc degeneration and morphological changes in the intervertebral foramen of cervical spine, including the effect on the nerve root. Seven fresh frozen human cadavers were dissected from C1 to T1, preserving the ligaments, capsules, intervertebral disc and the neural structures. The specimens were scanned with MRI and then scanned through CT scan in the upright position. Direct mid-sagittal and 45 degree oblique images were obtained to measure the dimension of the intervertebral disc height, foraminal height, width, area and segmental angles. Disc degeneration was inversely correlated with disc height. There was a significant correlation between disc degeneration and foraminal width (p<0.005) and foraminal area (p< 0.05), but not with foraminal height. Disc height was correlated with foraminal width but not with height. The segmental angles were decreased more in advanced degenerated discs. There was a correlation between nerve root compression and decreased foraminal width and area (p<0.005). This information and critical dimensions of the intervertebral foramen for nerve root compression should help in the diagnosis of foraminal stenosis of the cervical spine in patients presenting with cervical spondylosis and radiculopathy.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Histological study on gland tissue in the median region of the lingual root--morphology of the foramen cecum and posterior lingual gland].

The lingual root is an area where the thyroid gland develops and small salivary glands composed of both serous and mucous glands are distributed in the submucosa. In this paper the foramen cecum and mucous glands at the root of the tongue were histologically investigated in serial sagittal sections of the medial portion of the lingual root. The materials were obtained from 59 autopsied cases, excluding the cases with metabolic disease, brain tumor and neck tumor in whom the original disease might exert direct or indirect effects to the gland tissue. The frontal end was determined to be the line which connects the right and left palatoglossal arch junctions with the tongue, and the rear end the line of transition of the vallecula to the epiglottis. The specimen was cut in half along the median lingual sulcus and median glossoepiglottic fold. Each serial section of 4 microns in thickness was cut from the median plain to the lateral and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin or Pas-Alcian blue at pH 2.5. The results of the study were summarized as follows. 1) The foramen cecum was histopathologically confirmed in 12 cases out of 59 (20%). The ratio of the detection did not show any difference between both sexes and in the groups of different age. 2) The mucous gland opening into the mucosal epithelium, which were located at the side of the lingual apex from the Ebner's gland or serous gland, were detected in 45 out of 59 (76%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[The diffusion route of Indian Ink injected into the infraorbital nerve trunk at the infraorbital foramen of the rabbit].

The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate the disseminating routes of viruses, bacteria, tumor cells and various substances along the trigeminal nerve sheaths. Thirty-four rabbits weighing approximately 3 kg were used for this study. After an intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital, the left infraorbital foramen was exposed surgically. Then, various amounts of Indian ink solution were injected with a syringe driver for continuous microinfusion into the infraorbital nerve trunk at a rate of 0.03 ml per minute. In all cases, during the appropriate state of general anesthesia, intravascular perfusion was performed with 10% folmaldehyde. The cranial and facial part of the rabbit were separated, decalcificated by Plank & Rychlo's method, dehydrated in an alcohol series, and embedded in 8% celloidin. Finally, 30 or 40 micrometer thick sections were stained with Hematoxilin-Eosin. The following results were obtained: (1) The Indian ink injected into the infraorbital nerve trunk at the infraorbital foramen diffused along the infraorbital nerve and maxillary nerve, but did not reach the trigeminal ganglion. (2) The Indian ink diffused along the nasal branches of the infraorbital nerve and reached a point near the nose tip. (3) The small branches of the infraorbital nerve and its accompanying vessels penetrated the bony wall of the maxillary sinus, and the Indian ink reached the proper layer of the sinus mucous membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Population-based study of the relationship between patent foramen ovale and cerebrovascular ischemic events.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a risk factor for a cryptogenic cerebrovascular ischemic event (CIE). METHODS: This case-control study of 1072 residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, who underwent contrast transesophageal echocardiography between 1993 and 1997 included 519 controls without CIE randomly selected from the population, 262 controls without CIE referred for transesophageal echocardiography because of cardiac disease, 158 cases with incident CIE of obvious cause (noncryptogenic), and 133 cases with incident CIE of uncertain cause (cryptogenic). RESULTS: Large PFOs were detected in 108 randomly selected controls (20.8%), 22 referred controls (8.4%), 17 noncryptogenic CIE cases (10.8%), and 22 cryptogenic CIE cases (16.5%). After adjustment for age, sex, hypertension, smoking, atrial fibrillation, ischemic heart disease, and number of contrast injections, the presence of a large PFO was not significantly associated with group status (P=.07). Using the odds of the presence of large PFO in the randomly selected controls as the reference, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of the presence of large PFO was 0.47 (0.26-0.87) for referred controls, 0.69 (0.37-1.29) for noncryptogenic CIE cases, and 1.10 (0.63-1.90) for cryptogenic CIE cases. CONCLUSIONS: Patent foramen ovale is not a risk factor for cryptogenic ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in the general population. The PFO's importance in the genesis of cryptogenic CIE may have been overestimated in previous studies because of selective referral of cases and underascertainment of PFO among comparison groups of patients referred for echocardiography for clinical indications other than cryptogenic CIE.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Recreational scuba diving, patent foramen ovale and their associated risks.

Scuba diving has become a popular leisure time activity with distinct risks to health owing to its physical characteristics. Knowledge of the behaviour of any mixture of breathable gases under increased ambient pressure is crucial for safe diving and gives clues as to the pathophysiology of compression or decompression related disorders. Immersion in cold water augments cardiac pre- and afterload due to an increase of intrathoracic blood volume and peripheral vasoconstriction. In very rare cases, the vasoconstrictor response can lead to pulmonary oedema. Immersion of the face in cold water is associated with bradycardia mediated by increased vagal tone. In icy water, the bradycardia can be so pronounced, that syncope results. For recreational dives, compressed air (i.e., 4 parts nitrogen and 1 part oxygen) is the preferred breathing gas. Its use is limited for diving to 40 to 50 m, otherwise nitrogen narcosis ("rapture of the deep") reduces a diver's cognitive function and increases the risk of inadequate reactions. At depths of 60 to 70 m oxygen toxicity impairs respiration and at higher partial pressures also functioning of the central nervous system. The use of special nitrogen-oxygen mixtures ("nitrox", 60% nitrogen and 40% oxygen as the typical example) decreases the probability of nitrogen narcosis and probably bubble formation, at the cost of increased risk of oxygen toxicity. Most of the health hazards during dives are consequences of changes in gas volume and formation of gas bubbles due to reduction of ambient pressure during a diver's ascent. The term barotrauma encompasses disorders related to over expansion of gas filled body cavities (mainly the lung and the inner ear). Decompression sickness results from the growth of gas nuclei in predominantly fatty tissue. Arterial gas embolism describes the penetration of such gas bubbles into the systemic circulation, either due to pulmonary barotrauma, transpulmonary passage after massive bubble formation ("chokes") or cardiac shunting. In recreational divers, neurological decompression events comprise 80% of reported cases of major decompression problems, most of the time due to pathological effects of intravascular bubbles. In divers with a history of major neurological decompression symptoms without evident cause, transoesophageal echocardiography must be performed to exclude a patent foramen ovale. If a cardiac right-to-left shunt is present, we advise divers with a history of severe decompression illness to stop diving. If they refuse to do so, it is crucial that they change their diving habits, minimising the amount of nitrogen load on the tissue. There is ongoing debate about the long term risk of scuba diving. Neuro-imaging studies revealed an increased frequency of ischaemic brain lesions in divers, which do not correlate well with subtle functional neurological deficits in experienced divers. In the light of the high prevalence of venous gas bubbles even after dives in shallow water and the presence of a cardiac right-to-left shunt in a quarter of the population (i.e., patent foramen ovale), arterialisation of gas bubbles might be more frequent than usually presumed.

Atrophy↗
PubMed1999

Parietal hernia of the small intestine into the epiploic foramen of a horse.

A 12-year old 573-kg (1,261-lb) Quarter Horse gelding was referred with colic of 12 hours' duration and with poor response to medical treatment. On the basis of physical and laboratory findings, a pelvic flexure impaction was suspected. The horse was treated medically. Because signs of mild abdominal pain persisted and the heart rate had increased, an exploratory celiotomy was performed 30 hours after signs of colic were first noticed. At surgery, the ileum was found partially entrapped within the epiploic foramen, in a left-to-right direction, to form a parietal hernia. The entrapped intestinal segment was reduced but not resected, and the horse recovered fully. In retrospect, the delay before surgery in this horse was tolerated because this was a parietal hernia and, therefore, did not cause complete ileal obstruction. This horse had an unusual form of small-intestinal strangulation in the epiploic foramen that might not cause sufficient obstruction initially to allow early detection.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Hypoxia due to patent foramen ovale in the absence of pulmonary hypertension.

In most patients with a patent foramen ovale, blood flows from the left atrium to the right atrium in the absence of pulmonary hypertension. Our report describes a patient with a patent foramen ovale in whom flow occurred from the right atrium to the left atrium in the absence of pulmonary hypertension. We discuss hemodynamic findings and present a brief review of the pertinent medical literature regarding this phenomenon. We also discuss the role of transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of this condition and in the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms, and we suggest several mechanisms that may explain the occurrence of this phenomenon in our patient.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A case of jugular foramen chordoma with extension to the neck: CT and MR findings.

We describe a case of jugular foramen chordoma with extracranial extension into the carotid, parapharyngeal, and perivertebral spaces through the jugular foramen. Although this type of extension is unusual, the differential diagnosis of head and neck tumors includes unusual extension of chordoma as well as extension of meningioma and neurinoma from the posterior skull base.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

[Lumbar lateral recess and intervertebral foramen. Radio-anatomical study].

The recent developments in Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) allow an accurate analysis of the anatomical structures of the lateral recess and of the neural foramen (vertebral body, pedicle, zygapophyseal joints, ligamentum flavum, intervertebral disk) and their contents (spinal ganglion, nerves roots, foraminal veins, surrounding fat). The aim of this study is 1) to describe the normal anatomy and variants of the lateral recess and of the lumbar neural foramen, and 2) to present the main diseases involving this anatomical area.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

Foramen of Morgagni hernia diagnosed by liver scan.

A case of foramen of Morgagni hernia (partial eventration of the right diaphragm) containing liver was diagnosed by hepatic scintiphotography. Diagnostic pneumoperitoneum has been recommended as the procedure of choice in the past. It is suggested that this be replaced by liver scaning. The similarity between eventration of the right diaphragm and foramen of Morgagni hernia is discussed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1975

Hernia through the foramen of Winslow.

The authors present a patient who has ascarid-containing jejunum herniated through the foramen of Winslow and incarcerated. Some remarkable anatomic abnormalities were noticed upon operation. These consisted of a short ascending colon, an unusually large foramen of Winslow, and smallness of the greater omentum. Before reduction, resection of the herniated and incarcerated segment of jejunum were performed. Barium enema and swallow are valuable diagnostic acids, as well as the plain film of the abdomen, but we prefer gastrographin study. With it the dangers of perforation and peritonitis are avoided.

Ascariasis↗
PubMed2000

Inferior alveolar nerve block by injection into the pterygomandibular space anterior to the mandibular foramen: radiographic study of local anesthetic spread in the pterygomandibular space.

We studied the spread of local anesthetic solution in the inferior alveolar nerve block by the injection of local anesthetic solution into the pterygomandibular space anterior to the mandibular foramen (anterior technique). Seventeen volunteers were injected with 1.8 mL of a mixture containing lidocaine and contrast medium utilizing the anterior technique. The course of spread was traced by fluoroscopy in the sagittal plane, and the distribution area was evaluated by lateral cephalograms and horizontal computed tomography. The results indicate that the contrast medium mixture spreads rapidly in the pterygomandibular space to the inferior alveolar nerve in the subjects who exhibited inferior alveolar nerve block effect. We concluded that the anesthetic effect due to the anterior technique was produced by the rapid distribution of anesthetic solution in the pterygomandibular space toward the mandibular foramen, and individual differences in the time of onset of analgesia may be due to differences in the histologic perineural tissues.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Bursa omentalis hernia through Winslow's foramen].

The case of a 61 year old female patient suffering from an incarerated hernia through the foramen of Winslow into the lesser sac is discussed. The hernia contained the terminal ileum (20 cm) with caecum, part of the appendix, the ascending colon, hepatic flexure and the first third of the transverse colon. This type of hernia is one of the rarer forms which may occur. After surgical reposition of the hernia contents and closure of the foramen of Winslow, the patient recovered completely and was discharged.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Patent foramen ovale: pathophysiology and therapeutic options in symptomatic patients.

The foramen ovale, a remnant from the fetal circulation, remains patent through adulthood in approximately 1/4th of the general population, thus representing the most common persistent abnormality of fetal origin. In these individuals, the patent foramen ovale (PFO) permits interatrial right-to-left shunting during those periods of time when right atrial exceeds left atrial pressure. Recently, the pathophysiological aspects of the PFO have been increasingly appreciated, giving rise to disease manifestations such as paradoxical embolism, refractory hypoxemia in patients with right ventricular infarction or severe pulmonary disease, orthostatic desaturation in the setting of the rare platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome, neurological decompression illness in divers, and migraine headache with aura. Despite the growing recognition of the PFO, particularly when associated with an atrial septal aneurysm, as risk factor for paradoxical embolism, the optimal treatment strategy for symptomatic patients remains undefined. Most patients with presumed paradoxical embolism are currently treated medically with antithrombotic medications, with a paucity of data concerning the efficacy of oral anticoagulant as opposed to antiplatelet therapy. Surgical PFO closure has proved feasible, but the procedure is associated with the well known complications of cardiac surgery, and the results have been mixed with respect to stroke prevention. The recent introduction of interatrial septal occlusion devices set the stage for a minimally invasive, percutaneous approach. The present article discusses the pathophysiology of the PFO, and the advantages and drawbacks of the different therapeutic options available for symptomatic patients.

Embolism, Paradoxical↗
PubMed2002

Unusual small choroid plexus cyst obstructing the foramen of monroe: case report.

This is a case report of unusual case of choroid plexus cyst at the right foramen of Monro in the anterior third ventricle that caused unilateral obstructive hydrocephalus. The value of small-FOV thin-section MR imaging in the diagnosis of small lesions of the foramen of Monroe is demonstrated. The immunohistochemical findings in choroid epithelial cysts in comparison with those of other types of cysts at this location are discussed.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed2002

A novel technique to prevent displacement of inferior vena cava filter during cardiac catheterization with subsequent transcatheter closure of a patent foramen ovale in a patient with cryptogenic shock.

We describe a novel technique to prevent displacement of a previously implanted inferior vena cava filter in a patient with cryptogenic stroke who underwent transcatheter closure of a patent foramen ovale. This technique may be of use to patients with cryptogenic stroke who might benefit from transcatheter closure of their patent foramen ovale but would otherwise not be candidates for the procedure because of risk of dislodgement of previously implanted inferior vena cava filter.

Adult↗