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PubMed1992

Redundant nerve roots of the cauda equina caused by lumbar spinal canal stenosis.

To investigate pathogenesis of redundant nerve roots of the cauda equina, which were concomitant with severe lumbar spinal canal stenosis, six cadavers were examined anatomically and histopathologically, and quantitative analysis of nerve fibers was performed. In this anatomic study, it was observed that all the redundant nerve roots passed through the constriction of the spinal canal. No significant pathologic change was detected in the spinal ganglia and in the spinal cords except for the posterior column, in which dorsal redundant roots were entering. Redundant nerve roots of unequal length also were observed in the anatomic study. The spatial distribution of redundant nerve roots and the extent of degeneration of nerve fibers in them were established by these histopathologic and quantitative studies. These facts indicated a close causal relationship between redundant nerve roots and constriction of the spinal canal, and that the pathogenesis of redundant nerve roots was a squeezing force acting on the nerve roots at the area of spinal canal constriction.

Cauda Equina↗
PubMed1987

[Experimental studies of the location of neural centers in the bovine uterus].

Three cows of the black-and-white breed were used for the studies. In cow N.1 the ovary, oviduct and the uterus were excised. In cow N.2 the uterus cornua were excised. The control was cow N.3. The animals were slaughtered after 21 days from the operation and the following material was taken: medulla oblongata, the thoraco-lumbosacral segment of the spinal cord together with bilateral spinal ganglia and the sympathetic trunk ganglia, as well as nerve ganglia and plexi of the abdominal and pelvic cavities. The material was fixed in alcohol, embedded in paraffine and cut into 15 micron thick clises which were stained according to Nissel'a modified method. The analysis of the preparations ahowed that the central nervous system sends directly to the uterus a small number of nerve fibres from the following nuclei; of the vagus nerve (medulla oblongata), intermediolateralis, intermedio-medialis and of the cerebello-spinal tract (spinal cord). Most fibres innervating the uterus of the cow come from the ganglia and plexi of the peripheral vegetative system; mesenteric anterior, hypogastric, pelvic, visceral, mesenteric posterior and also form ganglia of the sympathetic trunk and spinal ganglia.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Capsazepine, a novel capsaicin antagonist, selectively antagonises the effects of capsaicin in the mouse spinal cord in vitro.

The mouse hemisected spinal cord with attached dorsal roots and spinal ganglia in vitro preparation was used to investigate the effects of the capsaicin antagonist, capsazepine (2-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylamino-thiocarbonyl]-7,8-dihydroxy-2,3,4 ,5- tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine). The spinal cord and the ganglia were separated by a perspex gap, allowing application of drugs separately to each compartment. Intracellular recordings were made from 37 cells in laminae II-VI of 12 to 20-day-old mice. Brief applications (30 s) of capsaicin (0.8 microM) excited dorsal horn neurones by activating small diameter primary afferent fibres. The response to capsaicin administered to the spinal cord or to the spinal ganglia was antagonised by the capsaicin antagonist, capsazepine (1.5 microM), administered to the same site. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked by electrical stimulation of the dorsal root were not affected by capsazepine. Capsazepine itself (5 microM) did not affect the membrane potential of the dorsal horn cells. Capsazepine did not depress the depolarization evoked by substance P. When capsazepine was applied to the spinal cord and capsaicin to the dorsal root ganglion the capsaicin effect was not antagonised. These data suggest that capsaicin-induced depolarization of spinal dorsal horn neurones was mediated via activation of a specific receptor on primary afferent neurones.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1981

Intranuclear inclusion bodies within neurons of spinal and cranial ganglia in three cyprinid species.

A histological examination of 205 fish representing four cyprinid species from a site 2.5 miles north of Wheeling, West Virginia, on the Ohio River revealed large (2--4 micron) cuboidal intranuclear inclusion bodies (NIB's) within neurons in the cranial and spinal ganglia of three species. Because the minnows had been caught during a yearly sampling of fish, an additional 63 minnows were taken the following year. Inclusions were again observed. The NIB's stain strongly with phloxine as well as with Mallory and Giemsa stains, appearing bright red or pink. Various histochemical tests indicated that the inclusions contain protein and lipid but no carbohydrates or nucleic acids. No heavy metals were detected by electron probe analysis. At the ultrastructural level the inclusions exhibit subunits resembling hexagons measuring 326--350 nm. Previously suggested causes for such inclusions include effects of viruses, aging, drugs, cellular transformation, and an altered metabolic state of affected cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Capsaicin depletes CCK-like immunoreactivity detected by immunohistochemistry, but not that measured by radioimmunoassay in rat dorsal spinal cord.

In rats treated neonatally with capsaicin there were significant reductions in substance P measured by radioimmunoassay in dorsal spinal cord, spinal ganglia, and coeliac ganglia, but concentrations of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8) measured by radioimmunoassay were not decreased. However, immunohistochemical studies using antisera to both substance P and CCK8, respectively, demonstrated decreased immunoreactive material in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The nature of the material localized by CCK8 antiserum in immunohistochemistry remains to be resolved.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Characterization of various nervous tissues of the chick embryos through responses to chronic application and immunocytochemistry of beta-bungarotoxin.

beta-Bungarotoxin (beta-BT) was applied to chick embryos at 3-day intervals beginning on the fourth day of incubation to investigate ultrastructurally the effects of chronically and massively applied beta-BT on various nervous tissues and muscles. On the twenty-first day of incubation, spinal cords of beta-BT treated embryos were conspicuously decreased in size. Ventral root fibers dorsal root fibers, white matter, and motor neurons disappeared. Although spinal ganglia and sympathetic trunk ganglia were completely absent, Auerbach's and Meissner's ganglia nerve cells in the small intestine and adrenal medullary cells were not affected. In retinas of beta-BT treated animals ganglion cells and optic nerve fibers disappeared, but photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells and horizontal cells remained intact. Furthermore, olfactory nerve cells and their unmyelinated nerve fibers ensheathed by Schwann cells were quite undamaged. Skeletal muscles degenerated, whereas cardiac muscles were unaffected. In the present study various nervous tissues of the twenty-first day normal chick embryos were incubated with beta-BT and target cells of beta-BT were detected directly by the reaction with horseradish peroxidase labelled anti beta-BT guinea pig IgG. Motor nerve cells in the spinal cords, spinal and sympathetic ganglia nerve cells, ganglion cells and some nerve cells at the inner part of the inner nuclear layer in the retinas were positively stained, whereas Auerbach's and Meissner's ganglia nerve cells in the small intestine, adrenal medullary cells, photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells and horizontal cells in the retina and olfactory nerve cells were negative. Thus the present study shows the beta-BT has extensive destructive effects on various nerve cells which were revealed to be target neurons of beta-BT by immunocytochemistry. Those nerve cells, affected by beta-BT and positively stained with immunocytochemical reaction were supposed to have different characteristics from unaffected cells. One of the differences between these affected cells and unaffected cells may be whether there exist binding sites for beta-BT on the plasma membrane or not. The possibility of the use of beta-BT to characterize various nervous tissues is presented in the present study.

Adrenal Medulla↗
PubMed1992

High and low affinity NGF receptor mRNAs in human foetal spinal cord and ganglia.

The cellular localization of mRNAs encoding the low affinity NGF receptor (here referred to as LANR) and the putative high affinity receptor for NGF, trk, have been studied in the human foetal spinal and sympathetic ganglia, and spinal cord, using in situ hybridization. The receptor mRNAs were highly expressed in the spinal and sympathetic ganglia, with most but not all neurons expressing both LANR and trk mRNA. Spinal nerve rootlets distal to the spinal ganglia expressed LANR but not trk mRNA, confirming the presence of the low affinity receptor in developing Schwann cells. In the spinal cord, LANR mRNA was found throughout the medial and lateral motor columns while, trk mRNA was detected in scattered cells in the dorsal aspect of developing grey matter.

Fetus↗
PubMed2002

Distribution of spinal sensory neurons supplying the adrenal gland in the pig.

The present study was aimed at disclosing which spinal ganglia contribute to the innervation of the adrenal gland in the pig with special regard to the morphology and intraganglionic distribution of the primary sensory neurons within these ganglia. To this end, the animals were injected with a retrograde fluorescent neuronal tracer Fast Blue into the left adrenal gland during laparotomy. After a survival period of three weeks, labelled spinal sensory neurons were found in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia (approximately 99% of all retrogradely marked neurons). However, single adrenal gland-projecting perikarya were observed also in the contralateral dorsal root ganglia from Th3 to L3. The majority of the retrogradely labelled afferent neurons (above 65% of all Fast Blue-positive (FB+) perikarya) were located in two groups of spinal ganglia (at neuromeres Th6-7 and Th12-14, approximately 18% and 47% of neurons, respectively), forming two distinct multiganglionic centres of origin for this neural pathway. The morphometric evaluation of FB+ neurons revealed that the vast majority of them (approximately 81%) belonged to the class of small-sized perikarya (10-30 microm in diameter), while the medium-sized (diameter 30-80 microm) and large neurons comprised only up to 13% and 6.5% of adrenal gland-projecting neurons, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of the intraganglionic distribution pattern of the retrogradely labelled cells revealed that the highest number of them was located in the medio-caudal domain of the dorsal root ganglia, irrespective of the neuromere studied. Thus, the present study has revealed sources and morphological characteristic of spinal afferent neurons supplying the porcine adrenal gland, simultaneously pointing out to the characteristic features of their inter- and intraganglionic distribution pattern.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1987

In vivo and in vitro expression of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity by neural crest derivatives.

Qualitative and quantitative in vivo studies were performed on the development of the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the peripheral nervous system of quail embryos. VIP-like immunoreactivity (VIPLI) was found by radioimmunoassay (RIA) from the sixth day of embryonic life onward in the sympathetic chain, the esophagus and duodenum, and from day 15 of incubation onward in the adrenal glands and the nodose ganglia. By using immunocytochemistry, we identified cells expressing VIPLI in sensory spinal ganglia of 13- to 15-day-old embryos. In neural crest cultures, cells expressing the VIP phenotype differentiated constantly under various culture conditions, in contrast to other phenotypes which had specific medium requirements, i.e. adrenergic cells or substance P-containing neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Origin and central projections of rat dorsal penile nerve: possible direct projection to autonomic and somatic neurons by primary afferents of nonmuscle origin.

Cell number, size, and somatotopic arrangement within the spinal ganglia of the cells of origin of the rat dorsal penile nerve (DPN), and their spinal cord projections, were studied by loading the proximal stump of the severed DPN with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The DPN sensory cells were located entirely in the sixth lumbar (L6) dorsal root ganglia (DRG), in which a mean of 468 +/- 78 cells per side were observed, measuring 26.7 +/- 0.8 microns in their longest axis (range 10-65 microns) and distributed apparently randomly within the ganglia. Within the spinal cord, no retrograde label was found, i.e., no motoneurons were labeled, indicating that in the rat the DPN is formed exclusively of sensory nerve fibers. Although labeled fibers entered the cord only through L6, transganglionically transported HRP was evident in all spinal segments examined, i.e., T13-S2. Labeled fibers projected along the inner edge of the dorsal horn (medial pathway) throughout their extensive craniosacral distribution. However, laminar distribution varied with spinal segment. In the dorsal horn, terminals or preterminal axons were found in the dorsal horn marginal zone (lamina I), the substantia gelatinosa (lamina II), the nucleus proprius (laminae III and IV--the most consistent projection), Clarke's column (lamina VI), and the dorsal gray commissure. In the ventral horn, terminals were found in lamina VII and lamina IX. Label apposed to cell somas and dendrites in lamina VII may represent direct primary afferent projections onto sympathetic autonomic neurons. In lamina IX, labeled terminals delineated the somas and dendrites of cells that appeared to be motoneurons. This is the first description of an apparently monosynaptic contact onto motoneurons by a primary afferent of nonmuscle origin.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Sensory substance P innervation of the stomach and pancreas. Demonstration of capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons in the rat by combined immunohistochemistry and retrograde tracing.

The sensory innervation of the stomach and pancreas has been identified by retrograde tracing using the fluorescent dye True Blue (Illing, Gross-Umstadt, Federal Republic of Germany), coupled with the immunohistochemical localization of substance P. Labeled cells were visualized in spinal ganglia, nodose ganglia, celiac ganglion, and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus after injection of True Blue into both stomach and pancreas. Substance P immunoreactivity was found in 35%-50% of gastric spinal afferent neurons and in approximately 15% of pancreatic spinal afferents. In rats treated at birth with the sensory neurotoxin capsaicin there was a reduction of about 70% in True Blue-labeled cells in the spinal and nodose ganglia, and virtually complete loss of substance P in these ganglia. There was also a marked depletion of substance P-immunoreactive fibers in the pancreas, and in the submucosa of the stomach. The results suggest that the substance P-containing spinal afferents that project to the gastric submucosa are an important component of the gastric sensory innervation.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Effects of monolateral ablations of the presumptive limb buds on the early developmental phases of the central and peripheral nervous system].

The size of the spinal ganglia, as well as of the posterior and lateral funiculi of the spinal cord, at the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral levels, was carefully evaluated, on both sides, by measuring their surfaces on each transverse histological section from chick embryos submitted, at the second-second and a half day, to ablations of the right presumptive limb buds, and fixed at the 9th - 13th day. On the extirpation side, the ganglion and posterior funiculus size always resulted significantly smaller, the average degree of reduction being nearly the same at the levels of the brachial and the lumbo-sacral plexuses (-50-60% for the ganglia, -25-30% for the posterior funiculus). However, within the same group of metameres (e.g., the corresponding to the brachial plexus), the analysis carried out metamere by metamere showed that the reduction degree was not homogeneous, owing probably to a) the extent of the different peripheral fields supplied by the various metameres, b) the degree of the regulative processes occurred after the ablations, and/or c) the extent of the extirpated regions. The size reduction of the posterior funiculus, observed also in the neuromeres immediately cranial to those related to the plexuses, could depend upon its peculiar composition, relatively short intersegmental tracts representing the majority of its fibers. No significant reduction was remarked for the lateral funiculus size.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The epidural administration of clofelin in experimental study].

The morphological and histoenzymological changes were analyzed in neurons of the bone marrow and spinal ganglia of outbred dogs after they were epidurally administered clonidine in acute (6.4 micrograms/kg) and chronic (15 micrograms/kg) experiments. No pronounced structural-and-metabolic changes in the nervous tissue were revealed after clonidine administration. A certain morphological-and-functional realignment in the spinal nervous cells and ganglia is typical of both experimental animals and controls with a 0.9% sodium chloride solution being administered in the latter group within the chronic experiment. The registered shift did not exceed the limits of biological deviations, which most probably was indicative of the functional reaction in the studied nervous-tissue structures to the epidural injections of drugs.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1988

The development of the human brain from a closed neural tube at stage 13.

Twenty-five embryos of stage 13 (28 days) were studied in detail and graphic reconstructions of seven of them were prepared. Thirty or more somitic pairs are present, and the maximum is possibly 39. The notochord is almost entirely separated from the neural tube and the alimentary epithelium, and its rostral tip is closely related to the adenohypophysial pocket. Caudal to the cloacal membrane, the caudal eminence is the site of secondary neurulation. The eminence, which usually contains isolated somites, is the area where new notochord, hindgut, and neural tube are forming. The neural cord develops into neural tube without the intermediate phase of a neural plate (secondary neurulation). Canalization is regular and the lumen is continuous with the central canal. The neural tube is now a closed system, filled with what may be termed "ependymal fluid." The brain is widening in a dorsoventral direction. Neuromeres are still detectable. The following features are distinguishable: infundibular area of D2, chiasmatic plate of D1, "adult" lamina terminalis, and commissural plate (at levels of nasal plates). The beginning of the synencephalon of D2 can be discerned. The retinal and lens discs are being defined. The mesencephalic flexure continues to diminish. The midbrain possesses a sulcus limitans, and the tegmentum may show the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The isthmic segment is clearly separated from rhombomere 1. Lateral and ventral longitudinal fasciculi are usually present in the hindbrain, and the common afferent tract is beginning. Somatic and visceral efferent fibres are seen in certain nerves: 6, 12; 5, 7, 9-11. The first indication of the cerebellum may be visible in the alar lamina of rhombomere 1. The terminal-vomeronasal crest appears. Various cranial ganglia (e.g., vestibular, superior ganglia of 9, 10) are forming. The trigeminal ganglion may show its three major divisions. Epipharyngeal placodes of pharyngeal arches 2 to 5 contribute to cranial ganglia 7, 9, and 10. The spinal neural crest is becoming segregated, and the spinal ganglia are in series with the somites. Ventral spinal roots are beginning to develop.

Brain↗
PubMed1981

Total content of RNA in individual nerve cells of spinal ganglion during ischemia in dogs.

The total RNA content in the individual nerve cells of the lumbal spinal ganglia in the dog after the 80 minutes lasting partial ischemia was followed. The spinal ganglion neurons did not react in ischemia in the same way. The total RNA content in the individual neurons of the control animals occurred in the range 132-990 arbitrary units, after the ischemia in the range 116-670 arbitrary units. In both groups the cells with the low or high RNA content were seen. The decreases in total RNA content after ischemia was at the higher level of the statistical significance in the group with the largest and middle large neurons giving the evidence about the greater sensitivity to the oxygen shortage in comparison with the group of the smallest spinal ganglion nerve cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Distribution of primary afferent fibers within the sacrococcygeal dorsal horn: an autoradiographic study.

The spinal segmental distribution and intersegmental course of primary afferent fibers were studied by injecting (by pressure or iontophoresis) tritiated amino acids (L-proline or L-leucine) into spinal ganglia of coccygeal and sacral segments and autoradiographically analyzing histological sections of the spinal cord, particularly those regions lying dorsal to the central canal. The results from eight cats and three monkeys are described. A heavy projection of primary afferent fibers to the marginal zone (lamina I), the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi (lamina II), and throughout the nucleus proprius (laminae III-IV) was demonstrated. The projections to these three areas appeared to be substantially independent. Primary afferent fibers were found to course rostrally and caudally within the marginal zone, in the midline dorsal to the central canal, in Lissauer's tract, and in the dorsal columns. A crossed projection passed by way of the dorsal commissure to the contralateral marginal zone and to a region ventrolateral to the contralateral nucleus proprius. There was a distinct medial-to-lateral shift in the termination of primary afferent fibers in the substantia gelatinosa and in the dorsal portion of the nucleus proprius. The most medial distribution occurred immediately caudal to the entry zone of the primary afferent fibers, and the most lateral at the cephalad end of the segment immediately rostral to the entry level. Small (iontophoretic) injections revealed circumscribed fields of termination, approximately 40 micrometers by 70 micrometers (dorsoventrally) by 400 micrometers or more (rostrocaudally) in the substantia gelatinosa.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Effect of space flight on the makeup of the soluble proteins of the spinal cord and intervertebral ganglia of rats].

The content of individual protein fractions extracted successively from the spinal cord (at the level of the lumbar enlargement and the spinal ganglia) with distilled water, 0.85% NaCl solution and 0.1 N NaOH was studied. The content of water-soluble proteins in the white and grey matter of the spinal cord decreased significantly 12 hours postflight. The content of salt-soluble and alkali-soluble proteins in the spinal cord and spinal ganglia structures per 1 mg of fresh tissue displayed no significant change. As compared with the control, 25 days postflight the water-soluble protein concentration in the grey matter of the spinal cord increased significantly. There was a rise of the water-soluble proteins in the white matter of the spinal cord reaching the preflight level. Alkali-soluble proteins content in the spinal ganglia also increased significantly.

Animals↗