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PubMed1995

Clinical education in Saskatchewan: a needs assessment.

Clinical education or fieldwork requires a collaborative relationship and coordinated effort between the university and the clinic. Although the literature notes the increased recognition and responsibility given to clinicians as a teaching resource, minimal attention has been given to describing the clinical educator's perspective or in preparing clinicians for the role of educator. The purpose of this study was to explore the support and educational needs of Saskatchewan occupational therapists as they related to providing clinical education. Focus group interviews were conducted with 70% participation of the practicing registered occupational therapists in Saskatchewan. Emerging themes related to the participants (needs and responsibilities of the student, the clinical educator, the facility and the university), the process (positive and negative elements of communication, placement coordination and student evaluation), and the environment (clinical education models, length and number of placements). Recommendations were made for enhancing the clinical education experience in Saskatchewan.

Clinical Clerkship↗

PubMed2005

Trapped in captivity: marital perceptions of wives of former prisoners of war.

Knowledge on the experience of prisoners of war's (POWs) wives is sparse, and mostly concentrates on the first decade after captivity. The present qualitative study examined the marital perceptions of seven wives of POWs after three decades. Participants were recruited through therapists who worked with families of POWs. Data were collected by a semi-structured, in-depth focus group interview. The findings of the study shed light on: (1) The place of captivity in the life of the family over time and (2) the women's perception of their role and place in the marital relation as being responsible mainly for the husband's well being and the couple's relationship, while struggling to preserve their personal needs. The meaning of the results is discussed together with implications for practice.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

An evaluation of the role of the Clinical Placement Coordinator in student nurse support in the clinical area.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of the Clinical Placement Coordinator (CPC) and the continued development of the role in the context of the provision of student support in the clinical area. BACKGROUND: Following the introduction of the Registration/Diploma in Nursing Studies programme in the Republic of Ireland in 1994 the post of CPC was created to support student nurses in the clinical area. The CPC is an experienced nurse who provides dedicated support to student nurses in a variety of clinical settings however, unlike the role of mentor/preceptor they do not have a client/patient caseload. To date no major evaluation of the post has taken place. Therefore the Department of Health and Children commissioned a national evaluation of the post of which part of the findings are reported in this paper. METHODOLOGY: A two-stage study is described utilizing a mixed-methods approach. Data collection included individual and focus group interviews and questionnaires. Interviews were analysed using thematic content analysis and data collected from questionnaires were analysed utilizing descriptive and inferential statistics. FINDINGS: An analysis of the data identified the responsibilities and functions of CPC were multivariate, however, core elements of the role were evident. The core elements were identified as student support and practice development. The central and most frequent finding from the data collected was the individual support students received from CPCs throughout their clinical placement. CONCLUSION: The role of CPC was evaluated as a positive addition to the realm of student support and the clinical team. The positioning of the post in the clinical area also adds the dimension of a CPC being a link between student nurses and the various groups that provide student support, this is essential in light of the changing role of the nurse tutor following the full integration of preregistration nurse education into the third-level sector and the development of a formal preceptorship role for clinical nurses in the Republic of Ireland.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1996

Focus group evaluation of night nurse shiftwork difficulties and coping strategies.

Focus group interviews were performed on 45 intensive care nurses who worked 12-h shifts in a large metropolitan hospital. The purpose of this study was to identify nurses' perceptions of difficulties associated with shiftwork and coping strategies used to combat them. Overall, the findings were not different than those currently discussed in the literature. For example, nurses frequently utilized white noise, telephone answering machines, and light-darkening shades to improve the quality and quantity of day sleep. They also used exercise and increased early shift caffeine consumption to improve night work performance. However, the major incentive for performing night work for these nurses was a high shift differential that equaled approximately 20% of their hourly salary. Most nurses also felt that group educational interventions regarding shiftwork difficulties and coping strategies would be preferred to individual counseling. The most significant finding of this study was the discovery of an extremely high incidence (95%) of automobile-related injuries and near-accidents that occurred while driving to and from the workplace, potentially posing a significant public health risk.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1997

[Development of leadership in a nursing college].

This study is conducted within the context of nursing colleges and focuses on the empowerment of educational staff in a nursing college to facilitate excellence in leadership practice. A qualitative exploratory and descriptive study was conducted in different phases: the views and expectations of educational staff as leaders, as well as the views and expectations of the fourth year students as followers and potential professional leaders were explored and described by means of focus group interviews. A provisional conceptual framework for leadership development in a nursing college was compiled, exposed to a literature control and a final conceptual framework was refined, together with guidelines for leadership development in a nursing college. This article focuses on the final conceptual framework as well as the programme for leadership development in a nursing college. It is recommended that this programme be implemented and exposed to purposeful evaluation.

Curriculum↗

PubMedDate not supplied

User-friendliness of computerized information systems.

Despite the plethora of research on nurses and the use of computers and information systems, there have been few attempts to examine the everyday experiences of nurses who use such systems in practice. This qualitative study builds on our limited understanding of practitioners' experiences regarding use of Computerized Patient Information Systems (CPIS). Focus group interviews wer held across Australia with practitioners from a wide range of clinical settings and specialties. The study findings suggest that participants were predominantly critical of systems in almost every area related to "user-friendliness." The perspectives and views of practitioners are important to understand if future generations of CPIS hardware and software are to be developed with a greater appreciation of the needs of the system's front-line users.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2000

A retrospective study of shared learning on the BMedSci Dental Technology course at The University of Sheffield.

The aim of this study was to identify the level of shared learning on a Bachelor of Medical Science in Dental Technology (BMedSci) course at the University of Sheffield, School of Clinical Dentistry. A summative evaluation of the course was carried out, using semi-structured nominal group interviews. BMedSci students, BDS students and recent graduates were questioned and their answers analysed to identify shared learning activities. The results revealed that different levels of shared learning opportunities occurred within the different departments which delivered the course modules. Shared learning was viewed favourably by the students. It has the potential to maximise the use of resources and offers the opportunity for developing an integrated dental team.

Curriculum↗

PubMed2005

Personality disorder not otherwise specified: searching for an empirically based diagnostic threshold.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a method for empirically investigating diagnostic criteria for personality disorder not otherwise specified (PDNOS). From a large, nonclinical sample of military recruits and undergraduate students who were screened for personality disorders (PDs), 572 completed the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality. Data from the interviewed group were used to identify a diagnostic threshold for PDNOS by comparing those who did (n = 88) and did not (n = 484) qualify for a PD diagnosis. For both groups, subjective distress increased and measures of social and occupational functioning decreased as a function of the number of PD criteria met. A classification and regression tree modeling procedure was applied using self-report scores on measures of mood, anxiety, and personality traits to arrive at probabilities for predicting the presence of a PD diagnosis based on the pattern of reported traits present. These probabilities were then used to derive an empirically based diagnostic threshold for PDNOS. In this sample, the most appropriate threshold for a PDNOS diagnosis appears to be the presence of 10 PD criteria for a person who does not qualify for a diagnosis of any other specific form of PD. This definition identified 5.5% of the young adults who were interviewed in this study.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Distance learning in post-qualifying nurse education.

There has been a prolific development of distance education in nursing during the previous decade. This has not been supported by an increase in research activity to generate the knowledge that is required to support these developments. In response to this, within a wider action research approach, a team of academics undertook a study to examine post-qualifying nurses' experiences of distance learning, and the impact of distance education on lecturing staff. Five teaching modules, delivered through distance learning, were selected for the study using a matrix sampling technique. Data collection took place at key points during these modules: at the commencement of study students and lecturers were asked to maintain a diary account of their experiences, students were sent questionnaires at the mid point of the module ( n=115, 30.4% return rate), and at the end of the module the students and lecturers participated in one of nine group interviews (students =15; LECTURERS = 15). Findings suggest that distance education is an effective learning medium that enables students to balance learning with personal and work commitments. Students and lecturers face a transitional period when embarking on distance education and this involves the development of new understandings and skills to successfully adapt to this approach to education.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Positive adolescent life skills training for high-risk teens: results of a group intervention study.

INTRODUCTION: This study tested the addition of a cognitive-behavioral skill-building component called Positive Adolescent Life Skills (PALS) training to an existing intervention for urban adolescents to enhance resiliency. In previous pilot work with the existing intervention, called "Teen Club," it was found that participants in group meetings and intensive case management reported an enhanced ability to connect with positive resources. METHOD: Sixteen adolescents aged 12 to 16 years (10 boys and 6 girls) attending an urban secondary school were randomly assigned to Teen Club or Teen Club plus PALS. Boys and girls met separately in one of the two conditions for 30 weeks. The Problem-Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers (POSIT) subscale scores were measured at baseline and at the completion of the program. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 11 Black and five Hispanic teens. Between-group differences in the POSIT subscale scores were not significantly different in this small sample. Group interviews conducted at the conclusion of the intervention revealed that participants found the PALS intervention to be relevant and useful. DISCUSSION: Results suggest that the PALS component strengthened the existing intervention and lend preliminary support for the continuation of this combination of interventions. Future research with larger numbers is needed.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2005

The attitudes, knowledge and skills needed in mental health nurses: the perspective of users of mental health services.

Knowledge about the practice and roles of mental health nurses in New Zealand is currently limited. In a sociopolitical climate where the views of users of mental health services are increasingly incorporated into education and the planning and delivery of services, there is a need for research that reflects the perspective of users. In this study a qualitative descriptive methodology with focus group interviews was used to explore with users of mental health services, the attitudes, knowledge and skills that they need in mental health nurses. Users of mental health services valued the therapeutic work of mental health nurses, and identified positive attitudes towards users of mental health services as essential in mental health nurses. However, they did not consistently experience a therapeutic approach in their interactions with mental health nurses.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Insights on immunizations from caregivers of children receiving Medicaid-funded services.

ISSUES AND PURPOSE: Despite numerous programs aimed at improving immunization rates among American children, under-immunization remains a significant problem. This study was conducted to gain insight into parents'/guardians' knowledge and attitudes regarding childhood immunizations. DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirteen African-American mothers and grandmothers participated in semistructured, audiotaped focus-group interviews. RESULTS: Four major themes emerged: health knowledge and beliefs about immunizations, system barriers that impede obtaining immunizations, facilitators that enhance obtaining immunizations, and suggestions for change. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Immunizations are one of the most important health advantages available to children. Therefore, nurses must become aware of the problem of underimmunization and work to address some of the concerns caregivers have identified in this study. The health and lives of the nation's children depend on it.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Personal incentives as determinants of adolescent health behavior: the meaning of behavior.

It has been suggested that prevailing theories do not fully incorporate the less rational, more emotional elements of adolescent health and risk behavior. To address this limitation, the perceived incentives construct from Tappe's Model of Personal Investment is split into intrinsic and extrinsic incentives, with the intrinsic incentives representing personal meanings of adolescent health and risk behaviors. Intrinsic incentives were operationalized using transcripts from focus group interviews for three behavioral domains: sleeping habits, eating habits at lunch and eating habits after school. The ensuing questionnaire was completed by 416 Dutch secondary school students with a mean age of 14 years. Intrinsic incentives, or the personal meaning with which behavior is imbued, predicted health and risk behaviors well in all three behavioral domains. The implications of these results for further research and for the development of health education programs are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Faculty and student dialogue through journal writing.

ISSUES AND PURPOSE: To explore how journal writing promotes and fosters an ongoing dialogue between students and faculty during an acute care pediatric clinical experience. DESIGN AND METHODS: Unstructured, self-report data were collected via students' clinical journal entries and during a focus group interview. Content analysis was used to identified recurrent themes. RESULTS: Two themes were generated: building a bond of trust and saving face. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The findings have implications for preceptors of nursing professionals. Implementing journal writing as a component to teaching-learning in the practice environment provides a means to recognize the affective outcomes of learning, such as increasing self-awareness and professional growth.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Quality of life among childhood leukemia patients.

The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to allow childhood leukemia patients to describe their quality of life (QoL) in their own words. These personal accounts provide an opportunity for health care personnel to understand the impact that leukemia has on these children. A total of 13 children in three focus group interviews participated. They ranged in age from 5 to 9 years and were either off therapy or had completed at least 6 months of treatment. Four semistructured interview questions were used to guide the interviews. Each question related to a domain identified in previous research as having an effect on QoL. Thus, the areas explored in this study were (a) physical well-being and symptoms, (b) psychological well-being, (c) social well-being, and (d) spiritual well-being. Five themes were identified: (a) fatigue, (b) the effect on activities, (c) medication and treatment effects, (d) relationship changes, and (e) hair loss.

Child↗

PubMed2006

How can the practice nurse be more involved in the care of the chronically ill? The perspectives of GPs, patients and practice nurses.

BACKGROUND: A well established "midlevel" of patient care, such as nurse practitioners and/or physician assistants, exits in many countries like the US, Canada, and Australia. In Germany, however there is only one kind of profession assisting the physician in practices, the practice nurse. Little is known about the present involvement of practice nurses in patients' care in Germany and about the attitudes of GPs, assistants and patients concerning an increased involvement. The aim of our study was to get qualitative information on the extent to which practice nurses are currently involved in the treatment of patients and about possibilities of increased involvement as well as on barriers of increased involvement. METHODS: We performed qualitative, semi-structured interviews with 20 GPs, 20 practice nurses and 20 patients in the Heidelberg area. The interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed and content-analysed with ATLAS.ti. RESULTS: Practice nurses are only marginally involved in the treatment of patients. GPs as well as patients were very sceptical about increased involvement in care. Patients were sceptical about nurses' professional background and feared a worsening of the patient doctor relationship. GPs also complained about the nurses' deficient education concerning medical knowledge. They feared a lack of time as well as a missing reimbursement for the efforts of an increased involvement. Practice nurses were mostly willing to be more involved, regarding it as an appreciation of their role. Important barriers were lack of time, overload with administrative work, and a lack of professional knowledge. CONCLUSION: Practice nurses were only little involved in patient care. GPs were more sceptical than patients regarding an increased involvement. One possible area, accepted by all interviewed groups, was patient education as for instance dietary counselling. New treatment approaches as the chronic care model will require a team approach which currently only marginally exists in the German health care system. Better medical education of practice nurses is indispensable, but GPs also have to accept that they cannot fulfil the requirement of future care alone.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

The effect of organizational reengineering on job satisfaction for staff in hospital social work departments.

The professional staff in five hospital social work departments participated in an exploratory study to assess the impact of organizational reengineering on job satisfaction, professional identity and other work related attitudes. A survey was used to explore how job functions had changed; whether or not staff felt adequately prepared to perform the new tasks; and whether the changes were consistent with their professional identities and academic preparation. Follow up focus group interviews were held to enrich the quantitative findings. The results of the study indicate that reengineering has a negative effect on job satisfaction and results in role changes that are experienced as inconsistent with the professional identity and academic preparation of social work staff. In addition to describing the results of the study, this paper provides a brief overview of reengineering, describes models of reengineering for hospital social work departments and suggests strategies for lessening the negative effect on staff.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2004

Positive encounters with rehabilitation professionals reported by persons with experience of sickness absence.

More knowledge is needed on different factors that can promote return to work among sick-listed persons. One such factor might be by their interactions with the rehabilitation professionals they encounter. The aim of the present study was to identify and analyze statements about positive encounters with rehabilitation staff, reported by persons who had been absent from work with back, neck, or shoulder diagnoses. A descriptive and explorative qualitative approach was used to analyze data from five focus-group interviews. There were few statements on positive encounters, and they were frequently attributed to sheer luck. Experiences of positive encounters were assigned to two major categories: respectful treatment and supportive treatment. Receiving adequate medical examination or treatment was also mentioned as being positive. Further efforts are needed to study and develop methods for investigating interactions with rehabilitation professionals that laypersons experience as positive and that may contribute to empowerment and influence return to work when sickness absent.

Absenteeism↗