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PubMed1983

[Economic importance of protecting draft horses used in forestry against blood-sucking dipterous insects].

The adverse effect of blood-sucking dipterous insects (gadflies, gnats, black flies, midges) was determined and checked, as exerted on the working performance of draft horses working in forests; the possibilities of protecting horses with repellents were studied at the same time. The trial was conducted under field conditions in the territory of the Broumov Forest Establishment in the Náchod and Trutnov districts. A 10% water emulsion of the repellent, diethyltoluamide, was used; the horses were treated with the emulsion in a 24-hour interval. Over the seventy working days from the 1st of July to the 30th of September, 1981, the performance of the test horse increased by 153 m3 wood in the skidding operation (i. e. by 58.06%), as compared with the control group. Recalculated per horse/day, this improvement is 2.19 m3 wood and the saving of prime costs amounts to 35.50 Czechoslovak crowns. The coefficient of loss per untreated horse was 9180 crowns. The effectiveness of the costs (per each crown of the capital expended) was calculated to be 309.07 crowns. The results were statistically significant.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Fleas.

While more than 2,000 species and subspecies of fleas are known, only nine have significant medical and veterinary importance, and only six involve man. Eggs drop easily from pet hosts to be widely distributed throughout the home. Human flea bites range from small red welts to severe rash and itching; they are usually found only on wrists, ankles and legs. Treatment is symptomatic. Control of flea infestation is based on knowledge of the life cycle of the insect.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[The effect of blood-sucking diptera on the weight of grazing heifers].

It was demonstrated experimentally that bloodsucking dipterans (gad-flies, gnats, midges, black flies) influenced negatively weight increments of grazing heifers and that it was suitable to treat the heifers with repellents; 10% water emulsion of the repellent diethyltoluamide was used for heifer spraying in the intervals of 48 hours. Over the 66 days of the experiment, the total live weight of one heifer from the test group increased by 5.00 kg, in comparison with the controls. The coefficient of loss per untreated animal was 105.00 Kcs., the returns of investments per 1.00 Kcs of investment costs were 1.90 Kcs. Owing to worse climatic conditions in the experimental years which significantly differed from meteorological conditions in the previous four years, which ensued from mathematico-statistical evaluation, differences in weight increments over the period of study were statistically insignificant.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Tests for the existence of genetic variability in the tendency of Anopheles culicifacies species B to rest in houses and to bite man.

Experiments were carried out in Sri Lanka on the malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies using the mark-release-recapture technique. Collections were made in cattle-baited huts fitted with exit traps, and in nightbiting catches on human subjects. The same individual mosquitos were caught biting cattle and man on different occasions and the numbers caught demonstrated an overall preference for the cattle. The mean interval between successive blood meals in the field was estimated to be 2.3 days.Following blood-feeding on a cow in a hut, A. culicifacies were found to rest in the hut for 1 or 2 days, whereas A. subpictus and A. varuna generally exited on the night of feeding or on the following night. The same individual A. culicifacies were recorded resting in a hut for 1 or 2 days on different occasions. The apparent absence of genetic variability in host choice or indoor resting behaviour is considered encouraging for the prospects of control of malaria transmitted by A. culicifacies.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

A review of Simulium damnosum s.l. and human onchocerciasis in Nigeria, with special reference to geographical distribution and the development of a Nigerian national control campaign.

The confirmed geographical distribution of human onchocerciasis and its Simulium damnosum complex vectors in Nigeria is reviewed with the aim of defining the endemic zones of the disease relevant to the planning of a Nigerian national onchocerciasis control campaign. Five major endemic zones are recognized, a terminology suggested for them, their sizes estimated and the disease and vector situation within each zone briefly described; four of the zones are in savanna areas of the north, and the fifth in forest-savanna mosaic and forest areas of the south-west. Other areas where disease and/or vectors have been reported are briefly considered. Maps are given of known vector breeding sites, of disease distribution, and of the approximate extent of the anticipated control zones. The scanty available data on cytospecies identity of the vectors, vector biting rates, and Onchocerca volvulus transmission potentials, are reviewed, and it is stressed that acquisition of distributional data for the individual members of the S. damnosum complex and of ATP data is essential for the planning of control. An historical resumé, accompanied by a comprehensive bibliography of the published literature, of the work to date in Nigeria is included.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Tick-borne relapsing fever in children.

Three cases of tick-borne fever diagnosed during the summer of 1979 are reported and the ecoepidemiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment of this infection are reviewed. Although challenging, the diagnosis can be made easily if specific historical clues are sought and the patient's blood smear is carefully examined. The diagnosis of this condition early in its course can save clinicians and patients the anxiety and cost of the work-up of a "fever of unknown origin." Since vacationing in the national parks and forests has become increasingly popular among many American families, tick-borne relapsing fever should be considered in any patient with an acute or recurrent fever of unknown origin who exhibits nonspecific symptoms of an undifferentiated "viral illness," and who gives a history of sleeping overnight in log cabins in the coniferous forests of the Western mountains of the United States.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1995

Repellent action of neem cream against mosquitoes.

Neem cream was used as mosquito repellent to provide protection against Aedes albopictus, Ae. aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles culicifacies and An. subpictus mosquitoes. The application of neem cream on exposed body parts @2.0 gm/person showed 78 (range 65-95), 89 (range 66-100) and 94.4 (range 66-100) per cent protection against Aedes, Culex and Anopheles mosquitoes respectively. Significant difference was observed between neem cream treated and untreated group of population for Aedes mosquitoes (p < 0.001). Application of neem cream was found to be a safe and suitable alternative to insecticide impregnated coils for personal protection against mosquitoes and one application was 68% effective for four hours.

Animals↗