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Groups of alcoholics and drug addicts in a mixed inpatient treatment facility were compared on personality characteristics by sex, age and type of drug. Sex and drug type showed few significant differences; however, age, regardless of drug or sex, proved to be significant on many personality variables.
During a 14-month training program for paraprofessional alcoholism counselors some counselors were markedly more successful than others in keeping patients in treatment and these differences persisted over time.
This study investigates the interrelationships among age, physical disability, introspectiveness, and depression. Using data from a community sample of disabled and non-disabled adults (N = 1,567), this study tests: 1) if there are age variations in introspectiveness; 2) if age variations in introspectiveness differ by physical disability status; 3) if introspectiveness mediates the association between age and depression; 4) if introspectiveness and disability status have synergistic effects on depression; and if so, 5) if subjective health differences between disabled and nondisabled account for the joint impact of introspectiveness and disability status on depression. Results show that older people report less introspectiveness than younger people do--which explains part of the negative association between age and depression. Additionally, the negative association between age and introspectiveness is significantly stronger among nondisabled respondents. Adjustment for less introspectiveness among older adults accounts for about 24 percent of the negative association between age and depression. Disabled respondents experience a more positive relationship between introspectiveness and depression; however, disabled respondents' poorer global health explains most of that pattern.
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Clarity, controllability, and associated affect of visual imagery were intercorrelated with measures of neuroticism, extraversion, and state-trait anxiety for 43 men and 66 women undergraduates. Resulting coefficients indicated high neuroticism, introversion, and anxiety were all associated with poor clarity and controllability of image. Results were interpreted to suggest that anxiety acts as a mediating variable for clarity and controllability of image.
The meaning of the human movement response (M) to inkblot stimuli was explored in terms of correlations between children's M productions and the attributes of their parents in 119 familes. M scores were available for the family members; and for each parent there were also measures of personality, values, and childrearing attitudes. A number of the parent-child correlational patterns were congruent with Rorschach's theories concerning the significance of M.
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A physiological basis for creative behavior is presented in the hypothesis that creativity is a problem-solving response by intelligent, very active, highly emotional, and extremely introverted persons. Introverts, habitually in a state of high cortical arousal, have low sensory thresholds and stronger than average reactions to sensory stimulation. Highly emotional people have autonomic nervous systems which react quickly and long to stimuli. Subjected to a vast array of disorganized perceptual data and strongly feeling the inconsistencies the active and intelligent individual forms new perceptual relationships to develop feelings of consistency and harmony.
The quality of student life in combined baccalaureate-M.D. degree programs has rarely been investigated although these programs address widely recognized problems in medical education. Through the use of an environmental stress inventory, 183 students' perceptions of the learning environment of a combined-degree program were examined. Students in that program rated few situations in their environment as stressful. Yet, they were significantly concerned about information overload and attendant time problems, just as their peers in 4-yr. schools were. Unlike their 4-yr. counterparts, however, they did not see relations with other students and faculty as problematic. Their scores on the inventory were best predicted at each year level by a combination of personal characteristics, notably living arrangements, sex, and to a lesser extent, introversion.
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