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PubMed1991

Very-low-birthweight children and speech and language development.

Very low birthweight (VLBW) is often considered to be a risk factor for speech and language disorders, yet data are equivocal. The present study compared speech and language comprehension and production between 249 very-low-birthweight (VLBW: less than 1.5 kg) and 363 normal-birthweight 8-year-olds, randomly sampled in a geographic area. Mean performance for the entire group of VLBW children and for the group when 24 VLBW children with major neurologic abnormalities were excluded, was significantly lower than for controls on the majority of speech and language measures. Further analyses addressed the clinical significance of these statistically significant differences. Test scores were converted to standard scores and grouped according to standard deviation intervals, thus portraying each child's performance in terms of the magnitude of discrepancy from each test's mean. When the 24 children with major neurological abnormalities were excluded, no significant differences between the VLBW and control children were observed. Using discrepancy between WISC-R performance IQ and language to define specific language impairment (SLI), a higher percentage of control than VLBW children were identified as having SLI. Neonatal risk factors did not differentiate between VLBW children with or without SLI. A higher proportion of VLBW than control children did present subnormal language associated with IQ less than 85, hearing deficits, and/or major neurological impairments. Thus, SLI is not more common among VLBW than control children. Language deficits accompanied by more general developmental problems, however, are more frequent.

Chi-Square Distribution↗

PubMed1985

A pilot study of language facilitation for bilingual, language-handicapped children: theoretical and intervention implications.

Three Spanish-speaking (SS) and 3 English-Speaking (ES) preschool children served as subjects. One SS subject was diagnosed as having mild language delay, 1 as being language disordered, and 1 as having normal language. One ES subject was diagnosed as having mild language delay and 2 as having normal language. A within-subject design wherein Condition A consisted of teaching receptive vocabulary in L1 (native language) followed by L2 (second language) and Condition B consisted of teaching receptive vocabulary in L2 followed by L1 was utilized. The sequence of conditions was ABBA for each subject. Analysis of each subject's trials to criterion for L2 in each condition indicated a strong tendency for recently learned receptive vocabulary in L1 to facilitate the learning of receptive vocabulary in L2. The results are interpreted as support for the practice of initial language intervention in L1 when bilingualism is a goal and for transference/facilitation theories of L2 learning.

Arizona↗

PubMed2001

Consultation interactions between special education teachers and child psychiatrists.

Characteristics were investigated for 169 special education students referred to a child psychiatrist consultant. There was a common occurrence of learning or language disorders, predominance of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, severity and complexity of psychopathology, and undertreatment. The teachers especially asked about diagnosis, behavioral management, and medication and also about issues involving learning and language disorders.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Molecular genetic approaches to the study of language.

The application of the techniques of modern molecular biology to the study of the genetic control of language development poses many significant challenges. Because language is a complex function, disruption of any of a number of systems can impair language development. The diagnostic classification of specific language impairment includes individuals with an apparently inherited form of disordered language development, and therefore some aspects of this clinical phenotype may be useful for positional cloning studies of genes related to language. Known genetic disorders with specific deficits in language functions may also serve to identify candidate genes for language development. In addition to these specific approaches, the current general strategies for positional cloning and candidate gene studies are reviewed.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Varieties of developmental dyslexia.

This paper reviews and evaluates the evidence for the existence of distinct varieties of developmental dyslexia, analogous to those found in the acquired dyslexic population. Models of the normal adult reading process and of the development of reading in children are used to provide a framework for considering the issues. Data from a large-sample study of the reading patterns of developmental dyslexics are then reported. The lexical and sublexical reading skills of 56 developmental dyslexics were assessed through close comparison with the skills of 56 normally developing readers. The results indicate that there are at least two varieties of developmental dyslexia, the first of which is characterised by a specific difficulty using the lexical procedure, and the second by a difficulty using the sublexical procedure. These subtypes are apparently not rare, but are relatively prevalent in the developmental dyslexic population. The results of a second experiment, which suggest that neither of these reading patterns can be accounted for in terms of a general language disorder, are then reported.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1999

Laterality in animals: relevance to schizophrenia.

Anomalies in the laterality of numerous neurocognitive dimensions associated with schizophrenia have been documented, but their role in the etiology and early development of the disorder remain unclear. In the study of normative neurobehavioral organization, animal models have shed much light on the mechanisms underlying and the factors affecting adult patterns of both functional and structural asymmetry. Nonhuman species have more recently been used to investigate the environmental, genetic, and neuroendocrine factors associated with developmental language disorders in humans. We propose that the animal models used to study the basis of lateralization in normative development and language disorders such as dyslexia could be modified to investigate lateralized phenomena in schizophrenia.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

English past tense use in bilingual children with language impairment.

Grammatical measures that distinguish language differences from language disorders in bilingual children are scarce. This study examined English past tense morphology in sequential bilingual Spanish/English-speaking children, age 7;0-9;0 (years;months). Twelve bilingual children with language impairment (LI) or history of LI and 15 typically developing (TD) bilingual children participated. Thirty-six instances of the past tense including regular, irregular, and novel verbs were examined using an elicited production task. By examining English past tense morphology in sequential bilinguals, we uncovered similarities and differences in the error patterns of TD children and children with LI. The groups differed in the overall accuracy of past tense use according to verb type, as well as the characteristic error patterns. Children with LI performed lower than their TD peers on all verb categories, with an interaction between verb type and group. TD children were better at producing regular verbs and exhibited more productive errors (e.g., overregularization). Conversely, children with LI performed relatively better on irregular verbs and poorest on novel verbs, and they exhibited more nonproductive errors (e.g., bare stem verbs). The results have important clinical implications for the assessment of morphological productivity in Spanish-speaking children who are learning English sequentially.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed2005

Disabling conditions and registration for child abuse and neglect: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between disabling conditions and registration for child abuse and neglect in a 19-year whole-population birth cohort. SETTING: West Sussex area of the United Kingdom. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective whole-population cohort. MAIN OUTCOMES: Child-protection registration, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. POPULATION AND PARTICIPANTS: Infants born in West Sussex (119729) between January 1983 and December 2001 with complete data including birth weight, gestational age, maternal age, and postal code. RESULTS: Cerebral palsy, speech and language disorder, learning difficulties, conduct disorders, and nonconduct psychological disorders were all significantly associated with child-protection registration before adjustment, and all but cerebral palsy retained significance after adjustment for birth weight, gestational age, and socioeconomic status. Autism and sensory disabilities (vision and hearing) were not associated with an increased risk of child-protection registration. Conduct disorders and moderate/severe learning difficulty were associated with registration in each of the 4 categories after adjustment for socioeconomic status, birth weight, and gestational age. Children with speech and language disorders and mild learning difficulties were at increased risk of physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. Nonconduct psychological disorders were associated with all categories except neglect, and cerebral palsy was associated with all categories except physical abuse and neglect. CONCLUSIONS: Children with disabling conditions seem to be at increased risk of registration for child abuse and neglect, although the pattern of registration varies with the specific disabling condition. The strong association with registration noted for conditions such as conduct disorder and learning difficulties is likely to arise, in part, because these conditions share a common etiologic pathway with child abuse and neglect.

Child↗

PubMed1988

Hearing disorders in children with fetal alcohol syndrome: findings from case reports.

Fourteen children with the fetal alcohol syndrome were evaluated by standard audiologic procedures. Thirteen of the 14 children had childhood histories of hearing disorders. All 13 of these children (93%) had clinically significant histories of bilateral recurrent serous otitis media (ie, they were otitis prone), and at least four children (29%) had bilateral sensorineural hearing losses in addition to being otitis prone. Many of the children with recurrent serous otitis media required repeated myringotomies with placement of ventilation tubes, and those with sensorineural hearing losses required sound amplification during childhood. Recurrent respiratory infections (secondary to immune deficiencies) and eustachian tube dysfunction (secondary to embryonic malformations of the first and second branchial arches) are discussed as possible etiologic factors in the presence of the recurrent serous otitis media. An alcohol-induced neuroectoderm syndrome and alcohol ototoxicity are discussed as possible etiologic factors in the occurrence of sensorineural hearing loss. The findings suggest that hearing disorders are a heretofore unrecognized characteristic of the fetal alcohol syndrome. Such hearing disorders may contribute to the speech and language and learning difficulties seen in children with fetal alcohol syndrome. The present study also provided confirmatory evidence of visual, health, and speech and language disorders in children with this syndrome.

Child↗

PubMed2003

Mutation screening of FOXP2 in individuals diagnosed with autistic disorder.

Although it is well established that genetic factors play an important role in the etiology of autistic disorder (AD), no specific genes have as yet been implicated. Genetic epidemiological data, particularly the sharp fall in concordance rates from monozygotic to dizygotic twins, indicate that the mode of transmission of this disorder is complex and may involve several genes. The 7q31 locus has been repeatedly linked to AD, suggesting that this chromosomal region is likely to harbor a susceptibility gene for AD. Recently, variations in the FOXP2 gene were reported to be responsible for a severe speech and language disorder. Because of the chromosomal location of FOXP2 (7q31) and the putative implication of the 7q31 region both in autistic and in language disorders (a feature of AD), it has been hypothesized that FOXP2 may be implicated in the pathophysiology of AD. To test this hypothesis, we screened the FOXP2 gene coding sequence for mutations in subjects diagnosed with AD and in normal controls. We identified four silent polymorphisms that were equally distributed between patients and controls. Using an intra-family association design, we identified no transmission disequilibrium in any of the four identified alleles, suggesting that the FOXP2 gene does not play a significant role in AD.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Speech-language outcomes of hemispherectomy in children and young adults.

Children and young adults who had undergone right or left hemispherectomy for intractable seizures after a period of normal language acquisition were compared with respect to scores on speech and language tests. The majority of the subjects had full scale IQs in the borderline to mentally retarded range. Language scores were computed in relation to estimated mental age, not chronological age. On this basis, the left hemispherectomized children were more likely to show syntactic comprehension and rapid-rate auditory processing deficits than the right hemispherectomized. The two groups were similar to one another and to normal children in speech production. The findings are discussed in relation to developmental language disorders.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Brain morphology in children with specific language impairment.

The planum temporale and pars triangularis have been found to be larger in the left hemisphere than the right in individuals with normal language skills. Brain morphology studies of individuals with developmental language disorders report reversed asymmetry or symmetry of the planum, although the bulk of this research has been completed on adults with dyslexia. Pars triangularis has not been studied in the developmental language impaired population. In this study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used for quantitative comparisons of the planum temporale (Wernicke's area) and pars triangularis (Broca's area) in children with specific language impairment (SLI) and children with normal language skills. The subjects were 11 children with SLI and 19 age- and sex-matched controls between 5.6 and 13.0 years old. Each subject received a neurolinguistic battery of tests and a high resolution volumetric MRI scan. Major results were that (a) pars triangularis was significantly smaller in the left hemisphere of children with SLI, and (b) children with SLI were more likely to have rightward asymmetry of language structures. Furthermore, anomalous morphology in these language areas correlated with depressed language ability. These findings support the hypothesis that language impairment is a consequence of an underlying neurobiological defect in areas of the brain known to subserve language.

Brain↗

PubMed2006

Can autism, language and coordination disorders be differentiated based on ability profiles?

Children with autistic disorder (AD), mixed receptive-expressive language disorder (RELD), or developmental coordination disorder (DCD) have impairments in common. We assess which abilities differentiate the disorders. Children aged 3-13 years diagnosed with AD (n = 30), RELD (n = 30), or DCD (n = 22) were tested on measures of language, intelligence, social cognition, motor coordination, and executive functioning. Results indicate that the AD and DCD groups have poorer fine and gross motor coordination and better response inhibition than the RELD group. The AD and DCD groups differ in fine and gross motor coordination, emotion understanding, and theory of mind scores (AD always lower), but discriminant function analysis yielded a non-significant function and more classification errors for these groups. In terms of ability scores, the AD and DCD groups appear to differ more in severity than in kind.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Language sampling for kindergarten children with and without SLI: mean length of utterance, IPSYN, and NDW.

UNLABELLED: Language sample analysis measures have long been promoted as exhibiting greater ecological validity than formal testing in the assessment of language disorder in children. In practice, their use is often restricted to preschool children, owing to lack of normative information, as well as criticisms of the validity of commonly used measures for the language of older children. This study compared scores of kindergarten children (mean age 6 years) with and without specific language impairment (SLI) on three commonly used language sample analysis measures: mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLU-m), the index of productive syntax (IPSyn), and number of different words (NDWs). Mean scores of the children with SLI were significantly lower for all three measures, though not for all subtests of the IPSyn. A number of individual differences were observed; notably, several children with SLI scored as well as those without. The problems and promise of language sampling for children beyond the preschool years are discussed in light of these results. LEARNING OUTCOMES: (1) Readers will gain an understanding of strengths and weaknesses of language sample measures in assessing kindergarten children with language impairment. (2) The reader will become aware of the utility of MLU in differentiating between young school age children with and without language impairment.

Child↗

PubMed1988

The problem of naming in SDAT: a relative deficit.

Research relating to language disorder in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) has focused primarily on naming impairment, formally termed anomia or nominal aphasia/dysphasia. Data resulting from this research have been insufficiently informed by a comparative linguistic framework in which performance on naming tasks is contrasted with performance on other forms of language tasks. The present study involves the comparison of 21 adults with SDAT and 18 demographically controlled normal elderly adults on the Test for Syntactic Complexity and fifteen subtests of the Western Aphasia Battery. Performance on naming is compared with performance on oral language variables of repetition, yes/no response, auditory word recognition, sequential commands, syntactic processing, as well as with performance on reading tasks and non-verbal tasks. Findings relating to oral language tasks show that structured syntactic processing requiring explicit interpretation and sequential commands are significantly more difficult for the SDAT sample than are three of four naming tasks. Further, significant SDAT performance variability is found across naming tasks. The generative categorical naming task is found to be significantly more difficult for the SDAT patient than are the other three naming tasks. It is concluded that the generative categorical naming task should be regarded as a meta-naming task. In sum, it is found that although language dysfunction in SDAT has anomic components, the essential character of the language disorder is not best conceptualized as a problem of naming.

Aged↗

PubMed1979

Prognostic value of EEG in acute vascular aphasia: a long term clinical-EEG study of 53 patients.

A group of 53 patients rendered acutely aphasic by occlusive cerebrovascular disease were studied by serial EEG's, repeated neurologic examinations and speech evaluations (Porch Index of Communicative Ability) over a period of eight to twenty-four months, in order to correlate EEG findings with the degree of language disorder and prognosis for language recovery. Normal and mildly abnormal EEG's, posterior slow foci, focal slowing of semirhythmic type and higher alpha frequencies over the intact hemisphere correlated with good language recovery. In the majority of the patients, the curves of "EEG Improvement" and "Language Recovery" closely paralleled each other. These data indicate that the EEG is of prognostic value as to recovery from aphasia in patients suffering from acute occlusive cerebrovascular disease. Despite the advent of newer diagnostic tests, such as CAT scan, which has established its value in evaluation of the anatomy of aphasia, (9) EEG remains to be useful as a tool that could predict the outcome of aphasia in stroke patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Vietnamese children and language-based processing tasks.

PURPOSE: Vietnamese children's performance on language-based processing tasks of fast-mapping (FM) word-learning and dynamic assessment (DA) word- and rule-learning tasks were investigated. METHOD: Twenty-one first- and second-generation Vietnamese preschool children participated in this study. All children were enrolled in 2 Head Start programs in a large city in the Midwest. All children had passed a developmental assessment and routine speech, language, and hearing screenings. All participants were taught 4 invented monosyllabic words in an FM word task, an invented monosyllabic suffix rule (-po) meaning "a part of" in a DA rule task, and 4 invented bisyllabic words in a DA word task. Potential relationships among task performances were investigated. Receptive task performances, expressive task performances, and task totals were added to create receptive total, expressive total, and accumulated performance total (APT) scores. Relationships among receptive total, expressive total, and APT scores were also investigated. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between FM word, DA rule, and the receptive total. The expressive total correlated with all task total scores, APT, age, and modifiability scores. Modifiability scores correlated with the two DA tasks, expressive total, and the APT. Findings indicate that FM word and the expressive total were positively correlated with most of the other tasks, composite totals, and age. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Performance on language-based processing tasks may provide valuable information for separating typically developing Vietnamese preschool children from their peers with language disorders. Practitioners should consider linguistic characteristics of target stimuli. Comparisons should include task, receptive, expressive, and APT.

Child Language↗

PubMed1999

Maternal education and measures of early speech and language.

The present study was designed to determine whether 4 measures of children's spontaneous speech and language differed according to the educational level of the children's mothers. Spontaneous language samples from 240 three-year-old children were analyzed to determine mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLUm), number of different words (NDW), total number of words (TNW), and percentage of consonants correct (PCC). A norm-referenced, knowledge-dependent measure of language comprehension, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R), was also included for purposes of comparison with the spontaneous measures. Three levels of maternal education were compared: less than high school graduate, high school graduate, and college graduate. Trend analyses showed statistically significant linear trends across educational levels for MLUm, NDW, TNW, and PPVT-R; the trend for PCC was not significant. The relationship of maternal education and other sociodemographic variables to measures of children's language should be examined before using such measures to identify children with language disorders.

Adult↗