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At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Prisoners of progress or hostages to fortune?

The new reproductive technologies, especially in vitro fertilization (IVF), have extended the possibilities of assisted reproduction to the benefit of the childless couples. At the same time these technologies and their added techniques, however, have fragmented reproduction and exposed the human egg to intervention yet unknown.... These possibilities have legal as well as ethical implications. The challenge is to obtain all the advantages of the reproduction revolution and avoid the disadvantages: to avoid becoming prisoners of progress, but to control the development and guide it in the directions we want. One of the problems is trying to foresee unwarranted consequences. Another is to agree upon which consequences are unwarranted and how they are best avoided or minimized. Although the questions that arise with respect to law, medicine and bioethics are similar all over the world, there are differences of a philosophical, economic, social, political, religious and even geographical nature which are not easily bridged. It is apparent, though, that core approaches are desirable. This article is an attempt to explore the ways in which these determinants have been manipulated in two European [Great Britain, Denmark] legal systems. We are interested in the ways in which those legal systems have been customized to provide temporary answers and marshalling points for regulating reproduction and we seek to make some observations on the ways in which laws, customs and values have been manipulated to produce pictures of the family and the way in which we want -- literally and figuratively -- to conceive of it in the 21st century.

Advisory Committees↗
PubMed2005

The bioethical principles and Confucius' moral philosophy.

This paper examines whether the modern bioethical principles of respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice proposed by Beauchamp and Childress are existent in, compatible with, or acceptable to the leading Chinese moral philosophy-the ethics of Confucius. The author concludes that the moral values which the four prima facie principles uphold are expressly identifiable in Confucius' teachings. However, Confucius' emphasis on the filial piety, family values, the "love of gradation", altruism of people, and the "role specified relation oriented ethics" will inevitably influence the "specification" and application of these bioethical principles and hence tend to grant "beneficence" a favourable position that diminishes the respect for individual rights and autonomy. In contrast, the centrality of respect for autonomy and its stance of "first among equals" are more and more stressed in Western liberal viewpoints. Nevertheless, if the Confucian "doctrine of Mean" (chung-yung) and a balanced "two dimensional personhood" approach are properly employed, this will require both theorists and clinicians, who are facing medical ethical dilemmas, of searching to attain due mean out of competing moral principles thus preventing "giving beneficence a priority" or "asserting autonomy must triumph".

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMed1983

Beyond medical paternalism and patient autonomy: a model of physician conscience for the physician-patient relationship.

Medical paternalism lies at the heart of traditional medicine. In an effort to counteract the effects of this paternalism, medical ethicists and physicians have proposed a model of patient autonomy for the physician-patient relationship. However, neither paternalism or autonomy are adequate characterizations of the physician-patient relationship. Paternalism does not respect the rights of adults to self-determination, and autonomy does not respect the principle of beneficence that leads physicians to argue that acting on behalf of others is essential to their craft. A model of physician conscience is proposed that summarizes the best features of both models--paternalism and autonomy.

Beneficence↗