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PubMedDate not supplied

[Luis Simarro: precursor of Spanish Neurology and Grand Master of the freemasons].

Luis Simarro is considered to be the great precursor of Spanish Neurology, Neurohistology and Psychology. Together with Cajal he was one of the most outstanding figures of the Spanish freemasons in the field of medicine, where he reached the highest rank: Grand Master of the Spanish Great Orient. These historical notes summarize the scientific contribution of Simarro and his extensive work in the field of politics where he was influential in the modernization of Spain.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1995

[The oldest pharmacy in Lisbon: São Vicente de Fora].

This work describe an exposition placed in Lisboa, at the São Vicente de Fora monastery during december 1994. The visit of the minster Pharmacy (rebuilded following the pattern of 17th century) was the most interesting thing. We can also remark the two first portuguese pharmacopoeias written by an augustine friar (pharmacist and administrator of this Pharmacy during several years).

Catholicism↗
PubMed1999

On a wing and a prayer: the biomechanics of the Rev. Dr. Samuel Haughton (1821-1897).

In 1873, Samuel Haughton published Principles of Animal Mechanics. Based on research begun in 1862, it was a response to Darwin's The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection published three years earlier. In this article, the nature of Haughton's biomechanical researches is described by reviewing and re-analysing some of his original work. He showed how muscles could be seen as designed to carry out the maximum amount of work with the least expenditure of energy. Haughton used the results to argue against Darwin's theory of natural selection, the "unproved hypothesis" as Haughton called it. Despite correspondence with Darwin, Haughton received no scientific rebuttal of his arguements. To this day, it would seem, there is a lack of concordance between the biomechanical view of organic life as "optimised" and the evolutionary view of life under continual transformation as organic forms descended "from a supposed common ancestor."

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1998

[Was Claude Bernard an atheist?].

During his stay at Villefranche-sur-Saône College, Claude Bernard became acquainted with Ferdinand Donnet, appointed a short while ago, priest of the Parish. This priest became Cardinal and carried out his apostolate at Bordeaux for 47 years. 40 years after their meeting at Villefranche, Cardinal Donnet and Claude Bernard found again each other as "Sénateurs d'Empire" in Paris. In his writings, Claude Bernard never mentioned Religion: he rather gave impression, in many ways, of being anticlerical! Paul Bert and his colleagues looked upon Claude Bernard as a great priest of atheism. Shortly after his death, Cardinal Donnet wrote a letter where he entirely proved that Claude Bernard has been, on the contrary, a fervent catholic.

Catholicism↗
PubMed1998

[Not Available].

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Europe↗