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Results for “Reproductive parameters”

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PubMed1988

Effects of cadmium on consumption, assimilation and biochemical parameters of Daphnia magna: possible implications for reproduction.

1. The effects of cadmium on consumption, assimilation rates and biochemical parameters of Daphnia magna were determined. 2. The consumption and assimilation rates of 14 days 1.0 ppb Cd treated animals tended to decrease slightly, the decline of these rates at 5.0 ppb Cd (14 days), however, was highly significant (P less than 0.001). 3. The assimilation efficiencies of daphnids exposed to cadmium did not significantly differ from control. 4. No notable changes in the biochemical composition of daphnids could be noticed after 7, 14 and 21 days of cadmium exposure. 5. It seems as if not one metabolic process in particular was depressed due to cadmium, but metabolic activities seemed to be inhibited on the whole. 6. Results are discussed in relation with data of a previous study on the reproduction of D. magna under cadmium stress.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Hypofibrinolysis and other hemostatic defects in women with antecedents of early reproductive failure].

The fibrinolytic system is involved in blood clot lysis and in other biological processes that require extracellular proteolysis such as ovulation, blastocyst implantation and trophoblastic invasion. An impaired fibrinolytic capacity is a common feature in women suffering from unexplained early recurrent pregnancy loss. We carried out a prospective study with 114 patients. Three groups were established: Group 1: women who had two or more unexplained miscarriages of < 12 weeks of gestation (n = 52). Group 2: women who had 2 or more embryo-implantation failure after embryo-transfer with good quality embryos in assisted reproduction (n = 46). Group 3: women who had 2 or more embryo-implantation failure after embryo-transfer and one early loss of a pregnancy achieved in a cycle of assisted reproduction (n = 16). Fibrinolytic pattern pre and post-occlusion test was carried out: ECLT, PAI-1i, PAI-1b, t-PAi, t-PAb. In addition other studies were performed: LAC, ACA IgG and IgM, fibrinogen, factor XII, APCR. A high prevalence of thrombophilic defects and hypofibrinolysis was observed in the three groups. The fibrinolytic pattern was similar in the three groups, although a prolonged pre occlusion ECLT was more frequent in women with primary infertility (Group 2). Isolated hypofibrinolysis was found in 50% of the patients. The remaining patients with hypofibrinolysis presented combined defects with LAC, ACA and abnormal APCR. The fibrinolytic pattern in women with or without antiphospholipid antibodies was similar, although an elevated pre occlusion PAI-1i was more common in women without antiphospholipid antibodies. High prevalence of fibrinolytic abnormalities observed in women with unexplained early recurrent pregnancy loss and in women with repeated failure implantation after embryo-transfer in assisted reproduction, suggests that hypofibrinolysis could be a parameter of early reproductive failure.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗

PubMed2005

Evaluation of the reproductive and developmental toxicity of a fluoroalkylethanol mixture.

The objective of these studies was to evaluate the reproductive and developmental toxicity of a commercial fluoroalkylethanol mixture, which is an intermediate in the production of fluorotelomers. The test substance was administered daily by gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats as a suspension in 0.5% aqueous methylcellulose. In a one-generation reproductive toxicity study, rats (20 per sex per group) were given dosages of 0, 25, 100, or 250 mg kg(-1) day(-1) for a period of 74 days prior to cohabitation, and during mating, gestation, and lactation. Body weights, feed consumption, clinical signs, gross pathology, sperm parameters, estrous cyclicity, and reproductive performance were evaluated for the P1 generation. The F1 offspring were.evaluated during the lactation period for growth and survival and given a gross pathology examination at weaning. A subset of the offspring were retained; body weights, feed consumption, clinical signs, and age at onset of vaginal opening and preputial separation were evaluated, and gross pathology was performed on postnatal day 60. In the developmental toxicity study, groups of time-mated Sprague-Dawley female rats were given the test substance as a suspension in 0.5% aqueous methylcellulose at daily dosages of 0, 50, 200, or 500 mg kg(-1) day(-1) by gavage on gestation days 6-20. During the in-life portion of the study, growth parameters and clinical observations were made. On gestation day 21, dams were euthanized, and the thoracic and abdominal viscera were examined. The uterine contents were removed and examined, and fetuses were evaluated for any alterations. In the reproduction study, litter size at birth, number of live pups per litter on day 0 and 4 of lactation, and pup weights during lactation were reduced in groups administered > or =100 mg kg(-1) day(-1). No other reproductive parameters were affected. There were no adverse reproductive effects observed at 25 mg kg(-1) day(-1). In the developmental toxicity study, reduced maternal body weight parameters, increased perineal fur staining, and increased fetal skeletal alterations were observed at 500 mg kg(-1) day(-1). There was no maternal or developmental toxicity at 50 or 200 mg kg(-1) day(-1). Under the conditions of the studies, the no-observed adverse effect levels for this mixture were 25 mg kg(-1) day(-1) for subchronic toxicity and reproductive parameters and 200 mg kg(-1) day(-1) for developmental toxicity end points. No functional reproductive or developmental effects were observed at dose levels that did not adversely affect adult animals.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Reproductive and neurobehavioral effects of imazalil administered to mice.

The fungicide imazalil was given in the diet at levels of 0 (control), 0.012, 0.024, and 0.048% from 5 weeks of age of the F0 generation to 9 weeks of age in the F1 generation in mice, and selected reproductive and neurobehavioral parameters were measured. Number of movements, movement time, total distance, number of vertical activities, number of turnings, and number of defecations during movement activity at 8 weeks of age of the F0 generation showed adverse effects of treatment on male mice. There were few adverse effects of imazalil on either litter size or weight and sex ratio. Average body weight of offspring during the early lactation period was significantly depressed in the high- and middle-dose groups of each sex. In the neurobehavioral parameters, surface righting and swimming head angle were significantly affected in male and female offspring during the early lactation period. The dose levels of imazalil in this study produced some adverse effects in reproductive and neurobehavioral parameters in mice.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Endocrine effects in Gammarus fossarum (Amphipoda): influence of wastewater effluents, temporal variability, and spatial aspects on natural populations.

In a field study, individuals of autochthounous populations of the amphipod Gammarus fossarum were examined for their maturity status, oocyte development, and biochemical parameters associated with their reproductive cycle. Variability in these parameters was related to abiotic exposure parameters varying in accordance to wastewater discharges, stream identity, and time. Patterns of all investigated parameters showed predominantly seasonal rather than spatial influence for both exposure and biologic effects. Single selected-effect parameters, however--such as the maturity index, late vitellogenic oocyte size and atresia, and the hsp90 level--responded to a sewage treatment plant discharge showing an estrogenic potential and also correlated significantly with the concentration of potential xenoestrogens at the different locations.

Amphipoda↗

PubMed2005

Two-generation reproductive toxicity studies in rats with extra parameters for detecting endocrine disrupting activity: introductory overview of results for nine chemicals.

Two-generation reproductive toxicity studies using rats of benzophenone, n-butylbenzene, butyl benzyl phthalate, 2,4-dichlorophenol, dicychlohexyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, 4-nitrotoluene, lindane and vinclozolin, were performed to investigate whether these chemicals have endocrine-mediated effects with the support of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Ministry of the Environment. Benzophenone exposure was via the diet at concentrations of 0, 100, 450 or 2000 ppm, n-butylbenzene was administered orally by gavage at dose levels of 0, 30, 100 or 300 mg/kg/day, butyl benzyl phthalate was administered orally by gavage at dose levels of 0, 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg/day, 2,4-dichlorophenol was administered in the diet at concentrations of 0, 500, 2000 or 8000 ppm, dicyclohexyl phthalate was given in the diet at concentrations of 0, 240, 1200 or 6000 ppm, diethyl phthalate was administered in the diet at concentrations of 0, 600, 3000 or 15000 ppm, 4-nitrotoluene was administered orally by gavage at doses of 0, 40, 80, or 160 mg/kg/day, lindane exposure was in the diet at concentrations of 0, 10, 60, or 300 ppm, and vinclozolin treatment was by feeding diet at concentrations of 0, 40, 200 or 1000 ppm.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1993

Three generation toxicity study of butylated hydroxytoluene administered to mice.

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was administered to mice, from 5 weeks of age of the F0 generation to the weaning of the F2 generation, in the diet at levels of 0 (control), 0.015, 0.045, 0.135, and 0.405%, and some reproductive and neurobehavioural parameters were measured. There was no consistent significant effect on number of litters, litter size, and litter weight at birth for each generation. The body weight of the pups of the 0.015% BHT group was increased at birth and during the lactation period for each generation. In the F2 generation, the body weights of the pups of other treatment groups were increased during the lactation period, particularly at postnatal day (PND) 21. In the neurobehavioural parameters, a few parameters were increased in treatment groups; i.e., surface righting at PND 7 in the F1 generation, surface righting at PND 4 and negative geotaxis at PND 7 in the F2 generation. The dose levels of BHT in this study showed little adverse effect on reproductive and neurobehavioural parameters on mice.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Social, but not photoperiodic, influences on reproductive function in male Peromyscus aztecus.

Nontropical rodents rely on environmental factors to restrict breeding to a specific time of the year. Among these factors, photoperiod appears to be the primary environmental cue used for predicting optimal breeding conditions. The purpose of the present study was to characterize reproductive function, as well as photoperiodic and social responsiveness in male Peromyscus aztecus, which occupy low-latitude, high-altitude habitats. In experiment 1, adult male P. aztecus were individually housed in either long (16L:8D) or short days (8L:16D) for 10 wk. Short-day mice did not differ from long-day mice on any reproductive or nonreproductive parameter. Comparisons to related Peromyscus species suggested that relative reproductive organ size and function were reduced in both long- and short-day males. Because ad libitum food and water were available, we reasoned that males in both photoperiodic conditions lacked social stimuli. To test this hypothesis, adult male P. aztecus were housed in long days either individually or with a female conspecific in experiment 2. Mice housed with females had significantly larger relative paired testes and epididymal masses, and higher testicular sperm counts and serum testosterone levels compared to those of individually housed mice. Taken together, these results suggest that social factors may play a more prominent role than photoperiod in stimulating reproductive development in laboratory-housed P. aztecus. These results are consistent with the results found for other low-latitude rodent species and suggest that P. aztecus uses a flexible rather than obligatory breeding strategy.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Reproductive and neurobehavioural effects of phloxine administered to mice.

The colour additive phloxine was given in the diet to provide dietary levels of 0 (control), 0.1, 0.3 and 0.9%, from 5 wk of age of the F0 generation to 8 wk of age of the F1 generation in mice, and selected reproductive and neurobehavioural parameters were measured. There was little effect of phloxine on either litter size or weight, or sex ratio, whereas the body weight of the pups in the lactation period was significantly increased in all treatment groups. Among the neurobehavioural parameters measured, surface righting at postnatal day 4 of male pups was significantly reduced in all treatment groups. Some parameters of the motor activity of pups at 3 wk of age differed from those of the controls; in particular, the average speed of movement male pups was significantly reduced in all treatment groups. The dose levels of phloxine in this study produced a few adverse effects in reproductive and neurobehavioural parameters in mice.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Reproductive and neurobehavioural toxicity study of erythrosine administered to mice in the diet.

Erythrosine was given in the diet to provide levels of 0 (control), 0.005, 0.015 and 0.045% from 5 weeks of age of the F(0) generation to 9 weeks of age of the F(1) generation in mice, and selected reproductive and neurobehavioural parameters were measured. There were no adverse effects of erythrosine on either litter size, litter weight or sex ratio at birth. The average body weight of the offspring was significantly increased in the middle-dose group in both sexes during the lactation period. In behavioural developmental parameters, any variables showed no significant adverse effects in either sex in the lactation period. In movement activity of exploratory behaviour, several parameters were significantly changed in the high-dose group, and those effects were dose related in adult females in the F(0) and F(1) generations and in male offspring in the F(1) generation. The dose level of erythrosine in the present study produced few adverse effects in reproductive and neurobehavioural parameters in mice.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Reproductive and neurobehavioural effects of lac dye administered in the diet to mice.

The natural colour additive, lac dye, was given in the diet to provide levels of 0 (control), 0.15, 0.30, and 0.60%, from 5 weeks of age in the F0 generation to 9 weeks of age in the F1 generation in mice, and selected reproductive and neurobehavioural parameters were measured. There were no adverse effects of lac dye on either litter size or litter weight and sex ratio at birth. The average body weight of offspring during the late lactation period was significantly increased in treatment groups of each sex. In the neurobehavioural parameters, swimming head angle was significantly affected in male offspring during the early lactation period in a dose-related manner, and olfactory orientation was significantly accelerated in female offspring in a dose-related manner. The dose levels of lac dye in the present study produced few adverse effects in reproductive and neurobehavioural parameters in mice.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Simulation of genetic control of reproduction in beef cows. II. Derived genetic parameters.

A stochastic computer simulation model was used to predict heritability (h2) and repeatability (t) of derived reproductive traits in beef cattle as a function of underlying, normally-distributed genetic variation in interval from calving to first estrus (postpartum interval) and single-service conception rate. Traits simulated were mating rate, first-service conception rate, overall conception rate, date of first service, number of services during a 63-d breeding season, calving date and postpartum interval. Weight of calf weaned was also simulated on a per-cow-exposed, per-cow-mating, per-cow-calving, per-calf-weaned or adjusted 205-d basis. Derived estimates of h2 for mating rate and date of first service were not significantly different from 0, reflecting the high proportion of cows that were predicted to cycle within the first 21 d of breeding. Estimates of h2 were significant and approached the level of input h2 for overall and first-service conception rate and number of services, suggesting that these traits may be potential selection criteria. Values of h2 for calving date were significant but considerably smaller than input h2. Estimates of t were much larger than h2 for date of first service and calving date, even when no nonadditive genetic or permanent environmental effects were explicitly simulated. Estimates of h2 for weaning weight per cow exposed and especially for weaning weight per cow calving (in the presence of random calf death losses) were much lower than underlying h2 values. Culling of open cows generally reduced genetic variances of derived reproductive traits to negligible levels within three calf crops.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Reproductive and neurobehavioral effects of cochineal administered to mice in the diet.

Mice were given the natural color additive cochineal in their food to provide dietary levels of 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0%, from five weeks of age in the F0 generation to nine weeks of age in the F1 generation, and selected reproductive and behavioral parameters were measured. Cochineal had few adverse effects on litter size, weight, or sex ratio. The average body weight of offspring during the lactation period was significantly decreased in higher-dosed groups of each sex. With regard to the neurobehavioral parameters, surface righting at postnatal day (PND) four was significantly affected in male offspring during the lactation period. Several parameters of movement activity in females were significantly different from controls at eight weeks of age in the F0 generation and at three weeks of age in the F1 generation. Multiple water T-maze performance of females was affected in treatment groups in the second trial at seven weeks of age in the F1 generation. The dose levels of cochineal in this study produced some adverse effects in reproductive and neurobehavioral parameters in mice.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1994

Reproductive and neurobehavioral effects of Allura Red AC administered to mice in the diet.

The color additive, Allura Red AC, was given in the diet to provide levels of 0.42, 0.84, and 1.68% (control, 0%), from 5 weeks of age of the F0 generation to 9 weeks of age of the F1 generation in mice, and selected reproductive and neurobehavioral parameters were measured. There were few adverse effects of Allura Red AC on either litter size or weight, and ratio of male to female was significantly reduced in the lowest dosed group. Average body weight of offspring during the lactation period was significantly increased in the lower dosed groups of each sex. As regards the neurobehavioral parameters, no adverse effect was observed in the behavioral development during lactation period. There were few adverse effects of Allura Red AC on either movement activity or maze learning in F1 generation mice, compared with controls in each sex. The dose levels of Allura Red AC in the present study (approximately 86-1430 times greater than human ADI) produced few adverse effects in reproductive and neurobehavioral parameters in mice.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Reproductive and neurobehavioral effects of chlorpropham administered to mice in the diet.

Chlorpropham was given in the diet to provide levels of 0(control), 0.15, 0.30, and 0.60%, from 5 weeks of age of the F0 generation to 9 weeks of age of the F1 generation in mice, and selected reproductive and neurobehavioral parameters were measured. There were no adverse effects of chlorpropham on either litter size or litter weight and sex ratio at birth. The average body weight of offspring was significantly affected in the low-dose group of each sex and in the high-dose group of females, and was increased in the middle-dose group of males during the lactation period. In neurobehavioral parameters, surface righting at postnatal day (PND) 7 was significantly affected in male offspring in a dose-related manner. Swimming head angle at PND 4 was significantly restrained in male offspring in a dose-related manner, and olfactory orientation at PND 14 was significantly depressed in female offspring in a dose-related manner. The dose levels of chlorpropham in the present study produced some adverse effects in reproductive and neurobehavioral parameters in mice.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Reproductive and neurobehavioral effects of Sunset yellow FCF administered to mice in the diet.

Selected reproductive and neurobehavioral parameters were measured in mice given the color additive Sunset Yellow FCF in the diet. The additive was given at levels of 0 (control), 0.15, 0.30, and 0.60%, from five weeks of age in the F0 generation to nine weeks of age in the F1 generation. There were few adverse effects on litter size, weight, or sex ratio. Average body weight of offspring during the late lactation period was significantly increased in the low- and middle-dose groups of each sex. In the neurobehavioral parameters, swimming direction was significantly affected in a dose-related manner in male and female offspring during the early lactation period. Also in the early lactation period, surface righting and negative geotaxis were significantly affected in male offspring in the middle-dose group, and swimming head angle was significantly affected in female offspring in a dose-related manner. The dose levels of Sunset Yellow FCF in this study did produce some adverse effects in reproductive and neurobehavioral parameters.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Effect of zidovudine (AZT) on reproductive and hematopoietic systems in the male rat.

The effects of Zidovudine (AZT) on parameters of the reproductive and hematopoietic systems of male rats were evaluated and compared to those of the controls. Young male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The control rats (Group 1) received no drug. AZT was administered via drinking water to rats in Groups 2 and 3 (0.1 mg/mL Group 2, and 1.0 mg/mL Group 3) for 4 weeks. Daily water intake and weekly body weight were monitored. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone (T), prolactin (PRL) and intratesticular T levels were determined by specific radioimmunoassays. Serum AZT was measured by HPLC. Bone-marrow toxicity was monitored by colony-forming units of erythroid (CFU-E) and granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) assays. The body weight of all rats increased 2-fold in four weeks, and no significant differences were observed between control and treated groups. Ventral prostate (VP) weight decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) by 32% in Group 2 and 27% in Group 3 rats, compared to the control group. Seminal vesicle (SV) weight decreased by 20% in Group 2 (NS) and 30% in Group 3 (P less than 0.05) rats. No significant differences were observed in testes weight or in the intratesticular sperm count between control and AZT-treated groups. Serum T levels (ng/mL) decreased significantly in Group 2 rats (2.8 +/- 0.4 in control to 1.7 +/- 0.2, P less than 0.05) but recovered (2.6 +/- 0.5) in Group 3 when compared to Group 1 (control). Serum LH and PRL levels showed a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in Group 3 compared to control or Group 2 rats. Serum FSH and intratesticular T levels showed no significant change. A significant (P less than 0.05) dose-dependent decrease in CFU-E and in CFU-GM was observed in AZT-treated rats compared to controls. These results demonstrate that the effects of AZT on the reproductive system in the male rat are more subtle and complex, compared to its significant effects on bone-marrow. This suggests that important interactions may exist between the endocrine and hematopoietic systems.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Reproductive and neurobehavioural toxicity study of chlorpropham in mice.

Chlorpropham was given in the diet to provide levels of 0 (control), 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg from 5 weeks of age of the F0 generation to 9 weeks of age of the F1 generation in mice, and selected reproductive and neurobehavioural parameters were measured. There were no adverse effects of chlorpropham on either litter size or litter weight and sex ratio at birth. The average body weight of offspring was significantly reduced in the middle-dose group at postnatal days (PNDs) 0 and 4 in female offspring, and was significantly increased in the middle-dose group at PND 14 in male offspring. In neurobehavioural parameters, surface righting at PND 4 was significantly affected in a dose-related manner, and negative geotaxis at PND 4 was significantly accelerated in a dose-related manner in female offspring. In male offspring, surface righting at PND 7 was significantly depressed in the middle-dose group, and olfactory orientation at PND 14 was significantly affected in the low- and middle-dose groups. The dose levels of chlorpropham in the present study produced few adverse effects in reproductive and neurobehavioural parameters in mice.

Analysis of Variance↗