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PubMed2006

Comparison of the concentrations of phenolic constituents in cane sugar manufacturing products with their antioxidant activities.

Polyphenol content and free radical scavenging capacity of seven kinds of sugar manufacturing products (A sugars, clear juices, syrups, massecuite, and A, B, and C molasses) were studied. Seventy-two samples were collected at different stages of the process during two sugar harvests from a local sugar factory (Bois-Rouge, La Réunion). The total phenolic content of sugar products was determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Polyphenols of sugar products were extracted with ethyl acetate and quantified by LC-UV-ESI-MS during all of the process. ABTS and DPPH assays were applied to aqueous solution of sugar products, which exhibited interesting free radical scavenging activity. Comparatively, ethyl acetate extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activity. Multivariate analyses (principal component analysis and canonical discriminant analysis) demonstrated a significant correlation between polyphenols and antioxidant activity. Moreover, it was observed that the sugar process results in an increase of the phenolic content and the free radical scavenging capacity of the different products. These products and especially molasses proved to be a rich source of natural antioxidants and may represent an interesting alternative to synthetic food antioxidants.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed2000

Sugar-casein interaction in deuterated solutions of bovine and caprine casein as determined by oxygen-17 and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance: a case of preferential interactions.

17O NMR spectroscopy and (13)C NMR spectroscopy have been used to study the mechanism of interaction of sugars with bovine and caprine caseins in D(2)O. The (17)O NMR relaxation results showed in all cases an increase in water of hydration, as a result of added sugar; this was predominantly associated with "trapped" water in the caseins. Analysis of the vir al coefficients, obtained from the (17)O relaxation data, suggested that preferential interactions occur in the sugar-protein solutions. This could be the result of either sugar binding or a solute-solute thermodynamic effect, preferential hydration. The addition of sugars to deuterated solutions of bovine casein and caprine casein high in alpha(s1)-casein had little or no effect on either line width or chemical shifts of the (13)C NMR spectra of these milk proteins. (13)C NMR studies of sucrose, at various concentrations (100-300 mM) in the presence of caprine casein high in alpha(s1)-casein, showed no changes in either chemical shifts or T(1) values. This indicates that the sugar molecules tumble isotropically and therefore neither bind to the protein nor affect viscosity in the protein-sugar studies. All of these data suggest that the preferential exclusion of the sugar from the domain of the caseins results in preferential hydration of the caseins.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Increased stabilizing effects of amphiphilic excipients on freeze-drying of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) by dispersion into sugar matrices.

PURPOSE: The stabilizing effect of amphiphilic excipients and sugars against protein inactivation during freeze-drying was studied in relation to their physical states in freeze-dried cakes. METHODS: Physical states of amphiphilic excipients were studied by powder X-ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Stabilizing effects of excipients were studied using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as a model protein. RESULTS: Although poly(ethylene glycols) (PEGs) 1000 to 2000 crystallized when freeze-dried alone, the addition of sugars decreased their crystallinity by dispersing PEG into sugar-dominant matrices. Sugars species, molecular weight of PEGs, and buffer concentration also affected the crystallinity of PEGs. Sugars also dispersed some of other amphiphilic excipients, which tended to crystallize or become "microscopically liquid" when freeze-dried without sugar. Only the amphiphilic excipients that remained amorphous solid state protected the enzyme during freeze-drying in the absence of sugars. However, combinations of sucrose and all the amphiphilic excipients studied increased the stabilizing effects markedly. The remaining activities were greater than the sum of their individual ones. CONCLUSIONS: Various amphiphilic excipients are good stabilizers for freeze-drying of proteins when dispersed into sugar-dominant matrices.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗

PubMed2004

Improved method of analysis of biomass sugars using high-performance liquid chromatography.

The precise quantitative analysis of biomass derived sugars is a very important step in the conversion of biomass feedstocks to fuels and chemicals. However, the most accurate method of biomass sugar analysis is based on the gas chromatography analysis of derivatized sugars either as alditol acetates or trimethylsilanes. The derivatization method is time-consuming but the alternative HPLC method cannot resolve most sugars found in biomass hydrolysates. We have demonstrated for the first time that by careful manipulation of the HPLC mobile phase, biomass monomeric sugars (arabinose, xylose, fructose, glucose, mannose, and galactose) can be analyzed quantitatively and there is excellent baseline resolution of all the sugars. This was demonstrated for both standard sugars and corn stover hydrolysates. Our method can also be used to analyze dimmeric sugars (cellobiose and sucrose).

Biomass↗

PubMed2003

Sugar-starch combinations in food and the relationship to dental caries in low-risk adolescents.

The aim of this 2-year prospective cohort study was to determine whether food-level sugar-starch combinations are predictors of dental caries in a low-risk adolescent population. A total of 645 subjects, aged 12-13 yr at baseline, were recruited from 25 secondary colleges in the north-west region of metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. Examinations to record dental caries status were conducted annually. Dental caries was diagnosed according to the criteria of the World Health Organization. Dietary information was collected by four, continuous 4-d records. Demographic data was collected by parental self-administered questionnaire. A total of 504 subjects provided complete information for analysis. Approximately 37% of subjects experienced an increment in caries. In the multivariate model, only the low sugar-high starch food group was a significant predictor of caries increment on all surfaces and pit and fissure surfaces. For both these surfaces, significant interactions with starch at low sugar and across those clusters with a maximum proportion of sugar and/or starch (that is, high sugar-low starch, medium sugar-medium starch and high sugar-low starch) were found. Sugar-starch interactions may be predictive of caries risk in a low-risk adolescent population. Changing patterns of food consumption and the widespread exposure to various fluoride vehicles are possibly altering the diet-dental caries dynamic that once existed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Why free sugars consumption should be below 15 kg per person per year in industrialised countries: the dental evidence.

The World Health Organization and COMA have recommended that free or non-milk extrinsic sugars intake should be below 10% of total energy intake and the COMA report on dietary sugars and human disease has strongly implicated sugars as the main causative factor in dental caries. The scientific basis for the conclusions of these important policy documents has been challenged by the sugar and confectionery industries. Dental evidence is presented to substantiate the WHO recommendation. The dose-response curve for sugar and caries is approximately sigmoid (S-shaped). At levels of sugar consumption below 10 kg/person/year the incidence of caries is acceptably low. Beyond 15 kg the incidence increases more rapidly. Fluoride increases the resistance of teeth to sugar--it moves the dose-response curve to the right. Thus, when fluoride is widely available, the acceptable level of non-milk extrinsic sugars increases to about 15 kg/person/year.

Dental Caries↗

PubMed1999

Guidelines for sugar consumption in Europe: is a quantitative approach justified?

OBJECTIVES: There is incongruity between the sugar consumption guidelines set in different European countries. A number have adopted maximum limits ranging from 10-25% energy, while others have no quantitative recommendations at all. This raises the question whether or not there should be a common European guideline for sugar consumption. DESIGN: This paper examines if such a goal for sugar is merited and reviews the published literature on associations between sugar consumption and dental caries, obesity and micronutrient dilution. RESULTS: Evidence showed that higher intakes of sugar were related to leanness, not obesity, and had no detrimental effects on micronutrient intakes in most people. In the case of dental caries, there was a relationship between frequency of sugar intake and the incidence of decay. However, in populations where fluoride use was adequate, associations between sugar intake and caries rarely reached statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence does not justify a common quantitative recommendation for sugar. It is suggested that dental caries merits a more integrated public health approach where advice on the frequency of foods containing fermentable-carbohydrates is placed in context alongside oral hygiene.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Consumption of prescribed and over-the-counter medicines with prolonged oral clearance used by the elderly in the Northern Region of England, with special regard to generic prescribing, dose form and sugars content.

As the longevity and population of elderly people has increased, the use of regular long-term medication for chronic medical problems has become more common. Medicines with prolonged oral clearance, for example syrups and chewable tablets, are commonly used in the elderly, many of whom retain their natural teeth into old age. These medicines may threaten dental health if they contain acidogenic sugars and are used long-term. As a part of an overall study of medication use in the elderly, three surveys were undertaken to assess the numbers of prescriptions and quantities of prescribed and 'over-the-counter' medicines with prolonged oral clearance dispensed during a 1 y period (1994), nationally and regionally. Of the 0.51 million litres of liquid oral medicines dispensed potentially for regular and long-term use by the elderly in the Northern Region in 1994, 94% was prescribed in primary care and 4% was sold over-the-counter from community pharmacies. When the effect of generic prescribing upon the sugars content of these medicines was considered, 96% of the volume of proprietary liquid oral medicines dispensed in primary care was sugars-free compared with 9% of generic liquid oral medicines. Of the 0.1 million litres of 'over-the-counter' liquid oral medicines sold in the Northern Region during 1994, 49% were sugars-free. In conclusion, although many prolonged oral clearance medicine preparations are sugars-free, due to generic prescribing a large proportion of the quantities dispensed for possible long-term use in the elderly are sugar-containing liquid oral medicines. In view of the increasing numbers of dentate elderly who require long-term medication, this is of some concern. The role of health professionals in raising awareness of the impact of generic prescribing on the sugars content of medicines is crucial if consumers are to benefit from the sugars-free option.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2001

Impaired sucrose-induction mutants reveal the modulation of sugar-induced starch biosynthetic gene expression by abscisic acid signalling.

Plants both produce and utilize carbohydrates and have developed mechanisms to regulate their sugar status and co-ordinate carbohydrate partitioning. High sugar levels result in a feedback inhibition of photosynthesis and an induction of storage processes. We used a genetic approach to isolate components of the signalling pathway regulating the induction of starch biosynthesis. The regulatory sequences of the sugar inducible ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase subunit ApL3 were fused to a negative selection marker. Of the four impaired sucrose induction (isi) mutants described here, two (isi1 and isi2) were specific to this screen. The other two mutants (isi3 and isi4) showed additional phenotypes associated with sugar-sensing screens that select for seedling establishment on high-sugar media. The isi3 and isi4 mutants were found to be involved in the abscisic acid signalling pathway. isi3 is allelic to abscisic acid insensitive4 (abi4), a gene encoding an Apetala2-type transcription factor; isi4 was found to be allelic to glucose insensitive1 (gin1) previously reported to reveal cross-talk between ethylene and glucose signalling. Here we present an alternative interpretation of gin1 as an allele of the ABA-deficient mutant aba2. Expression analysis showed that ABA is unable to induce ApL3 gene expression by itself, but greatly enhances ApL3 induction by sugar. Our data suggest a major role for ABA in relation to sugar-signalling pathways, in that it enhances the ability of tissues to respond to subsequent sugar signals.

Abscisic Acid↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Oral sugar solutions in pain therapy of neonates and premature infants].

OBJECTIVES: We review the efficacy of oral sugar solutions for treating procedural pain in neonates and address the following questions: Do newborns need analgesic therapy for procedural pain during blood sampling? How do sugars influence pain-reactions of neonates? What is the efficacy of sugar solutions in clinical practice? METHODS: We searched for relevant articles in the PubMed database from 1990 to September 2000. RESULTS: Treatment of procedural pain in newborns is desirable because they are more sensitive to pain than adults, they show marked pain reactions during blood sampling and repeated acute pain in the newborn period results in longterm behavioural changes. Oral sugar solutions have been studied for treatment of procedural pain in neonates. Their initial effect is the result of orotactile stimulation by the intraoral fluid. The orogustatory stimulation by the sweet taste prolongs the effect for up to 10 minutes through endorphin release. In randomized-controlled trials oral sugar solutions (2 ml of 25% sucrose or 30% glucose) reduced pain reactions and crying and attenuated the heart rate increase after capillary and venous blood sampling in term and preterm neonates. They are more effective than traditional calming strategies, like cuddling by parents, use of a pacifier, or breast feeding. Yet, sugar solutions provide no adequate analgesia for more severe pain, e.g. during circumcision. CONCLUSIONS: Sugar solutions effectively relieve procedural pain during blood sampling in neonates. Additional studies are needed to determine the minimal effective dose and the efficacy and side effects of repeated sugar doses in the same patient.

Analgesia↗

PubMed1998

The 3' untranslated region of a rice alpha-amylase gene functions as a sugar-dependent mRNA stability determinant.

In plants, sugar feedback regulation provides a mechanism for control of carbohydrate allocation and utilization among tissues and organs. The sugar repression of alpha-amylase gene expression in rice provides an ideal model for studying the mechanism of sugar feedback regulation. We have shown previously that sugar repression of alpha-amylase gene expression in rice suspension cells involves control of both transcription rate and mRNA stability. The alpha-amylase mRNA is significantly more stable in sucrose-starved cells than in sucrose-provided cells. To elucidate the mechanism of sugar-dependent mRNA turnover, we have examined the effect of alphaAmy3 3' untranslated region (UTR) on mRNA stability by functional analyses in transformed rice suspension cells. We found that the entire alphaAmy3 3' UTR and two of its subdomains can independently mediate sugar-dependent repression of reporter mRNA accumulation. Analysis of reporter mRNA half-lives demonstrated that the entire alphaAmy3 3' UTR and the two subdomains each functioned as a sugar-dependent destabilizing determinant in the turnover of mRNA. Nuclear run-on transcription analysis further confirmed that the alphaAmy3 3' UTR and the two subdomains did not affect the transcription rate of promoter. The identification of sequence elements in the alpha-amylase mRNA that dictate the differential stability has very important implications for the study of sugar-dependent mRNA decay mechanisms.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1998

Sugar response sequence in the promoter of a rice alpha-amylase gene serves as a transcriptional enhancer.

Expression of alpha-amylase genes in both rice suspension cells and germinating embryos is repressed by sugars and the mechanism involves transcriptional regulation. The promoter of a rice alpha-amylase gene alphaAmy3 was analyzed by both loss- and gain-of-function studies and the major sugar response sequence (SRS) was located between 186 and 82 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site. The SRS conferred sugar responsiveness to a minimal promoter in an orientation-independent manner. It also converted a sugar-insensitive rice actin gene promoter into a sugar-sensitive promoter in a dose-dependent manner. Linker-scan mutation studies identified three essential motifs: the GC box, the G box, and the TATCCA element, within the SRS. Sequences containing either the GC box plus G box or the TATCCA element each mediated sugar response, however, they acted synergistically to give a high level glucose starvation-induced expression. Nuclear proteins from rice suspension cells binding to the TATCCA element in a sequence-specific and sugar-dependent manner were identified. The TATCCA element is also an important component of the gibberellin response complex of the alpha-amylase genes in germinating cereal grains, suggesting that the regulation of alpha-amylase gene expression by sugar and hormone signals may share common regulatory machinery.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2003

Two approaches to derive a proposal for added sugars intake for German children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Intake of sugars is restricted in most international food guides. However, in recent recommendations quantified limits of added sugars intake have not been given, although deemed necessary by those who criticised the recommendations. DESIGN: Two approaches to derive a scientifically based quantified limit of added sugars intake for German children and adolescents are suggested. For the first dietary survey approach, 5120 three-day weighed dietary records from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study were used. Added sugars intakes in records of high vs. low dietary quality, measured by a nutrient intake score, were compared. For the second approach, a total dietary concept for German children and adolescents developed and evaluated by the Research Institute of Child Nutrition - the Optimised Mixed Diet - was used. RESULTS: Whereas in the latter dietary concept an added sugars intake of about 6% of energy intake is tolerated, the dietary survey approach resulted in only small differences between high and low dietary quality, with a median added sugars intake of 12% of energy in records with high dietary quality. CONCLUSIONS: A reasonable dietary quality is possible within higher ranges of added sugars intake than derived from the dietary concept approach. Therefore we suggest a range of intake of added sugars for German children and adolescents, from 6% to 12% of energy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

An investigation of sugar extraction methods and the use of microwave power for date syrup processing: efficiency and color related considerations.

This study investigates the effect of extraction methods on the color of date syrup and the potential use of microwave power for syrup processing. Sugar solutions were extracted from dates by boiling, soaking and blending. Color and sugar content of the extracted solutions were measured, and the percentage of sugar extracted form the total fruit sugar determined. Boiling was found to be the most efficient method of extraction whereby 74% of total samples sugar was extracted. In contrast, only 54.2% of fruit sugar was extracted by blending and 42% by soaking. In addition, solutions extracted by soaking and blending had a foaming problem in the subsequent concentration process. The extraction method had no effect on the product final color. The extracted solution was concentrated using two heating methods: conventional and microwave heating at a 600 W capacity and a frequency of 2450 MHz applied at three power levels: 10, 7, and 6. In the heating process, 180 minutes were needed to achieve a 77% degrees Brix using convective heating, while it took 81, 138, and 166 minutes of microwave heating at power level 10, 7, and 6, respectively to achieve the same concentration. Water activity of the syrup was measured within a sugar content range of 50 to 80% degrees Brix and the sugar concentration at which the product is shelf stable was determined at 76%.

Arecaceae↗

PubMed2001

Genetically modified feeds in animal nutrition. 2nd communication: glufosinate tolerant sugar beets (roots and silage) and maize grains for ruminants and pigs.

To analyse substantial equivalence of genetically modified sugar-beets and maize, in which the glufosinate-tolerant (Pat) gene is inserted, crude nutrients, the amino acid and the fatty acid profiles as well as the composition of the NDF-fraction of maize grains were determined and compared with those of the corresponding non-transgenic cultivars. Due to the genetic manipulation differences in crude nutrient contents including sugar and starch were not detected. The amino acid profile of maize grains was analysed to be the same. Fatty acid profile and composition of cell wall constituents did not show any influences as well. Digestibility of Pat-sugar-beets and maize grains for pigs did not demonstrate meaningful differences as compared to the corresponding non-transgenic cultivars. Digestibility of sugar-beet roots and sugar-beet top silage for ruminants proved to be also in the scope of natural variance. As the digestibility of the macro nutrients remained unaffected, the Pat-gene introduction into both crops did not show an influence on the energetic feeding value. For pigs the ME-content of Pat-sugar-beets was determined to be 14.1 MJ/kg DM versus 13.7 MJ of the non-transgenic cultivars. ME-content of Pat-maize grains was 16.0 MJ/kg DM versus 15.8 MJ for controls. For ruminants the feeding value of Pat-sugar-beets was found to be 8.5 MJ NEL/kg DM or 13.2 MJ ME/kg DM, regardless of whether the Pat-gene was inserted or not. The corresponding energy values of sugar-beet top silage ranged between 5.2 and 5.5 MJ NEL/kg DM or 8.6 and 9.1 MJ ME/kg DM, with differences considered in the biological range.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1990

Large enhancement of canine taste responses to sugars by salts.

The effects of changed ionic environments on the canine taste responses to sugars were examined by recording the activity of the chorda tympani nerve. a) The responses to various sugars were greatly enhanced by the presence of salts having monovalent cations such as Na+, K+, choline+, or Tris+. The responses to sugars were suppressed by high concentrations of salts. (b) The presence of 100 mM NaCl in fructose solution did not affect the maximal response and changed the Hill constant for the concentration-response relationship from 1.3 to 2.4. (c) CaCl2 greatly enhanced the response to fructose, while MgCl2 exhibited practically no effect. The presence of 20 mM CaCl2 in fructose solution changed the Hill constant from 1.2 to 2.4. (d) CaCl2 suppressed the responses to 0.5 M sugars except for fructose and sucrose and enhanced the responses to all sugars examined at 1 M. In the glucose response, the slope of the concentration-response curve was increased by the presence of CaCl2. Here the curve in the absence of CaCl2 intersected with that in the presence of CaCl2, indicating that CaCl2 suppressed the response to glucose of low concentrations and enhanced that of high concentrations. (e) The enhancement of the sugar responses by salts was not simply explained in terms of ionic permeability at the apical membranes of taste cells. The enhanced and suppressed effects of salts on the sugar responses were interpreted in terms of the cooperativity between receptor molecules for sugars.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Amount and food sources of total sugar intake by children ages 5 to 12 years.

Average daily consumption of sugars by children 5 to 12 yr was investigated by analyses of 7-day food diaries of a cross-sectional sample of American children. The average daily total sugar consumption for the total sample was 134.3 g with the food group of milk contributing, on the average, the greatest number of grams of sugars. Other food groups making significant contributions to the children's total sugar consumption were cakes, cookies, pies, and other desserts; sweetened beverages; fruits; and fruit juices. Spline distributions of total sugar intake revealed a few children were consuming over 280 g of sugars per average day while some consumed less than 44 g of sugars. Spline distributions, also indicated that the food groups most likely to be consumed at levels resulting in excessive amounts of sugars intake by particular children were sweetened beverages; cakes, cookies, pies, and other desserts; and fruit juices.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1995

Sugars, sweetness, and food intake.

Sugars provide a strong, pleasant, sweet taste and at the same time deliver energy when ingested. Their effects on food intake and selection may therefore be a result of both their hedonic and their physiologic features. The theory that appetite signals arising from sugars are different from those arising from other carbohydrates because of sugars' sweetness has led to the hypothesis that sugars are a cause of excessive energy intake and obesity. However, experimental studies provide evidence that the ingestion of > or = 50 g sugar within 20-60 min of a meal results in reduced mealtime food intake, which suggests that appetite regulatory centers respond to sugar's energy content. Epidemiologic studies provide evidence that sugar consumption, as well as carbohydrate consumption, is associated with leanness, not obesity. Thus there is no evidence to support the hypothesis that sugar is unique among carbohydrates as a dietary component affecting food intake.

Adolescent↗