Item analysis of Revised Beta Examination scores obtained from hospital and college samples.
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Examined is the clinical use of fables in the evaluation of child sexual abuse. A review of projective assessment, the use of human figure drawings, anatomically correct dolls and projective apperception testing is presented within the context of clinical assessment of child trauma. The efficacy of the fable assessment technique is discussed, as are issues in the use of projective assessment with children. Issues and import for the clinician are explored.
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The Senior Apperception Test was administered to 40 older adults of both sexes ranging in age from 61 to 97 years (M age = 78.4 years) to investigate the themes elicited by the 16 SAT stimulus cards. All volunteers were screened to exclude individuals with: 1) cognitive impairments, or 2) any gross auditory, visual, and/or tactile impairment. Results found no consistent pattern of sex differences in responses. A thematic analysis illustrates that content themes depicting affiliation and physical limitations along with themes of dependency and description were the most predominant themes for an institutionalized older adult sample. The majority of the story outcomes were of an ambivalent nature and a neutral tenor. The implications of the results were discussed.
The present study investigated whether there are significant differences in the responses of individuals of varied social class background to selected TAT cards. White, female college students (N = 70) were classified as "working class" or "middle class" according to the characteristics of their families of origin and were asked to write stories in response to five TAT cards. Significant differences between the TAT stories written by the two social class groups were found for pattern of dependency and locus of control. No significant differences were found in number of drive expressions, intensity of drive expressions, or level of defenses used. Implications of these results for testing, as well as the difficulties in studying psychological phenomena across social class, are discussed.
The reliability of rapid prediction of the disciplined or undisciplined behavior of cadets using selected projective tests (modified apperception test, Rosenzweig test of picture frustration, Zondi test) was investigated. The tests were performed on 50 certified pilots and 400 cadets. By means of correlation and factor analyses the references given to the cadets by their seniors were compared with the results of the projective tests. It was found that the modified apperception test can be used to evaluate cadet's behavior within a comparatively short time. Marked extrapunitive trend combined with self-defence type of solution of the Rosenzweig test diminished the conformity of the personality and facilitated the development of conflict situations and undisciplined acts. The undisciplined cadets preferably selected pictures of seriously ill patients with epilepsy, catatonia or hysteria. These probability characteristics help to distinguish the cadets that need specific attention and supervision.
This study examined the relationship between depression and the Apperceptive Personality Test (APT), a picture-story assessment device with an objective scoring system. Subjects were 206 undergraduate volunteer females who completed the APT and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Multiple regression analysis showed significant APT predictors for the BDI. Results are discussed and directions for future research are proposed.
The present investigation attempts to study the personality characteristics of children suffering from leprosy. A group of eleven children was selected from the Central Jalma Institute for Leprosy and Kusht Seva Sadan at Tajganj, Agra. Indian adaptation of Leopold Bellak's Children's Apperception Test (CAT) was employed for collecting the data. The most salient features which were charted out are that they have a general craving for sociogenic needs like love and affection, security, affiliation, cooperation etc. Their anxiety level tends to be high due to certain conflicts. The obvious fact has been that leprosy appears as a somatic devastation in the presence of highly active psychogenic starvation of personality.
This study investigated the validity of the semantic differential portion of the Apperceptive Personality Test with 225 undergraduates who completed the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale, actual-self and ideal-self semantic differential scales (e.g., Actual-self and ideal-self), and either the Apperceptive Personality Test or a modified version. A projected-self score was calculated using the semantic differential ratings of the hero(ine) character on the test, e.g., Projected self. A strong negative correlation indicated that, as the difference between the Ideal-self and Actual-self dereased, the difference between the Actual-self and Projected-self increased. Discriminant analyses indicated that highly guarded participants, e.g., high Social Desirability scores, showed more congruency between Ideal-self and Actual-self and less congruency between Actual-self ratings and Projected-self on the APT than did less guarded participants. When the difference scores incorporated only those semantic differential items that loaded on an Ealuative factor, the same result of discriminant analysis was found when participants who comleted the modified version were included. These findings support the validity of the test's semantic differential items and suggest that guardedness tends to promote more similarity between Actual-self and Ideal-self and less similarity between Actual-self and Projected-self.
A major purpose of this study was to compare the projections of 50 young and 50 elderly subjects to the Seniors Apperception Technique. Specifically, the emotional contents of stories told to the test were compared for sex and generational differences. The results showed, in general, that, while the themes contained more negative than positive feelings, many individuals gave unhappy stories happy conclusions. In addition, the projections of elderly and female respondents were more positive than those of younger and male subjects. The findings were interpreted in light of Neugartin's disengagement theory.
Twenty subject (including patients with atopic eczema and normal matched controls) were subjected to extensive psychiatric interviewing and psychological testing. The atopic eczema patients were found to differ from the controls in early childhood experiences, in adaptation to aggressive conflicts, in themes of dreams and first memories as well as in conflicts and relationships to their extended families. A precipitant stress could be identified at the time of onset and exacerbation of the eczema. Significant psychiatric pathology was found in 60% of the atopic eczema patients. Psychological test results also indicated differences between the two groups with the MMPI being the most discriminating test of those used.
The Apperceptive Personality Test (APT) is a new technique that combines the traditional story-telling method with a questionnaire about the characters in the story, to be filled out by the person being tested. The resulting information is tabulated, and a variety of scores are generated which yield information about the person's personality. The identified clinical signposts indicated by such scores are summarized in this article, along with two illustrative protocol fragments showing how to usual interpretive method is supplemented by the information from the questionnaire.
A specialized apperception test for physically impaired adolescents was developed, and a pilot was conducted using ten nonimpaired and ten impaired adolescents. Ten cards depicting various scenes with physically impaired male and female models were designed to elicit themes that may be particularly relevant for this adolescent population. Two raters evaluated how well each card elicited issues identified in the literature as pertinent to physically challenged adolescents.
A means was devised of assessing elderly individuals' responses to the Senior Apperception Test (SAT) that would discriminate emotionally-cognitively impaired from nonimpaired. With a matched sample of known impaired and nonimpaired nursing home residents, SAT protocols were scored on four dimensions, and the best discriminating cut-off scores established. Protocols from a second similar matched sample were tested for discriminative effectiveness of previously established criterion scores. Significant discrimination at .01 or better was obtained for all four dimensions in the predicted direction. False positives and false negatives ranged from 7 to 33%. The best predictor score was Interpersonal-relationships, the poorest was mood. This procedure with the SAT appears to be an effective screening method for impairment, and it provides additional useful clinical information.
A projective method, the Children's Dental Fear Picture test (CDFP), for measuring child dental fear was developed and tested for reliability in 146 Swedish children aged 5 to 12-years-old. The CDFP consists of three subtests: the Dental Setting Pictures (CDFP-DS), the Pointing Pictures (CDFP-PP), and a Sentence Completion test (CDFP-SC). Assessments of dental fear were made in each of the subtests as well as for the complete test (CDFP). Based on the assessments, the children were grouped into three categories: "fearful", "non fearful"c and "uncertain". The proportion of agreements between assessments of subtests and final assessment (CDFP) varied from 77.4 percent to 89.0 percent. Interexaminer reliability was computed from 27 testings assessed separately by two trained dentists. Full agreement in the final assessments (CDFP) was found between the dentists in 88.9 percent of the testings, indicating that the CDFP is a reliable method for measuring child dental fear.