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PubMed1987

[Evaluation of the immune status of pupils of the Secondary Vocational-Technical School of Rubber and Plastics].

Children of a Secondary Polytechnical school of rubber and plastics were studied. The task aimed at tracing the immunological reactivity of the young generation in the conditions of the chemical industry. The following methods were used: reaction for reactivity of the neutrophylic leucocytes, defining of hemoglobins G, M, E, establishing the complement in serum, the skin autoflora condition, assessment of the microbic saliva content. No significant deviation, expressing decrease of the immunologic reactivity of the organism of the schoolchildren during their training in industrial conditions were established.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Supplementation of L-carnitine in athletes: does it make sense?

Studies in athletes have shown that carnitine supplementation may foster exercise performance. As reported in the majority of studies, an increase in maximal oxygen consumption and a lowering of the respiratory quotient indicate that dietary carnitine has the potential to stimulate lipid metabolism. Treatment with L-carnitine also has been shown to induce a significant postexercise decrease in plasma lactate, which is formed and used continuously under fully aerobic conditions. Data from preliminary studies have indicated that L-carnitine supplementation can attenuate the deleterious effects of hypoxic training and speed up recovery from exercise stress. Recent data have indicated that L-carnitine plays a decisive role in the prevention of cellular damage and favorably affects recovery from exercise stress. Uptake of L-carnitine by blood cells may induce at least three mechanisms: 1) stimulation of hematopoiesis, 2) a dose-dependent inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation, and 3) the prevention of programmed cell death in immune cells. As recently shown, carnitine has direct effects in regulation of gene expression (i.e., carnitine-acyltransferases) and may also exert effects via modulating intracellular fatty acid concentration. Thus there is evidence for a beneficial effect of L-carnitine supplementation in training, competition, and recovery from strenuous exercise and in regenerative athletics.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed1994

Violence in the pediatric emergency department.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To identify the frequency of violence and the perception of safety in pediatric emergency departments. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive, cross-sectional survey of directors of pediatric EDs with fellowship programs. SETTING: University-based urban pediatric EDs. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-seven pediatric ED directors were surveyed, with 94% responding. RESULTS: More than three-fourths of those responding reported one or more verbal threats per week; 77% reported one or more physical attacks on staff per year; and 25% reported actual injury to staff. No pediatric EDs had weapon detectors; 7% had city police stationed there; and 54% had 24-hour security stationed in the pediatric ED. The majority reported that their staff members practice with at least occasional fear (55%) and had documented this concern (82%). Perception of safety was associated with the incidence of verbal threats (P < .006), physical attacks (P < .03), injury to staff or patient (P < .01), and the frequency with which security was needed (P < .001). Pediatric EDs with 50,000 or more visits per year were more likely to have multiple physical attacks on staff (relative risk, 2.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-6.26; P < .004). More verbal threats were reported in pediatric EDs with longer waiting times (P < .001). Fewer than half of the pediatric EDs with reported injuries had 24-hour security. CONCLUSION: Pediatric EDs are not immune to the problem of violence. Efforts must be directed to increase safety through better security, more efficient patient care, and aggression management training.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus test: fraudulent science in the American courts.

The Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN) test was conceived, developed and promulgated as a simple procedure for the determination of the blood alcohol concentration of drivers suspected of driving while intoxicated (DWI). Bypassing the usual scientific review process and touted through the good offices of the federal agency responsible for traffic safety, it was rushed into use as a law enforcement procedure, and was soon adopted and protected from scientific criticism by courts throughout the United States. In fact, research findings, training manuals and other relevant documents were often held as secrets by the state. Still, the protective certification of its practitioners and the immunity afforded by judicial notice failed to silence all the critics of this deeply flawed procedure. Responding to criticism, the sponsors of the test traveled the path documented in this paper that led from mere (if that word can ever truly apply to a matter of such gravity) carelessness in research through self-serving puffery and finally into deliberate fraud--always at the expense of the citizen accused.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2006

Developing critical mass and growing our own academics.

Academic paediatrics is an exciting and rewarding career path but is not immune to the problems of recruitment and retention currently affecting most branches of medicine. The Modernising Medical Careers initiative, with its explicit academic training path, offers an unparalleled opportunity to develop novel schemes that promote recruitment and retention. Coordinated action is required to define, publicise and support the new academic training programmes and to attract the best trainees into them.

Career Choice↗
PubMed2007

Oncology and pharmacogenetics in 2007.

Justin Stebbing is a member of the Royal College of Physicians, American Board of Internal Medicine and the Royal College of Pathologists. Originally, Justin trained in medicine at Trinity College Oxford (Oxford, UK), obtaining a triple first class degree. After completion of junior doctor posts in Oxford, he undertook a residency (junior doctor) training at The Johns Hopkins Hospital (MD, USA), before returning to London to continue his training in oncology at The Royal Marsden. Justin then undertook a PhD, funded by the medical research council, investigating the interplay between the immune system and cancer. Specifically, the role of heat shock proteins in tumorigenesis was examined, leading to the development of a cancer vaccine that is currently in clinical trials. Justin has published over 200 papers and book chapters, in journals such as the Lancet, New England Journal, Blood, the Journal of Clinical Oncology and Annals of Internal Medicine, the majority as first or last author. They mainly focus on early and late stage trials of new drugs, mechanisms of disease and prognostic indicators. He is on the editorial board of a number of journals and regularly serves as a referee. Justin's main focus is now in breast cancer, and helping patients with early and late stage disease get better.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2005

Mycology in the Philippines, revisited.

The warm tropical climate of the Philippines and its interaction with cultural practices, occupation and immune responsiveness contribute to the increased susceptibility of Filipinos to fungal infections. An investigation to determine the prevalence of fungal infections in dermatology training institutions over a 4-year period was conducted. The results showed that fungal infections rank as the second leading cause of consultation with a prevalence of 12.98%. Pityriasis versicolor (25.34%), tinea corporis (22.63%), tinea cruris (16.7%) and tinea pedis (16.38%) were the most frequently encountered cases. Fungal culture yield is low and Candida sp. is the most common isolate, obtained predominantly from specimens taken from the oral mucosa and nails. Candidiasis is still the most common opportunistic infection followed by coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis and aspergillosis. Imidazoles are the most commonly prescribed systemic and topical treatment by Filipino dermatologists. Initial data collected would serve as reference for future research and may be used to compare with epidemiologic data obtained from other Asian countries.

Candidiasis↗
PubMed1993

Effect of exercise on natural cytotoxicity and pulmonary tumor metastases in mice.

Exercise has been demonstrated to reduce experimental tumor formation in rodents when the exercise is present during the tumor initiation or promotion phases. This study evaluated whether exercise influenced the process of tumor metastasis and subsequent growth in a secondary implant site. Male C3H mice remained sedentary, were given free access to running wheels, ran on a treadmill (15 m.min-1, 30 min.d-1), or walked on a treadmill (5 m.min-1, 5 min.d-1)(N = 20/group). Following 9 wk of this protocol, exercise was discontinued. At this time all animals received a tumor cell dose (CIRAS 1, 3 x 10(5)) i.v., and remained sedentary until sacrificed 3 wk later. Splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity was elevated in the wheel running mice compared with sedentary controls 3 wk after cessation of exercise (F(3,74) = 6.266, P < 0.002). Exercised mice displayed lower tumor cell retention in the lungs relative to nonexercised mice (F(1,37) = 6.593, P < 0.02). Tumor incidence was not different across activity groups whereas tumor multiplicity was higher in mice that had been previously exposed to exercise. (However, it should be noted that the significant exercise-tumor effect was due to a small number of exercised mice with extreme multiplicity, > 200 foci/lung.) More extensive tumor colony formation was present in wheel-trained mice that displayed the greatest volumes of daily running. The results from this study suggest that exercise was able to augment natural immune cytotoxic function for up to 3 wk after cessation of activity. However, this augmentation of natural immune function was not associated with reduced tumor incidence in the exercised animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Assessment of functioning of Pulse Polio Kendras and house to house activity in Delhi: is there any scope for improvement?

A cross sectional study was done to assess the performance of Pulse Polio Immunization Booths on National Pulse Polio Immunization day (NID) observed on 2nd December 2001. 55 booths located in Delhi were visited. House to house visits were made on 5 successive days to assess out-reach activities and hold focus group discussions with workers and mothers of the beneficiaries. Majority of the booths were within walking distance (96.4%) and accessible (94.5%) to the beneficiaries, had adequate trained staff reporting in time (88.5-90.4%), displayed IEC material (89.1%), marked the tally sheets in a correct manner (86.5%) and were administering polio vaccine within acceptable norms. Correct knowledge regarding vaccine vial monitor (VVM) was present among workers of 82.7% booths. The marking of children was not being done correctly in 38.2% booths. Efforts to disseminate key messages of next date of NID and routine immunization schedule, information about the disease and it's impact on life and removal of misconceptions regarding polio was observed to be poor (28.9-48.1%). During house-to-house visits coverage was found to be excellent barring a few isolated cases of unimmunized children due to various reasons. The finding of the study implies increased focus on training of the workers manning these booths, especially on dissemination of key messages and information about early symptoms and signs of polio, removal of misconceptions, correct marking of the children and houses and countering resistance to immunization.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1991

Interaction between hormones and the immune system.

After a short introduction into the general topic, the catecholamine-induced increase of leukocytes in which the granulocytes are predominant after short-term exercise is discussed. The reduction of lymphocytes is associated with work-dependent cortisol increase after long-term exercise or 1 h after strenous work. The catecholamine-stimulated lymphocytes increase could be explained by the liberation of the cells from the endothelial vessel wall after catecholamine interaction with the beta-adrenoceptors and by mobilization from lymph nodes and spleen after beta-adrenergic stimulation. Catecholamines reduce the proliferation of lymphocytes and the degranulation of mast cells, preventing hypersensitivity reaction due to inhibited mediator liberation. The influence of cortisol and cytokines and vice versa is discussed. The hormonal changes after runs of different intensities and duration are demonstrated; they show an interaction with immunological regulation. The neuroimmune modulation after physical and psychological stress also has to be considered in immune regulation since under this condition the secretion of encephalins, endorphins, ACTH, and cortisol is increased. The significance of enhanced vasopressin secretion causing postural fainting by vagovasal reaction indicates also the effect of a neuropeptide which is related to immunological reactions. In the changes of lymphocyte subclasses, the homing effect of these cells should be regarded. Advices which can improve the immunologic behaviour, avoiding susceptibility to infections by well-conducted training regimens and adequate periods of regeneration time, are necessary.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Catecholamines↗
PubMed1995

Serine esterase (BLT-esterase) activity in murine splenocytes is increased with exercise but not training.

The effect of a treadmill exercise bout (30 m/min, 4 degrees slope, 30 min) or 9 weeks of training (18 m/min, 0 degrees slope, 45 min/day, 5 x/week) on splenic natural killer cell activity (NKCA) and BLT-esterase activity was studied in adult C3/He male mice. These immune parameters were assessed in mice who had been injected i.p. 24 h before sacrifice with saline or poly I:C, an interferon inducer and activator of killer cells in vivo. Acutely exercised mice pretreated with saline had an increase in NKCA and BLT-esterase activity 5 minutes after cessation of exercise relative to values at rest. The frequency of asialo GM1 positive splenocytes did not differ in the saline injected, acutely exercised mice compared to values obtained before exercise. Animals pretreated with poly I:C did not differ in their NKCA or BLT-esterase activity as a function of time. Trained mice injected with saline had a significant increase in the in vitro splenic NKCA and in the frequency of splenocytes positive for asialo GM1 compared with sedentary controls. However, BLT-esterase activities did not differ by training status. Pretreatment with poly I:C augmented NKCA in all groups of mice and abolished the significant effects observed with acute exercise or training on fresh natural killer cells. These results indicate that the increase in splenic natural killer cell activity immediately after acute exercise is accompanied by an increase in the activity of the granule lytic enzyme, BLT-esterase, presumably involved in delivery of the 'lethal hit'.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Polio eradication--a success in sight.

India took a giant step closer to eradicating polio through the strategy of National Immunization Days-PPI. In order to validate the reported coverage for 1999-2000, UNICEF had undertaken the CES for PPI on the request from GOI. The paper is a presentation of findings from 15 states, carrying the data as of Aug. 31, 2000. The modified cluster sampling has been used in this study. Data reveals that out of 15, 10 states have more than 95% coverage for at least 3 doses, MP and Gujarat at the top with 99% coverage. Despite this high coverage level, huge number of children is still unreached. Nearly 5 lakh children are left out in UP alone. Ironically, higher proportion of urban clusters have zero dose children. Apart from lack of awareness about date and need of additional doses, lack of positive attitude among parents are major cause of not getting any of the doses. Qualitative research pinpointed some more reasons for non-compliance--apprehension about side effect, knowledge and traditional barriers. According to the service providers and influencers, lack of proper training and monetary compensation are major demotivating factors.

Child↗
PubMed2004

The effects of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on resistance exercise induced lipid peroxidation in trained and untrained participants.

BACKGROUND: The theoretical benefits of using antioxidant vitamin supplements to quench oxygen free radicals appear large. High intensity aerobic-type exercise produces oxygen free radicals that can cause damage to lipid membranes (lipid peroxidation) that may lead to many problems such as the inactivation of cell membrane enzymes, the progression of degenerative diseases (cardiovascular disease and cancer) and lessening of the effectiveness of the immune system. The major function of vitamin E is to work as a chain-breaking antioxidant in a fat soluble environment. Little research has examined lipid peroxidation associated with high intensity resistance exercise or possible protective effects of antioxidant supplementation or the effects of training state. RESULTS: There were no significant group (trained vs untrained) or treatment (vitamin E vs placebo) effects found between the 4 groups assessed. There was only one significant difference found and that was in the main effect for time (F = 22.41, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The Resistance Exercise Test caused a significant increase in malondialdehyde in all 4 groups at 6 hours post exercise. There was no evidence that vitamin E supplementation was effective in reducing oxidative damage in comparison to the placebo group. As well, there was no difference between the trained and untrained groups with respect to their impact on lipid peroxidation measures.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health and safety in clinical laboratory practice in Ibadan, Nigeria.

The economic implications of safety precautions in laboratory practice make compliance difficult especially for laboratories in countries with poor economies. However, economic factors are not the only determinants of a safe work environment. Worker's perception of health and safety also influence compliance with safety guidelines. This study was conducted to determine the attitude and practice of laboratory workers with regard to safety. A structured questionnaire was administered to laboratory workers in 10 clinical laboratories. The questionnaire inquired about the use of protective equipment, safe work practices and immunization status of workers. Another questionnaire sought information on safety codes, accident records and first aid facilities in each laboratory. Questionnaires were coded and analysed. Ninety out of 106 laboratory workers (85%) responded to the inquiry. Unsafe work practices such as eating or drinking in laboratories and mouth pipetting of biological samples were practised by 41% and 10% of workers, respectively. Ninety percent of workers used white coats while 64% used gloves when handling biological samples. None of these workers used goggles or face shields in the course of their work. Fifty-one percent had received immunisation against tuberculosis, 73% against tetanus and 16% against hepatitis B. Thirty-seven percent of senior staff and 72% of junior staff did not receive any formal safety training. Accident records and first aid facilities were absent in most laboratories. The commonest health problem reported by workers was low back pain. The poor coverage of hepatitis B immunization among health care workers in an endemic area is currently a cause for concern among medical and paramedical staff. There is a need for education programmes to increase awareness on safety. Occupational health workers in this setting face the challenge of promoting safe work practices among workers in the face of the lack of funding and apathy among poorly paid junior workers.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Increase in immune activation, vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin after an ultramarathon run at moderate altitude.

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of exhaustive long lasting exercise at moderate altitude on the time course of serum immunomodulatory peptides, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and serum erythropoietin (EPO). Thirteen well trained runners participated at the Swiss Alpine Marathon of Davos (distance 67 km, altitude difference 2300 m). Interleukin-6 was significantly elevated in the first 2h after the run. In contrast, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and both soluble tumor necrosis factor-a receptors I and II were increased after exercise termination and showed sustained serum concentrations the following days. Neopterin, a serum marker for the activation of the cellular immune system, was increased until day two after the run. Immediately after the run VEGF was significantly elevated and further increased 2.4-fold until day five post exercise (p = 0.005). EPO was also increased after exercise but reached its maximum 2 h after the run (2-fold increase; p = 0.004) and decreased thereafter. The main findings of our study are that prolonged strenuous exercise at moderate altitude induced a significant long lasting increase in serum VEGF and EPO which was accompanied by an activation of the immune system.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Travel with small children].

Travelling with young children can lead to difficult situations. Accordingly, travel preparations should be geared towards the needs of the youngest with appropriate medical advise. Young children tolerate most means of transportation. When travelling long distances by car, clear rules ought to be established, and many children require antiemetic measures. With regards to traffic safety, compromises during family vacation are not acceptable. Travelling by plane or train is less stressful than travelling by bus or car. As a medical advisor, one ought to be familiar with age limits for certain immunizations and medications (particularly antimalarial agents). Parental knowledge of modern rules for oral rehydration in cases of traveller's diarrhoea is frequently insufficient. Whenever possible, travelling with young children to high risk regions should be avoided.

Child↗