[Method for single-stage determination of the body fluid compartments in children].
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Adolescent↗
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Results for “Body Fluids”
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[Bactericidal activity of enoxacin and ciprofloxacin in body fluids].
Until present studies are lacking which investigate the bactericidal activity of new quinolones in body fluids. Therefore, we determined bactericidal titers of enoxacin (en) and ciprofloxacin (cip) against a typical pathogen in urinary tract infections (Escherichia coli) in urine and against a typical pathogen in respiratory tract infections (Streptococcus pyogenes) in sputum, in each case at the time of peak and trough levels (In vitro data of the test strains: E. coli - MICen = 0.06 mg/l, MICcip = 0.06 mg/l, MBCen = 0.5 mg/l, MBCcip = 0.25 mg/l; Streptococcus pyogenes - MICen = 32 mg/l, MICcip = 1 mg/l, MBCen greater than 64 mg/l, MBCcip greater than 64 mg/l). Following a randomization list, ten healthy volunteers took either 400 mg enoxacin b.i.d. for three days, then (after a break of at least three days) 500 mg ciprofloxacin b.i.d. for three days, or vice versa. Two and 12 hours after the final dose, samples of sputum were taken, urine was collected 2-4 h and 10-12 h after the final dose. The bactericidal titers against E. coli in urine were greater than 1:512 (2-4 h after the final dose) and greater than 1:64 (10-12 h after the final dose) for both quinolones in all cases. On the other hand, as to S. pyogenes were found growth in every dilution of sputum. These results confirm the scepticism against quinolone therapy of respiratory tract infections caused by streptococci.
Ciprofloxacin↗
Semiclassical statistical mechanics of two-dimensional hard-body fluids.
The problem of calculating the thermodynamic properties of two-dimensional semiclassical hard-body fluids is studied. Explicit expressions are given for the first-order quantum corrections to the free energy, equation of state, and virial coefficients. The numerical results are calculated for the planar hard dumbbell fluid. Significant features are the increase in quantum corrections with increasing eta and increasing L*=L/sigma(0).
Journal Article↗
Determining pentachlorophenol in body fluids by gas chromatography after acetylation.
A sensitive, precise, and accurate method for rapidly analyzing body fluids for pentachlorophenol has been developed. The method includes acidification and extraction of the fluid with hexane. The extract is reacted with acetic anhydride, washed with buffer, and injected into a gas chromatograph fitted with an electron capture detector. Quantitation of the pentachlorophenol is based on the ratio of the peak height of pentachlorophenyl acetate to an internal standard, tribromophenyl acetate. The lower detection limit in urine or serum is 1-2 parts per billion. The method was applied to workers in pentachlorophenol formulating plants and to residents of pentachlorophenol treated log houses. Hydrolysis increased the yield of determined urinary pentachlorophenol by a factor of approximately 1.8. Serum levels of pentachlorophenol were 2-3 time higher than the corresponding whole blood levels.
Acetylation↗
Calculated distribution of various inorganic phosphate constituents in body fluids, based on the principles of complex equilibria.
The distribution of inorganic phosphate ions in body fluids is calculated by equilibrium studies. Equations of partial mol fractions of each complex species are calculated with known stability constants, measured pH and electrolyte concentrations. We present these results in serum and urine in health, and in some diseases, with characteristic pH values and electrolyte concentrations. Distribution of various inorganic phosphate complexes, similar to total and ionized calcium, may be of practical importance.
Acidosis↗
Practical limitations of disinfection of body fluid spills with 10,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl).
The purpose of this study was to monitor disinfection with 10,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite for decontamination of common hospital spills. Simulated spills deliberately contaminated with 10(8) bacterial challenges were used for the study. Results showed greater than 5 log reduction in the challenge bacteria for all spills (serum, pus, sputum, csf, ascitic fluid, urine, and stool) except blood. Disinfection was satisfactory for blood contaminated with gram-negative bacteria, but not for staphylococci. As a practical procedure, surfaces contaminated from gross spillage of human body fluids should first be contained with absorbent materials, then disinfected with hypochlorite.
Body Fluids↗
Studies on body composition. II. Body fluid compartments and exchangeable potassium in obese females.
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Body Composition↗
The relationship between oxygen delivery and consumption in the conscious rat before and after expansion of body fluid volumes.
Oxygen consumption and delivery (defined as the product of cardiac output, haemoglobin concentration and arterial oxygen saturation) and haemodynamic variables were examined in the conscious resting rat throughout the day and after the expansion of body fluid volumes. Cardiac output was measured in arbitrary units by electromagnetic flowmetry and oxygen consumption by respirometry. The variability of blood pressure in the basal state was significantly less than that of cardiac output. Oxygen consumption was significantly correlated with cardiac output and oxygen delivery. In studies undertaken throughout the day, both oxygen consumption and delivery fell in the afternoon and there was evidence that the relationship between these two variables was curvi- rather than recti-linear. During oral sodium chloride administration for 7 days, blood pressure rose and some evidence was found for an alteration in the relationship between oxygen consumption and delivery, with an excess of delivery relative to consumption, particularly on the first day of salt loading. Intravenous injection of sodium chloride solution (0.171 mol/l) did not alter the relationship between oxygen consumption and delivery. Expansion of blood volume, while the packed cell volume was maintained nearly constant, raised oxygen delivery transiently and evidence was obtained that the relationship between oxygen consumption and delivery was altered, with oxygen delivery rising relatively more than oxygen consumption. The findings are discussed in relation to the autoregulatory hypothesis of circulatory control and for the role of autoregulation in hypertensive states. The importance of relating oxygen delivery to metabolic requirements in studies of the role of autoregulation is emphasized.
Animals↗
Mathematical modeling of solute kinetics and body fluid changes during profiled hemodialysis.
A mathematical model of solute kinetics oriented to improve hemodialysis treatment is presented. It includes a two-compartment description of the main solutes (K+, Na+, Cl-, urea, HCO3-, H+, CO2), acid-base equilibrium through two buffer systems (bicarbonate and non-carbonic buffers) and a three-compartment model of body fluids (plasma, interstitial and intracellular). The main model parameters can be individually assigned a priori, on the basis of body weight and plasma concentration values measured before beginning the session. Model predictions are compared with clinical data obtained during 11 different hemodialysis sessions performed on six patients with profiled sodium concentration in the dialysate and profiled ultrafiltration rate. In all cases, the agreement between the time pattern of model solute concentrations in plasma and clinical data turns out fairly good as to urea, sodium, chloride and potassium kinetics. Finally, the time patterns of plasma bicarbonate concentration and pH can be reproduced fairly well with the model, provided CO2 concentration remains constant. Only in two sessions, blood volume was directly measured in the patient, and in both cases the agreement with model predictions was good. In conclusion, the model allows a priori computation of the amount of sodium removed during hemodialysis, and may enable the prediction of plasma volume changes and plasma osmolarity changes induced by a given sodium concentration profile in the dialysate and by a given ultrafiltration profile. Hence, it can be used to improve the dialysis session taking the characteristics of individual patients into account, in order to minimize intradialytic imbalances (such as hypotension or disequilibrium syndrome).
Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
Quantitative interrelationship between Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium, osmolality of body fluid compartments, and plasma water sodium concentration.
The presence of negatively charged, impermeant proteins in the plasma space alters the distribution of diffusible ions in the plasma and interstitial fluid (ISF) compartments to preserve electroneutrality. We have derived a new mathematical model to define the quantitative interrelationship between the Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium, the osmolality of body fluid compartments, and the plasma water Na+ concentration ([Na+]pw) and validated the model using empirical data from the literature. The new model can account for the alterations in all ionic concentrations (Na+ and non-Na+ ions) between the plasma and ISF due to Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium. In addition to the effect of Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium on Na+ distribution between plasma and ISF, our model predicts that the altered distribution of osmotically active non-Na+ ions will also have a modulating effect on the [Na+]pw by affecting the distribution of H2O between the plasma and ISF. The new physiological insights provided by this model can for the first time provide a basis for understanding quantitatively how changes in the plasma protein concentration modulate the [Na+]pw. Moreover, this model defines all known physiological factors that may modulate the [Na+]pw and is especially helpful in conceptually understanding the pathophysiological basis of the dysnatremias.
Blood Proteins↗
Pseudocholinesterase activity in some human body fluids.
Pseudocholinesterase activity of sweat, lacrimal fluid, urine, parotid saliva, whole saliva, whole blood and plasma was estimated using butyrylthiocholine iodide and propionylthiocholine iodide as substrates. There was similarity in activity between erythrocytes and plasma, but considerable differences between whole blood and other body fluids. The level of enzyme activity was approximately the same in sweat, lacrimal fluid, urine, parotid fluid and whole saliva, but it was only about 1/1500 of that of plasma. The enzyme activity in either whole blood or plasma is a good measure of organophosphate exposure but in other fluids activity can hardly give more than an approximate indication of acute poisoning.
Body Fluids↗
Blood and body fluid precautions.
The well-publicised dangers of contracting infection from blood-borne viruses make an awareness of comprehensive protective measures for self and others an imperative for nurses. Sarah Hart reviews the precautions nurses should take when dealing with contaminated blood and other body fluids, and lays emphasis on the need for all nurses, regardless of the particular area in which they work, to adopt and promote safe practices.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Application of flow injection analysis in trace element determination of body fluids.
The principle of flow injections analysis (FIA) is briefly described, along with some of its advantages for analytical measurements. A review of the development, current status and application of FIA coupled with optical or electrochemical techniques for the determination of various elements in body fluids is presented. Further, the analytical potential of FIA for the determination of elements in biological materials is then summarized and trends in the methodology are given brief consideration.
Adult↗
Facilitating an understanding of integrative physiology: emphasis on the composition of body fluid compartments.
As a teaching exercise, we used deductive reasoning and a quantitative analysis to convert a number of facts into a series of concepts to facilitate an understanding of integrative physiology and shed light on the composition of the different body fluid compartments. The starting point was the central need to regenerate ATP to perform biologic work. Because a large quantity of O2 must be delivered to cells at a sufficiently high concentration to aid its diffusion into mitochondria, approximately one third of the O2 in inspired air was extracted; this led to a P(CO2) in arterial blood of 40 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa). Blood flow to individual organs must be adjusted precisely to avoid having too low or too high a P(O2) in mitochondria--the latter augments the formation of reactive O2 species. The extracellular fluid (ECF) bicarbonate concentration (E(HCO3)) must be high to minimize H+ buffering by proteins. This high E(HCO3) sets the ECF concentrations of ionized calcium (Ca2+) and inorganic phosphate (HPO4(2-)) because of solubility issues. Three features defined the intracellular fluid (ICF) volume and composition. First, expelling monovalent anions minimized its mass (volume). Second, controlling the tissue P(CO2) ensured a relatively constant net valence on intracellular proteins. Third, the range of ICF Ca2+ concentrations must both induce regulatory signals and avoid Ca3(PO4)2 formation. All the above were incorporated into the integrated response that optimized the capacity for vigorous exercise.
Animals↗
Blood and body fluid exposures among surgeons: a survey of attitudes and perceptions five years following Universal Precautions.
A mail survey of surgeons at our medical center 5 years following adoption of Universal Precautions revealed that 29% estimated having > or = 1 potentially serious blood or body fluid exposures (BBEs) per month. Failure to report BBEs (usually needlesticks) to the employee health department was common, and the majority of surgeons in practice for > or = 10 years never reported such exposures. The most commonly cited reason for not reporting BBEs was perceived low risk of acquiring bloodborne infections.
Accidents, Occupational↗
Study of yttrium containing bioactive glasses behaviour in simulated body fluid.
The influence of yttrium oxide on the bioactivity of glasses in the system SiO(2)-Na(2)O-P(2)O(5)-CaO-B(2)O(3)-K(2)O-MgO was studied in a simulated body fluid (SBF). Two series of glasses with different bioactivity were investigated. The reaction layers formed on the surface of the exposed glasses were evaluated by means of back scattered electron imaging of scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (BEI-SEM/EDXA). The concentration of Y, Ca and P released from the glasses into SBF, during 21 days was determined using inductively coupled plasma-emission spectroscopy ICP-AES and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy ICP-MS. Introducing yttrium in the selected bioactive glass tended to diminish the bioactivity of the glasses. The thickness of the calcium phosphate layer decreased with increasing yttrium oxide content. The same effect was also observed when yttrium oxide partially replaced only calcium, magnesium and phosphorous oxide in the precursor glass. The data show that we can produce bioactive glasses with yttrium oxide as a component. By suitable tailoring of the rest of the glasses the yttrium effect on the glass behavior in SBF should be possible to control and thus produce yttrium containing glasses with desired bioactivity.
Biocompatible Materials↗
Effects of kassinin, a tachykinin of the skin of the African frog Kassina senegalensis, on body fluid homeostasis in rats.
In Wistar rats loaded with SC hypertonic NaCl solution kassinin produces an inhibition of cell-dehydration drinking which lasts several hours. The long duration of the effect does not depend on a renal excretion of sodium but, hypothetically, on a redistribution of electrolytes between the extra- and the intra-cellular compartments of body fluids.
Animals↗
Use of body fluid of adult female Ascaris suum as an antigen in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for diagnosis of swine ascariosis.
The Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect Ascaris suum antibodies in swine sera with adult body fluid (ABF) as an antigen. The assay was standardized with respect to the antigen concentration and serum and conjugate dilutions. Cross reaction was found between the antigen and the sera from the swine infected with Metastrongylus apri. The ELISA was more sensitive than the complement fixation test. Five protein peaks were obtained from ABF by gel filtration on Sephacryle S-300. Fraction 1 was the most specific. A 105 kDa protein in the fraction reacted with swine IgG in the serum of infected animals in Western blot analysis.
Animals↗