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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

The effect of weight loss on body image in HIV-positive gay men.

The purpose of this study was to assess how body image may be affected by HIV-related weight loss. Qualitative methodology was used: eight gay men with weight loss of at least 10% self-completed a brief, tailor-made questionnaire and then participated singly in semi-structured audiotaped interviews. Questionnaire analysis showed all but one had avoided social activities in the last two months due to self-consciousness over their emaciated appearance; family visits, meeting new people and meeting up again with people after weight loss were most problematic. Interview analysis revealed that in addition to social considerations, bodily comfort and effectiveness were affected, and participants identified weight loss as a clear sign of disease progression. Weight regain was problematic and food had become a difficult issue for most. These results suggest that in gay men, HIV-related weight loss causes significant emotional and physical problems.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Body image and strategies to lose weight and increase muscle among boys and girls.

This study examined factors that influence body image and strategies to either lose weight or increase muscle among children. Participants were 237 boys and 270 girls. Body mass index (BMI), body dissatisfaction, cognitions and behaviors to both lose weight and increase muscles, as well as self-esteem and positive and negative affect, were evaluated. Self-esteem was associated with body satisfaction, positive affect predicted strategies to lose weight and increase muscles, and negative affect predicted body dissatisfaction and cognitions to lose weight and increase muscles. Boys were more likely to focus on changing muscles. Respondents with higher BMIs were more focused on losing weight butnot muscle. The discussion focuses on health risk behaviors related to eating and exercise among children.

Body Composition↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sexuality, body image, and self-esteem: the future after trauma.

Traumatic injury can drastically change a person's body appearance and function. The author explores the effect traumatic injury has on a person's self-esteem, body image, and sexuality. The cyclical theory of development provides the framework for a review of two core human values--intimacy and sense of self--adults use to organize and reorganize their lives following a traumatic event. Implications for trauma nurses are included.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Assessment of eating behaviours and attitudes to eating, dieting and body image in pre-adolescent Swedish girls: a one-year follow-up.

UNLABELLED: A 1-y follow-up of fifty 8-y-old Swedish girls was performed to assess changes in eating attitudes and dieting behaviour. Individual structured interviews using the Children's Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT) and Body Image silhouettes were used. The question, "Have you ever tried to lose weight?" was employed to discriminate dieters from non-dieters. Dieting behaviours according to the ChEAT increased over the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Discrimination between dieters and non-dieters on the basis of a single question is highly unstable. A classification based on repeated assessment appears to be more promising.

Attitude↗
PubMed2006

Alexithymia and body image in adult outpatients with binge eating disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The current study elucidates the relations between alexithymia and body image in patients with binge eating disorder (BED). METHOD: One hundred one patients with BED were evaluated. Alexithymia was measured with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). The severity of BED was measured with the Binge Eating Scale (BES). Body concerns were assessed with the Body Shape Questionnaire-Short Version (BSQ-S), the Body Uneasiness Test (BUT), and the Body Attitude Test (BAT). Additional measures were the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). RESULTS: The prevalence of alexithymia in our sample was 39.6% (n = 40) and individuals with alexithymia showed higher scores on all rating scales. Higher body dissatisfaction, lower self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and the Difficulty in Identifying Feelings/Difficulty in Describing Feelings subscales of the TAS-20 were predictors of the severity of BED in the linear regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Alexithymia was associated with more severe BED. Individuals with alexithymia and BED exhibited significantly poorer appearance evaluation and body satisfaction as well as higher depressive symptoms than individuals without alexithymia.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sexuality and body image after cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cancer and its treatments can profoundly affect a person's sexuality including their body image, sexual functioning, relationships, identity and self esteem. One of the more common long lasting effects of cancer treatment is sexual dysfunction, yet for a number of reasons, health practitioners may not adequately address these topics. OBJECTIVE: This article describes the range of factors contributing to psychosexual problems for people with cancer and provides a useful framework for addressing problems and taking a sexual history. DISCUSSION: More than half of all people diagnosed and treated for cancer in Australia now survive their disease. Many of these survivors suffer from significant physical and emotional changes during and after their cancer treatments that affect their sexuality and sexual functioning. Such patients need an opportunity to discuss these changes with their health practitioners, but all too often are not given the opportunity to do so.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Effects of body image on dieting, exercise, and anabolic steroid use in adolescent males.

This cross-sectional survey study examined body image, dieting and exercise variables, and steroid use in 2,088 high-school graduates aged 18 years. In contrast to women, more men wished to gain (46%) rather than loose weight (32%). Men who wished to gain weight were more satisfied with their body shape, showed no fear of fatness, and dieted and exercised less frequently than did men who wished to lose weight. The prevalence of dieting was low (4%), even among men who wished to lose weight (9%), and physical exercise was more likely to be used for both weight loss and weight gain. Contrary to expectations, anabolic steroid use was rare (0.6%) and was not associated with a desire for weight gain. Steroid users were more likely to engage in running and swimming than football. The data did not support the notion that anabolic steroid use is widespread among high-school males.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Body image perceptions and dieting among African-American pre-adolescent girls and parents/caregivers.

This study describes body image and weight concern attitudes of pre-adolescent African-American (AA) girls and their parent/caregivers. Cross-sectional survey data were collected from 189 low-income 8- to 10-year-old AA girls and 179 parents/caregivers of AA girls from 2 urban areas, Memphis and Minneapolis/St. Paul. Results demonstrated that most AA girls were either happy with their weight, or did not think about it at all. However, 20% of girls would like to be larger than their current size, and 50% would like to be smaller. Girls in Minneapolis/St. Paul were more likely than Memphis girls to report weight dissatisfaction. One third of parents reported concerns that their daughters were too heavy. Seventy-two percent of parents reported that they were trying to lose weight. Discussions include possible regional differences in weight concern among AA girls, and implications for obesity prevention programs.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2005

Effects of tracheostomy on well-being and body-image perceptions.

OBJECTIVE: Quality of life after tracheostomy was addressed by measuring its impact on well being and body image perceptions. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: A controlled study in a laryngotracheal clinic of a tertiary referral center. Three groups were studied: 24 cannulated, 19 decannulated, and 20 noncannulated patients. They filled up 3 conventional questionnaires. RESULTS: (1) Satisfaction-with-life scale: reduced scores were detected between cannulated and noncannulated patients. (2) Personality traits: neuroticism and extroversion: no differences were noted. (3) Body cathexis scale: both cannulated and decannulated patients scored less than noncannulated. In tracheostomy-specific issues, decannulated patients scored better than cannulated patients. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced scores after tracheostomy indicate an overall diminished quality of life. These changes correlate with personality traits. Decannulated patients exhibited only slight improvement indicating an incomplete psychosocial recovery. SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first report on tracheostomy related quality of life in noncancer patients conducted with specific psychological questionnaires.

Body Image↗
PubMed1995

Body image and social attitude in growth-hormone-deficient adults.

This study was done to evaluate the perception of body image and psychosocial attitudes in a sample of 8 male adult subjects with growth-hormone deficit before and after six months of therapy. Before treatment the subjects tended to underestimate body size and were characterized by low self-esteem, a closed attitude towards social relationships, a pessimistic attitude with a tendency towards depression, and a strong sense of detachment from the outside world. After the treatment, even if the subjects continued to underestimate body size, we observed an improvement in terms of emotional control and well-being, accompanied by lower scores on anxiety. An integration of a psychological support in the GH therapy could help the patients to overcome problems of bodily and social acceptance.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Development and validation of two new scales for assessment of body-image.

This study reports the development and validation of two new and improved tools for assessment of body-image. Two schematic contour scales were created using a frontal view photograph of an adult male and female with height and weight of the median American. A 2-figure analogue scale was created by distorting this drawing by +/- 30%. A 13-card scale was created by generating 13 drawings distorted between +/- 30% by increments of 5%. Evidence is presented for the reliability and validity of both scales. The advantages of these new scales over existing figural and silhouette scales are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Evidence for a self-esteem approach in the prevention of body image and eating problems among children and adolescents.

Early suggestions from the 1980s for a self-esteem approach in the prevention of eating problems have been adopted by researchers, and the results of several interventions show support for the efficacy, safety, and suitability of a predominantly self-esteem and self-acceptance approach. Several recent studies utilizing strong self-esteem components as part of their controlled prevention interventions have produced improvements in body dissatisfaction, dietary restraint, internalization of the thin ideal, and attitudes associated with the eating disorders. This article discusses self-esteem as one of the important risk and protective factors in the development of body image concerns and eating disorders and describes the subsequent use of a self-esteem approach for prevention of eating disorders. Interventions containing strong self-esteem components from around the world are discussed in relation to their impact on the body image and eating behaviors of adolescents. Applications of the self-esteem approach for the prevention of child obesity also are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Whole-body imaging with PET/MRI.

Whole-body positron emission tomography (PET) scanning with the radiolabeled glucose analogue 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ( superset 18 F-FDG) can identify areas of cancerous involvement and distinguish malignant from benign lesions and therefore, plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of patients with cancer. PET facilitates the evaluation of metabolic and molecular characteristics of a wide variety of cancers, but it is limited in its ability to visualize anatomical structures. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a promising diagnostic modality for the diagnosis and management of patients with cancer, because of its high anatomical resolution. Whole-body PET and whole-body MRI allow to evaluate both the primary tumor and for the presence of metastasis at the same time. The combination of these two excellent diagnostic imaging modalities into a single scanner offers several advantages in comparison to PET and MRI alone. A hybrid PET/MRI facilitates the accurate registration of metabolic and molecular aspects of the diseases with exact correlation to anatomical findings, improving the diagnostic value in identifying and characterizing of malignancies and tumor staging. Thus, hybrid PET/MRI could be a very important diagnostic imaging modality in oncological applications in the decades to come, and possibly for use in cancer screening and cardiac imaging.

Fluorodeoxyglucose F18↗
PubMed2000

Perceived body image and eating behavior in young adults with cystic fibrosis and their healthy peers.

Treatment aimed at achieving an ideal nutritional status is an integral part of the management of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Emphasis is continually placed upon dietary intake and weight. The effects of this on eating behavior and self-perceptions are unclear. This work compared male and female CF adults with a healthy male and female control population with regard to (a) clinical variables, (b) actual, perceived, and desired body shape/body mass index (BMI), and (c) body satisfaction, eating behaviors and attitudes, and self-esteem. Clinical data were recorded for 221 adults with CF and 148 healthy controls. All subjects completed BMI Charts (perception of body weight/BMI), the Eating Attitudes Test, and scales of body satisfaction and self-esteem. CF patients had poorer lung function and nutritional status than controls. Control males accurately perceived their body shape/BMI and were content with it, whereas CF males viewed their BMI as greater than it actually was and desired to be much heavier. Control females viewed their body shape/BMI as less than it actually was and desired to be even slimmer, in comparison with CF females, who perceived their BMI as less than it actually was but were happy with their perceived shape/weight. Control subjects, especially females, dieted to a greater extent and were more preoccupied with food (with binge eating and intended vomiting) than CF patients. Conversely, those with CF reported greater pressure from others to eat than did controls. More problems with food/eating behavior were associated with less body satisfaction and reduced self-esteem. In comparison with a healthy control population, the perceptions and behaviors of CF adults relating to eating, weight, and body image are not abnormal. Indeed, females with CF have fewer problems than their healthy peers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Beyond body image: the experience of breast cancer.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To describe the mental and emotional impact of treatment for breast cancer with a focus on the ways the body is experienced. DESIGN: Phenomenologic, descriptive, and interpretive. SETTING: An outpatient treatment area of a comprehensive cancer center in the southwestern United States. SAMPLE: 20 women, ages 20-68 (mean = 50 years), who had mastectomies (including both modified radical mastectomies and lumpectomies, with some having reconstruction) for breast cancer. METHODS: Content analysis of verbatim transcriptions of open-ended interviews using hermeneutic phenomenology and descriptive and interpretive presentation of a paradigm case. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Reaction to breast cancer and its treatment. FINDINGS: Informants' descriptions demonstrate that the body can be viewed as having three aspects: (a) the body as symbol or social expression (i.e., how bodies make a social statement and tell others who you are); (b) the body as a way of being in the world, including sensations and symptoms such as nausea, fatigue, and pain; and (c) the existential sense that one needs a body to be in the world (i.e., the body expresses existence), which led to more awareness of the possibility of death. CONCLUSIONS: Women treated for breast cancer view their bodies in ways that go beyond what is suggested by the literature on body image and breast cancer, encompassing a wide range of responses. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: The contribution of this study is the documentation of the complexity of the meaning of "body" for women with breast cancer. Appropriate interventions differ for each aspect of the body: for the body as social symbol, programs such as Look Good ... Feel Better or image centers; for the body's sensations and symptoms, information about what to expect and about symptom prevention and management; for the existential body, active listening to fears and concerns and providing assistance as needed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

The externality of the inside: body images of pregnancy.

This paper draws on literature, empirical data and a range of theoretical perspectives on the maternal body to examine understandings of the relationship between a pregnant woman and her foetus, with a particular focus on the body images used by women to represent this relationship. Psychoanalytic and nursing accounts of the relationship between mother and foetus have often described a symbiotic 'oneness' or unity during pregnancy. Such accounts, however, stress the temporary nature of this unity and identify a series of 'stages' of separation or 'polarisation' between mother and foetus during pregnancy. In contrast, many of the 25 women who participated in our interview study of new motherhood described a confusion of the boundary between self and foetus. For many women the experience of pregnancy and the relationship with the unborn baby was ambiguous and uncertain. Importantly, none of these women described her relationship with the foetus as a series of developmental stages, but rather saw it as fluctuating throughout pregnancy. These findings are more consistent with the work of feminist theorists who describe pregnancy as a dynamic and fluid merging of the inside and the outside of the body/self.

Adult↗