PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Isolation versus quarantine and alternative measures to control emerging infectious diseases.

In the past 25 years, the world has witnessed the emergence and re-emergence of many infectious diseases. In the early stages of their emergence, isolation and quarantine may be the only and last resort to effectively control infectious diseases when we are confronted with limited or no knowledge of a newly identified and previously unknown contagious disease, which causes a serious public health threat either locally or internationally. The article traces back the origins of isolation and quarantine; defines precisely the terms isolation and quarantine as they are currently used in the modern era; compare and contrast these terms; identifies some of the harmful consequences of applying quarantine measures; highlights considerations for the use of isolation and quarantine; and identifies alternative measures adopted by the world health community to respond to emerging and re-emerging health threats.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1977

[The evaluation of principles for the prevention and control of animal epidemics during the second half of the 18th century according to a contemporary monograph, from a current viewpoint].

Reference is made to the third edition of a handbook published 1800 in which experience in preventing and controlling animal diseases is given in the form of standards together with conclusions, the latter being related primarily to the incidence of cattle plague in the second half of the 18th century. The points made in the handbook are related to the history of veterinary medicine, with particular emphasis being laid on today's national veterinary services and the legal provisions which are now in effect for the prevention and control of high risk. Since production relations and productive forces were on a different level then, both the consequences of high-risk animal diseases and action for protection often had deterimental impact upon agricultural production and led to the ruin of many poorer farmers and dependent peasants. The substance of the prevention and control principles was not only adequate, but to some extent is valid even today, notwithstanding the much higher scientific basis on which many problems are tackled in our days. A set of strict rules had been established, and offenders had to expert severe punishment. Yet, in the class society of that time penalty rules differed for 'masters' and 'inferiors'. The handbook is of enlightening importance as a basisfor deliberate application of codes and standards.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Protection of domestic animals from infectious diseases in an economic community without control at the interior borders--an orientation].

In relation to the plans for introducing the free inner market in the Member States of the EEC the principles for the future veterinary control of domestic animals and animal products are described. The traditional frontier control will be replaced by official primary control at the place of production (herd of origin, slaughter house, dairy etc.). The technical conditions are described: Effective disease surveillance and notification, eradication and control schemes for contagious diseases, control of animals in relation to trade. Decentralized veterinary control stations have the best possibility to carry out these functions. They should be staffed and equipped with special regard to the structure of the animal population and the production systems in the area concerned. The EEC-Commission has the task to coordinate and standardize this work with the national veterinary services. It is essential that this work functions identically everywhere in the Community. The herd owner should introduce common measures for protecting his animals against infectious diseases. This could be done by veterinary advisers within the frame of voluntary animal health schemes.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The emerging infections network: a new venture for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Executive Committee of the Infectious Diseases Society of America Emerging Infections Network.

The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), in cooperation with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has launched an Emerging Infections Network (EIN). This network of infectious diseases consultants was conceived as a sentinel system to monitor new or resurgent infectious diseases in a way that would complement other public health surveillance efforts. A pilot study with 169 participants recruited from 32 of the IDSA's state and regional societies confirmed the feasibility and potential value of this network. More than 300 infectious diseases consultants are currently participating in the IDSA EIN. Future plans include aggressive probing for clinical experiences that indicate or suggest the presence of emerging infections, initiation of prospective studies for selected infectious diseases, and other activities designed both to benefit consultants in infectious diseases and to make use of their services.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2001

Immunomodulators for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in food-producing animals.

The goal of immunomodulation in food-producing animals is to regulate immunity for the benefit of the animal and production efficiency. Immunomodulators are substances that exert this control and include cytokines, pharmaceuticals, microbial products, nutraceuticals, and traditional medicinal plants. Although treatment and prevention of infectious diseases are the most common reasons to use immunomodulators, other conditions, such as amelioration of stress-induced immunosuppression, maturation of the neonate's developing immune response, and strategies to reduce the metabolic cost of eliciting an immune response also are well suited for immunomodulation. Continued discovery of new immune regulators and increased understanding of immunity in food-producing animals will ensure new opportunities for the use of immunomodulators in food-producing animals.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2001

The emerging nosocomial pathogens Cryptosporidium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Helicobacter pylori, and hepatitis C: epidemiology, environmental survival, efficacy of disinfection, and control measures.

New and emerging infectious diseases pose a threat to public health and may be responsible for nosocomial outbreaks. Cryptosporidium parvum and Escherichia coli are gastrointestinal pathogens that have caused nosocomial infections via person-to-person transmission, environmental contamination, or contaminated water or food. Helicobacter pylori has been transmitted via inadequately disinfected endoscopes. Finally, hepatitis C may be acquired by healthcare personnel by percutaneous or mucous membrane exposure to blood or between patients by use of contaminated blood products or via environmental contamination. Rigorous adherence to Standard Precautions, Contact Precautions for patients with infectious diarrhea, disinfection of environmental surfaces, and appropriate disinfection of endoscopes are adequate to prevent nosocomial acquisition of these pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Child-care practices: effects of social change on the epidemiology of infectious diseases and antibiotic resistance.

The increasing number of mothers of young children in the work force and the resultant escalated use of child-care facilities has had a marked effect on the epidemiology of infectious diseases in young children. Children attending child care are at high risk for respiratory and gastrointestinal tract illnesses. The high prevalence of infectious diseases in the child-care setting is accompanied by high usage of antibiotics, which in turn has resulted in spread of antibiotic-resistant organisms. The infectious disease standards of the American Public Health Association/American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines were developed to prevent and limit transmission of infectious diseases in the child-care setting. Adherence to these standards is essential but will not completely eliminate the increased risk of infectious diseases in child-care settings. New challenges need to be addressed to assure that optimal health promotion and disease prevention is practiced in child-care settings. We approach the 21st century with a vast amount of medical knowledge, molecular technology, highly effective vaccines, and powerful antimicrobial agents. However, at the same time we face many unsolved serious problems, such as preventing or controlling the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant organisms that adversely affect our ability to treat infectious diseases. Further research is needed concerning the relations between child care, the use of antibiotics, and transmission of antibiotic-resistant organisms in order to design and implement the most effective strategies for preventing or controlling antibiotic resistance. The potential risk for transmission of HIV in the child-care setting also needs to be recognized, and procedures to prevent transmission of blood-borne pathogens need to be followed. Monitoring compliance with national standards for child-care facilities, dissemination of information concerning infectious diseases and use of antibiotics, and development and use of new vaccines are strategies which should be used to help protect the health of children in child-care environments.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

The need for a military public health laboratory symposium.

The Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System has a mission to identify vulnerabilities in the military health system related to the occurrence of emerging infectious diseases. Public health laboratory (PHL) functions are critical to the detection and control of emerging infectious diseases and were assessed. Four important services were evaluated: (1) surveillance for antibiotic resistance, (2) laboratory-based infectious disease surveillance, (3) provision of diagnostic services for uncommon infections, and (4) specimen referral and information transfer within a defined PHL infrastructure. Initial assessments identified several shortcomings and a lack of information about PHL functions. Therefore, a PHL symposium was held in September 1999 to define the state of civilian and military PHL functions, identify problems and interventions, and encourage civilian-military networking. After the symposium, selected attendees met in two workshop groups. One addressed the first two functions; the other addressed the last two.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed1991

Would control of childhood infectious diseases reduce malnutrition?

Infectious diseases and especially diarrheal diseases have been noted to have an adverse effect on the growth of underprivileged children in developing countries. Diarrheal diseases have been estimated to account for 10-80% of growth retardation in the first few years of life, with the magnitude of effect possibly modified by other factors, such as the adequacy and source of dietary intake, treatment and feeding practices during and following illness and the opportunity for catch-up growth after illness. In the only study in which infectious diseases and routine dietary intake have been evaluated simultaneously, inadequate dietary intake rather than infectious diseases, was found to have the predominant role in growth faltering. Although reduction in infectious diseases is desirable for many reasons, the relative feasibility and cost of this approach to improve nutritional status must be compared with more direct nutrition interventions.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Secular trends in the epidemiology of major infectious diseases among Israeli soldiers.

BACKGROUND: Army personnel, albeit in general young and healthy, are at greater risk for infectious morbidity owing to higher crowding, compromised hygienic conditions, and exposure to new geographic and climatic factors. We describe the changing trends in the incidence of major infectious diseases of public health importance in the Israeli military: hepatitis A, measles, meningococcal disease, and diarrheal diseases. METHODS: Departments of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics of the Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps monitor the incidence of infectious diseases within the military. Notifiable diseases are predefined and their reporting is mandatory. RESULTS: The incidence of hepatitis has declined significantly since the introduction of prophylaxis with immune serum globulin in the 1970s, and complete control of outbreaks has been achieved. Outbreaks of diarrheal diseases have decreased, probably as a result of intensive control measures begun in the last decade. However, sporadic diarrheal morbidity continues to rise. The vaccination of recruits against Neisseria meningitidis was begun in 1994, following an increase in cases caused by serogroup C bacteria. So far, the program has proved efficacious in reducing morbidity. Measles morbidity in the military was much higher than in the civilian sector over the years. It has become negligible since 1995, when the first cohorts with 2 vaccination doses began their service. CONCLUSION: Despite improvements in personal and environmental health measures, immunization remains the most efficient means for preventing infectious diseases in the military.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Disease surveillance and the academic, clinical, and public health communities.

The Emerging Infections Programs (EIPs), a population-based network involving 10 state health departments and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, complement and support local, regional, and national surveillance and research efforts. EIPs depend on collaboration between public health agencies and clinical and academic institutions to perform active, population-based surveillance for infectious diseases; conduct applied epidemiologic and laboratory research; implement and evaluate pilot prevention and intervention projects; and provide capacity for flexible public health response. Recent EIP work has included monitoring the impact of a new conjugate vaccine on the epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease, providing the evidence base used to derive new recommendations to prevent neonatal group B streptococcal disease, measuring the impact of foodborne diseases in the United States, and developing a systematic, integrated laboratory and epidemiologic method for syndrome-based surveillance.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2005

Limits to forecasting precision for outbreaks of directly transmitted diseases.

BACKGROUND: Early warning systems for outbreaks of infectious diseases are an important application of the ecological theory of epidemics. A key variable predicted by early warning systems is the final outbreak size. However, for directly transmitted diseases, the stochastic contact process by which outbreaks develop entails fundamental limits to the precision with which the final size can be predicted. METHODS AND FINDINGS: I studied how the expected final outbreak size and the coefficient of variation in the final size of outbreaks scale with control effectiveness and the rate of infectious contacts in the simple stochastic epidemic. As examples, I parameterized this model with data on observed ranges for the basic reproductive ratio (R0) of nine directly transmitted diseases. I also present results from a new model, the simple stochastic epidemic with delayed-onset intervention, in which an initially supercritical outbreak (R0 > 1) is brought under control after a delay. CONCLUSION: The coefficient of variation of final outbreak size in the subcritical case (R0 < 1) will be greater than one for any outbreak in which the removal rate is less than approximately 2.41 times the rate of infectious contacts, implying that for many transmissible diseases precise forecasts of the final outbreak size will be unattainable. In the delayed-onset model, the coefficient of variation (CV) was generally large (CV > 1) and increased with the delay between the start of the epidemic and intervention, and with the average outbreak size. These results suggest that early warning systems for infectious diseases should not focus exclusively on predicting outbreak size but should consider other characteristics of outbreaks such as the timing of disease emergence.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1980

Controlling the exotic diseases: 1. Isolation facilities.

The exotic diseases are highly virulent transmissible conditions that include Lassa fever, some viral hemorrhagic fevers, smallpox and plague. Any of these diseases could be brought into or diagnosed in Canada as the result of natural or laboratory acquired infection. The patients must be isolated until the presumptive diagnosis is proved. High-security isolation is necessary and needs to be backed up by high-security laboratory services. In Canada facilities for high-security isolation are generally not available; therefore, hospitals must preplan and be ready to effect the best possible isolation under the existing conditions. The plan should address construction, ventilation, filtration, temperature and humidity, together with protective measures for staff and careful handling of laboratory specimens. Materials the patient has contacted and areas or vehicles he or she has been in will have to be decontaminated, and appropriate, safe disposal of corpses must be considered.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Emerging infectious diseases in Alaska and the Arctic: a review and a strategy for the 21st century.

Emergence of new, previously unknown, and drug-resistant infectious diseases pose a major threat to global health. The emergence of infectious diseases in Alaska and the Arctic parallels the resurgence of infectious diseases worldwide. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has developed a strategy to revitalize the capacity to protect the public from emerging infectious diseases by improving four major public health activities: surveillance and response, applied research, infrastructure and training, and prevention and control. The plan targets high-priority emerging infectious disease problems and particular groups of people at increased risk. These target areas encompass a number of diseases of special concern in Alaska, such as drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, foodborne botulism, alveolar hydatid disease, viral hepatitis, Helicobacter pylori infections, Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteremia and meningitis, and infections of immunocompromised persons, pregnant women and newborns, and tourists. To address these and other emerging infectious disease issues, including the threat of bioterrorism in Alaska and the Arctic, future issues of Alaska Medicine will include updates on specific emerging infectious diseases for health care providers, clinical laboratory workers, and community public health professionals who form the front lines for recognizing, treating, and preventing emerging infectious diseases.

Alaska↗
PubMed1996

[Risk assessment and risk prevention in infectious diseases].

The purpose of risk assessment is to provide source data to state and local health agencies and other administrative departments to aid in the development of approaches for risk management and preventive strategies. In respect of the far reaching consequences it is necessary to have evaluated and accepted measures for the risk assessment. The system of risk assessment was developed in the USA for the assessment of chemical substances and includes the identification of the hazard, the exposure assessment, the dose-response-assessment and the risk assessment. Basis for the risk assessment are detailed information of the chemical substance or the pathogen and epidemiologic data. Preventive strategies and risk management like the stop of production have great social and economic consequences. Risk management must be highly effective. In a historic review it is described that in the past of the former centuries infectious diseases were tried to prevent or control in a wrong manner in consequence of the lack of knowledge about the etiology of infectious diseases. Since Robert Koch there was the beginning of an effective risk assessment and management of infectious diseases. Long time in this century it was thought that infectious diseases wouldn't play any role for the public health. Now it is clear that infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death and disability in the developed and underdeveloped countries and that the risk potential is increasing. Therefore risk-assessment and risk-management developed formerly for chemical substances are necessary for infectious diseases. Specific criteria for-the risk assessment for infectious diseases which are different to chemical substances are discussed like illness related, pathogen related, host related, transmission related factors and general aspects. The most important measures for risk management are discussed.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1998

Understanding immunology in disease development and control.

Two functional aspects of the avian immune system, the humoral and the cell-mediated arms, provide the basis for the preventive and protective response against disease-causing microorganisms. On the other hand, certain avian diseases may induce a transient or permanent immunosuppressive state in one or both of these arms, leading to increased disease susceptibility. In addition to the classical immune response, manifested as antibody production or effector cell activation several cytokines and metabolites are also produced. The consequence of cytokine- and metabolite-mediated microenvironments may be either beneficial or result in a noninfectious immunopathology. Nevertheless, the integrity of the immune system and its functional modulation by factors such as genetics, nutrition, and prophylactic approaches continue to be an important focus of attention in current poultry research and production efforts.

Animals↗