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Results for “GANGLIA, SPINAL”

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PubMed1992

Unusual glial cells in sensory ganglia.

Unusual glial cells not related with perikarya or fibres were observed with the electron microscope in dorsal root spinal ganglia. These interstitial cells were very electron dense, with big and irregularly shaped nucleus and scanty organelles. They occurred immersed in the endoneurial space tissue, with no basal lamina and presented no contacts with other cells. In addition to these interstitial cells present both in kittens and adult cats, younger kitten sensory ganglia contained refringent glial cells.

Aging↗

PubMed1984

Protection against establishment of latent infections in mice immunized with a non-pathogenic herpes simplex virus mutant and reinfected with the pathogenic parental strain.

Immunization of hairless mice with a TK-, ACVr, non-pathogenic herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 mutant protected the mice against reinfection with lethal doses of the parental pathogenic HSV strain. The protection conferred by the mutant against the establishment of latency after reinfection with the parental strain was dependent on the site of reinfection; after reinfection at the same site, only 2% of mice became latently infected, compared to 32% after reinfection at a distant site. When inoculation with the mutant was done at two different sites, single reinfections at any site led to the establishment of latency in 4% of the mice. The mutant by itself was almost completely latency-negative: only 4.5% of the mice developed latency in trigeminal ganglia and 2.3% in the spinal ganglia. The rate of mutant-induced latent infections is partly related to the dose of the virus; however, lower doses of the mutant may not colonize the ganglia, and therefore fail to protect against challenge infections.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus in congenitally athymic mice: the relative roles of cell-mediated and humoral immunity.

Athymic nude (nu/nu) mice were inoculated in the ear pinna with 10(4) p.f.u. herpes simplex virus type 1 (strain SC 16). Initially, the virus was observed to replicate in the pinna, spreading via a neurological route to the dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord, brain and adrenal glands. Following the transfer of lymphoid cells from day 7 herpesvirus-infected hairy immunocompetent donors into infected nude mice, virus was not isolated from the pinna and nervous system of the majority of the mice. The passive transfer of neutralizing polyclonal anti-herpesvirus serum or neutralizing monoclonal anti-gp D serum did not reduce infectivity in the pinna, but markedly reduced the amount of virus in the ganglia and spinal cord. These data suggest that neutralizing antibodies play an important role in restricting the movement of virus to the nervous system, whereas cell-mediated immune (CMI) mechanisms are essential for eliminating virus from the pinna.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Neuronal expression of Fos-like protein along the afferent pathway of the milk-ejection reflex in the sheep.

This study was designed to reveal the relay stations of the afferent branch of the milk-ejection reflex in the sheep, by examining the effect of nipple stimulation on the expression of Fos protein along the spino-hypothalamic axis. Immunocytochemical detection of Fos protein after manual nipple stimulation in nonlactating ewes revealed immunolabeled neurons located exclusively ipsilaterally in the 3rd and 4th lumbar spinal ganglia, the medial part of laminae I-III of the 3rd and 4th lumbar spinal segments, the lateral cervical nucleus, the dorsal column nuclei, and bilaterally in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. These findings selectively demonstrate for the first time those cell groups mediating the neuroendocrine effects of nipple stimulation.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1988

Neurons projecting rostrally in the hypogastric nerve of the cat.

Afferent, pre- and postganglionic nerve cell bodies projecting rostrally in the hypogastric nerve have been labelled retrogradely with horseradish peroxidase, in order to study number and location of these neurons. Labelled somata were found in the ganglia of the pelvic plexus, in sacral spinal ganglia and in the sacral spinal cord. They were located mainly ipsilateral with a maximum of afferent and preganglionic neurons at the segmental level S2. The numbers of labelled cells were small (less than 3.5% of all axons in the hypogastric nerve) and varied considerably between animals. Therefore this population of neurons is probably small and of limited functional significance. Enteric neurons (probably afferent) that have their cell bodies within the pelvic viscera and project rostrally in the hypogastric nerve to the inferior mesenteric ganglion were not included in this study and might be of more functional importance.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1987

Immunohistochemical performance testing of monoclonal antibodies to neuroblastoma cells on normal adrenals, spinal and sympathetic ganglia, and neural crest tumours.

Tissue specimens of neural crest-derived structures like normal spinal and sympathetic ganglia and adrenals of adults, infants and fetuses were used as immunohistochemical test substrates for a panel of 10 monoclonal antibodies to neuroblastoma cells raised by immunization with a variety of immunogens (fetal brain, neuroblastoma cell lineages, chick retinal cells or purified Thy-1 antigen). Antigen expression varied among normal structures such as ganglion cells, satellite cells, various nerve fibres, and different cells in the adrenal cortex. This variability in immunoreactivity shown by different cell types and structures was comparable to that seen when the same panel of monoclonal antibodies was applied to neuroblastomas and to ganglioneuroblastomas of different degrees of maturation and differentiation. The neoplasms thus seemed to reflect the normal maturation in the neuroectodermally-derived structures. Also, the studies give indications as to the cell of origin of the undifferentiated neuroblastomas.

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMed1988

Neurofilament phosphorylation in axons and perikarya: immunofluorescence study of the rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia with monoclonal antibodies.

Rat dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord were stained with 12 monoclonal antibodies reacting with phosphorylated epitopes of two neurofilament proteins (NF 150K and NF 200K). Three monoclonal antibodies were axon-specific in both locations; neuronal perikarya were not stained. Nine monoclonal antibodies stained a subpopulation of neurofilament-positive sensory neurons, as indicated by double labeling experiments with polyclonal antibodies reacting with phosphorylated and dephosphorylated forms of the neurofilament protein triplet. Of these nine antibodies, two stained motor neuron perikarya in the spinal cord, while the remaining seven antibodies were axon-specific in this location. Subpopulations of stained and unstained motor neurons were not observed. With all 12 antibodies, the staining pattern in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord remained unchanged following sciatic nerve crush and ligature. The findings suggest that, in the neurofilament, some phosphorylated epitopes are axon specific, while other phosphorylated epitopes are present in both axons and perikarya. Furthermore, they suggest that differences exist between neuronal populations as to the presence of phosphorylated epitopes in perikaryal neurofilaments. It remains to be seen whether phosphorylation events in perikarya and axons have similar or different effects on neurofilament structure and function.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed2005

RhoA, RhoB, RhoC, Rac1, Cdc42, and Tc10 mRNA levels in spinal cord, sensory ganglia, and corticospinal tract neurons and long-lasting specific changes following spinal cord injury.

Inhibition of RhoA has been shown to enhance axonal regeneration following spinal cord injury. Here we mapped mRNA expression patterns of RhoA, B, and C, Rac1, Cdc42, and Tc10 in spinal cord, sensory ganglia, and sensorimotor cortex in uninjured rats, and following spinal cord injury or sham laminectomy. In the intact spinal cord, neurons displayed high levels of Rac1, Cdc42, and Tc10 mRNA hybridization signal. GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes expressed primarily RhoB and Rac1, while oligodendrocyte-like cells expressed RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. Injury caused profound, long-lasting upregulation of RhoA, Rac1, Cdc42, and Tc10 mRNA in the spinal cord, while RhoB was modestly increased and RhoC did not change. GFAP-immunoreactive reactive astrocytes exhibited a dramatic increase of RhoA mRNA expression along with increases of Rac1 and Cdc42. Injury also led to elevation of RhoA, Cdc42, and Tc10 in neurons and modest increases of RhoA, Rac1, and Tc10 in oligodendrocyte-like cells. Laminectomy caused similar, but less pronounced alterations of investigated mRNA species. In dorsal root ganglia neuronal RhoA, Rac1, Cdc42, and Tc10 mRNA levels were increased similarly by spinal cord injury and sham surgery. The CST pyramidal cells expressed Tc10 mRNA and the CST itself was Tc10-immunoreactive. Tc10-immunoreactivity disappeared distal to injury. We conclude that there are gene-specific patterns of expression of the six different Rho-GTPases in normal spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia, and that specific changes of temporal and spatial expression patterns occur in response to spinal cord injury, suggesting different roles of these GTPases in the cellular sequelae of CNS injury.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Immunohistochemical localization of bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide and substance P in primary sensory neurons.

The existence of bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide-like immunoreactivity (BN-GRP-LI) in rat sensory ganglia and spinal cord was confirmed using immunocytochemistry, gel filtration chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography combined with radioimmunoassay. Immunohistochemical studies showed that in the spinal sensory ganglia of the rat about 5% of the neurons exhibited BN-GRP-LI, whereas about 20% of the neurons exhibited substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI). The two immunoreactivities were found in different cells, but both were located in small ganglion cells. In the posterior horn of the spinal cord, BN-GRP-LI and SP-LI were located in the superficial layers, and this distribution was different from that of Met5-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity. The results are in agreement with the concept that there is a primary sensory pathway from the sensory ganglia to the spinal cord which contains BN-GRP-LI and that these neurons are separate from those containing substance P. In extracts prepared from spinal ganglia, two molecular weight forms of BN-GRP-LI were found using gel filtration chromatography. The high molecular weight form coeluted with porcine GRP and the low molecular weight form was smaller than bombesin. The low molecular weight BN-GRP-LI extracted from spinal cord was more hydrophilic than bombesin or ranatensin.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

External detection of axoplasmic flow using radionuclides.

In order to investigate the possibilities of studying the axoplasmic flow in vivo by means of radionuclide scanning 75Se-methionine was injected into the L6, L7 or S1 spinal ganglia of cats and the spread of the isotope recorded with a gamma camera. -2. After 4 hours the area of isotope distribution extended 1-2 cm cranially and caudally in the spinal cord and a further movement of 1-2 cm was noted during the following 2-5 days. -3. Scanning of removed specimens of the spinal cord, roots, ganglia and nerves confirmed the intramedullary uptake and in addition revealed an uptake in the dorsal root. Determination of the specific radioactivity showed the presence of the isotope in the ventral root and spinal nerve also, however, sufficient for scintigraphy. -4. Microautoradiographic studies with 3H-methionine demonstrated isotope uptake in axons of the dorsal roots and root entry zone of the spinal cord. Hence, the spread of the isotope was likely to have occurred by axoplasmic flow. This seems to provide a basis for further in vivo studies of this phenomenon.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Ultrastructure of supraspinal dorsal root projections in the toad. II. The cerebellar granular layer.

Following section of the left dorsal roots, degenerating fibres and boutons were observed in the granular layer of the ipsilateral cerebellum. The degenerating terminals were identified as large en passant varicosities of mossy fibres contacting the dendrites of presumptive granule cells. They contained round synaptic vesicles and neurofilaments and established Gray type I contacts. The terminals initially underwent filamentous degeneration with neurofilamentous hypertrophy, swollen mitochondria and loss of synaptic vesicles. At later survival times (6--30 days) they acquired an electron-dense appearance due to an increase and clumping of the filamentous component. After injection of horseradish peroxidase into the left cerebellum, all ipsilateral spinal ganglia showed a few (2--3%) labelled cells, indicating that a primary afferent contribution to this pathway originated from each segment of the spinal cord.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1984

On the organization of the thoracic spinal ganglion and nerve in the rat.

The location of spinal ganglion cells projecting into various thoracic spinal nerve branches in the rat has been investigated using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In addition, total numbers of myelinated and unmyelinated axons in three consecutive pairs of thoracic spinal nerves have been analyzed. The animals were perfused one to 2 days after application of HRP to thoracic spinal nerve branches and several ipsilateral spinal ganglia sectioned and processed for HRP histochemistry. Labeled cells were found in ganglia corresponding to the level of operation, as well as several adjacent rostrally and caudally located ganglia. No somatotopic organization was found within the ganglia, but occasionally a clustering of labeled cells belonging to the same peripheral nerve was observed. Pieces from three consecutive pairs of ventral and dorsal spinal nerve rami were removed from two normal rats and embedded in Vestopal. Semithin sections including the entire cross-sectional area of the rami were used to count the total number of myelinated axons. The number of unmyelinated axons was estimated by sample counting in the electron microscope. The ventral ramus of the spinal nerve contained about twice as many axons and a lower proportion of unmyelinated fibers in comparison with the dorsal ramus. Large differences in the number of axons between the two sides in pairs of spinal nerve rami and entire spinal nerves were found. These differences diminished when comparing the total number of axons from three consecutive rami or nerves on each side.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1985

The mouse blood-brain barrier and blood-nerve barrier for IgG: a tracer study by use of the avidin-biotin system.

To study the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-nerve barrier (BNB) for immunoglobulin G (IgG) we adapted the avidin-biotin system for postembedding demonstration of the tracer IgG in the central and peripheral nervous system (CNS, PNS). Normal mouse and human IgG were biotinylated and injected daily into the intraperitoneal (i.p.) space of adult BDF1 mice. After 24h, IgG was detected in blood vessels and in the interstitium of various organs, but staining was restricted to the dura mater in the CNS, to the spinal ganglia, and to the perineurium of peripheral nerves. After 4 days, IgG was also present in the endoneurial connective tissue of peripheral nerves, while the brain, spinal cord, and spinal roots remained free of IgG. Our results show a partial permeability of the normal mouse BNB for homologous and heterologous IgG.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Light microscope and immunohistological investigations on the brain of Borna disease virus-infected rabbits.

We studied the distribution and composition of perivascular cellular infiltrates and the distribution of the virus-specific antigen of Borna disease in the brains of rabbits inoculated either intracerebrally or intraperitoneally with infectious virus suspensions. Using standard histopathological and immunofluorescence techniques, there was, in all animals, a meningeal inflammatory reaction together with perivenous cellular infiltrates which were most numerous in the structures of the limbic system and basal ganglia, but also prominent in the spinal ganglia and area postrema. Studies with fluorescent anti-IgG antibody (direct technique) showed IgG in 20-25% of the cells in any one perivascular cuff, suggesting that most of the infiltrating cells were T-cells and that B-cells were fewer. Studies with virus-specific antibody showed that, in the early stages of the infection, there was evidence of a globular antigen mainly in neurons, while, at later stages, virus antigen was also demonstrated in oligodendrocytes and microgliocytes. The route of inoculation of the virus had no determining effect on the character or distribution of the cellular infiltrates or on the distribution of virus-specific antigen in the nervous system.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

[Comparative anatomy of the spinal cord of semi-aquatic, aquatic and terrestrial mammals].

Skeletotopically, cervical thickening of the spinal cord in semiwater mammals (Callorhinus ursinus, Eumetopias jubatus, Phoca larga, Phoca kurilensis, Enhydra lutris) corresponds to 4--5, and in terrestrial mammals (Ursus arctos, Vulpes vulpes)--to 3--6 cervical vertebrae. Lumbar thickening in terrestrial spicies and in Enhydra lutris is situated more caudally from the thoracic portion than in Phocidae. In a typically water animal (Phocaenoides dalli) the cervical thickening is expressed feebly, the lumbar one is absent, the epidural space is developed better than in terrestrial and semiwater animals. In Phocidae, comparing terrestrial species, bringing together of the nerve fasciculi taking their origin from the spinal cord is observed, a powerful development of a "horse tail", elongation of nerve bands, going from the spinal cord to spinal ganglia. The relative length of the spinal cord in semiwater and water animals is less than in terrestrial ones. It is stated that differences in spinal cord construction and topography of the animals in question are closely connected with their environmental conditions, functional loading and locomotor peculiarities.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1996

Sources of afferent fibers from the tongue muscles.

The afferent impulses from the tongue muscles are carried by the hypoglossal nerve, trigeminal nerve, and some of them by glossopharyngeal nerve. The main exit of afferent fibers constitutes the hypoglossal nerve. The location of the ganglion cells responsible for proprioceptive impulses are mainly in the spinal ganglia of the C1-C3 spinal nerves.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

The growth of segmental nerves from the spinal cord to the hind limb-bud in the axolotl.

It has been concluded from previous experiments involving the growth of segmental nerves from the amphibian spinal cord to the limb-bud that axons are attracted to the limb-bud region by their target tissue (Hamburger, 1929; Hughes and Tschumi, 1958). In the present study this hypothesis has been tested by obstructing the pathways over which the nerves normally grow. It was found that for those nerves which marginally obstructed far fewer axons were able to reach their target. The spinal ganglia associated with these nerves contained up to 50% fewer cells than the adjacent unobstructed segmental level. These results suggest that nerves are not attracted from the spinal cord by the target tissue, but rather that the pathways provided by the axial segmental nerves are essential if a normal number of axons are to reach their target.

Ambystoma mexicanum↗

PubMed1986

[Changes in axonal transport induced by ischemia].

Effect of ischemia, resulted from ligation of the abdominal part of the aorta, on the rate of anterograde and retrograde transport in the nervous pathways of the posterior roots has been studied in the canine spinal nerves. The anterograde transport rate is studied after injection of labelled 14C-leucine into spinal ganglia. An increased rate from 365 mm/day to 487 mm/day is revealed. The retrograde transport rate, that is estimated by means of horseradish peroxidase injected into the spinal cord, increases after the ischemia from 141 mm/day to 200 mm/day. A suggestion is made that the increase in the rate is caused by certain changes in ionic balance and osmosis produced by ischemia.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗