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PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical reactions to an adsorbed killed trivalent influenza vaccine (including A/New Jersey 8/76 antigen) with different immunization methods.

The local and general reactions of 489 individuals vaccinated with an adsorbed killed influenza vaccine (containing A/New Jersey 8/76, A/Victoria 3/75, B/Hong kong 8/73 antigens) were studied on the fourth day after vaccination. 179 participants were vaccinated by syringe, the rest by jet injector. Local indurations were observed in 7.3% of participants injected by needle versus 14.1% to 19.5%, respectively in individuals immunized with two different jet guns (Lodi, Scherer). 2 ulcerations on the injection site were found in the jet group. Complaints about local sensations were much fewer in the group injected by needle (2.8%) than in the groups injected by jet injectors (11.8-14.1%). Postvaccinal systemic reactions were similar (between 8.5-11.2%) in both groups. Febrile reactions were altogether low (2.8%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Doppler color flow in echocardiography: analytical and in-vitro investigations of the quantitative relationship between orifice flow and color jet dimensions.

The goal of this investigation was to explore the relationship between orifice flow rate and the dimensions of the resulting color jet. Equations were derived which describe flow rate as a function of the color jet dimensions, instrument characteristics, and a coefficient which represents the unknown velocity profile across the jet. Experiments in which fluid was injected at a variety of flow rates via an assortment of orifice sizes into a compliant, axisymmetric chamber were performed for comparison with the analytical results. During each injection, orifice flow rate and color jet dimensions were recorded. The experimental results were closely predicted (r = 0.97) by an equation which expresses flow rate as a function of the ratio of the color jet area and color jet length, and with a coefficient which approximates that of a parabolic velocity profile.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed2004

Blockade of brain mineralocorticoid receptors or Na+ channels prevents sympathetic hyperactivity and improves cardiac function in rats post-MI.

In rats post-myocardial infarction (MI), sympathetic hyperactivity can be prevented by blockade of brain mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). Stimulatory responses to central infusion of aldosterone can be blocked by benzamil and therefore appear to be mediated via Na+ channels, presumably epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC), in the brain. To evaluate this concept of endogenous mineralocorticoids in Wistar rats post-MI, we examined effects of blockade of MR and Na+ channels in the brain. At 3 days after coronary artery ligation, intracerebroventricular infusions were started with spironolactone (400 ng.kg(-1).h(-1)) or its vehicle, or with benzamil (4 microg.kg(-1).h(-1)) or its vehicle, using osmotic minipumps. Rats with sham ligation served as control. After 4 wk, in conscious rats, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and renal sympathetic nerve activity were recorded at rest and in response to air-jet stress, intracerebroventricular injection of the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist guanabenz, and intravenous infusion of phenylephrine and nitroprusside for baroreflex function. MI size was similar among the four groups of rats (approximately 31%). In rats treated post-MI with vehicles, cardiac function was decreased, sympathetic reactivity was enhanced, and baroreflex function was impaired. Blockade of brain Na+ channels or brain MR similarly prevented sympathetic hyperactivity and impairment of baroreflex function and improved cardiac function. These findings suggest that in rats post-MI, increased binding of endogenous agonists to MR increases ENaC activity in the brain and thereby leads to sympathetic hyperactivity and progressive left ventricular dysfunction.

Amiloride↗
PubMed1999

Brain renin-angiotensin system and ouabain-induced sympathetic hyperactivity and hypertension in Wistar rats.

In Dahl salt-sensitive rats on a high salt diet or normotensive rats with chronic central infusion of sodium, increased brain "ouabain" results in sympathetic hyperactivity and hypertension, possibly by activating the brain renin-angiotensin system. In the present study, we tested whether the hypertension caused by exogenous ouabain also depends on activation of brain renin-angiotensin system. In Wistar rats, ouabain (50 micrograms/d) was infused subcutaneously for 14 days with the use of osmotic minipumps. Concomitantly, in one group, the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker losartan (1 mg/kg per day) was infused intracerebroventricularly. On day 15, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, central venous pressure, and renal sympathetic nerve activity were recorded in conscious rats at rest and in response to air-jet stress, intracerebroventricular injection of the alpha(2)-agonist guanabenz (25 and 75 micrograms) or angiotensin II (30 ng), acute volume expansion, and ramp changes of blood pressure by +/-50 mm Hg with phenylephrine and nitroprusside. Compared with control rats, in rats treated with ouabain, resting mean arterial pressure was significantly increased (111+/-4 versus 93+/-3 mm Hg; P<0.05), and increases or decreases in mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and renal sympathetic nerve activity in response to air stress or guanabenz were enhanced significantly. These effects of ouabain were prevented when losartan was given concomitantly. Maximal slopes of arterial baroreflex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity and heart rate tended to be decreased in ouabain-treated versus control rats and were significantly increased in ouabain-treated rats with versus without losartan. No differences in cardiopulmonary baroreflex function were detected. It seems that by day 14 to 15, the central effect of ouabain on baroreflex control prevails over its peripheral sensitizing effect on baroreceptors, leading to a tendency of desensitization. These results indicate that chronic administration of ouabain activates the brain renin-angiotensin system, resulting in decreased sympathoinhibition and increased sympathoexcitation, impairment of baroreflex function, and hypertension.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1979

[Tolerance of the polyvalent adsorbed influenza vaccine Alorbat].

A good local and systemic tolerance of the influenza virus vaccine Alorbat was observed after a single administration in 469 patients or after a second administration within 4--6 weeks in 132 patients. An improved manufacturing process led to a higher purity of the vaccine (less protein) and therefore to a diminuation of systemic reactions. In most cases, the local reactions observed cannot be attributed to a local irritation by the vaccine but rather to mechanical damage to the skin and subcutaneous tissue after injection with a jet injector. None of the side-effects necessitated medical treatment as the systemic reactions regressed within a few hours and the local reactions disappeared spontaneously within a few days.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Potential impacts of water injection dredging on water quality and ecotoxicity in Limehouse Basin, River Thames, SE England, UK.

The use of water injection dredging (WID) is increasing in the UK's inland waterways and marinas. Jets of water are injected under low pressure directly into bottom sediment creating a turbulent water-sediment mixture that flows under the influence of gravity. Many of these sediments are highly contaminated and little is known of the effects of contaminant release on water quality or the risk to biota living in both the sediment and the water column. Sediment cores were collected from Limehouse Basin, a proposed WID site in SE England and current sediment toxicity was assessed using a number of techniques. Comparison of metal data to US sediment quality guidelines indicated intermediate levels of toxicity while, calculation of acid volatile sulphide to simultaneously extracted metal ratios underestimated the potential toxicity to sediment dwelling organisms. In contrast, porewater ammonia concentrations were in excess of all published ecotoxicological guidelines and indicate serious risk to biota. Re-suspension experiments were used to mimic the effects of WID on overlying water quality and ecotoxicity tests were carried out on elutriates using Daphnia magna to examine the impacts on biota. Concentrations of a range of metals in the elutriates predict that adverse biological effects would be observed during WID, however only 10% of the elutriate samples caused an adverse effect on Daphnia. Limehouse Basin is a complex aquatic environment receiving predominantly fresh waters while the sediments have high porewater chloride concentrations reminiscent of previous tidal inputs to the basin, making the choice of test organism problematic.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1975

Skin testing: a comparison of the jet injector with the Mantoux method.

Employees in a large industry in Baltimore were tested with 5 TU of purified protein derivative (PPD)-S and PPD-B using both jet injector and Mantoux methods. Wheal sizes tended to be larger among men than women and larger among blacks than whites, regardless of the technique used. Within any given race-sex group, and also within subjects, considerable systematic and nonsystematic variations in wheal size occurred when the jet injector was used. On the contrary, there was little variation in wheal size within race-sex groups when the Mantoux method was used. Mean wheal sizes elicited with the jet injector tended to be smaller than those elicited with the Mantoux method. There were also considerable differences in the reactions elicited by the 2 techniques. The Mantoux method elicited more and larger reactions than the jet injector, which suggests that the 2 injections are in some way qualitatively or quantitatively different. For jet injector tests, the frequency of reactions of different size tended to be related to the size of the wheal measured immediately after injection. This was not true for the Mantoux method. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that the jet injector method is inferior to the Mantoux method in tuberculin skin testing.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Precipitative growth templated by a fluid jet.

Tubular growth by chemical precipitation at the interface between two fluids, a jet and its surroundings, underlies the development of such important structures as chimneys at hydrothermal vents. This growth is associated with strong thermal and/or solute gradients localized at those interfaces, and these gradients, in turn, often produce radial compositional stratification of the resulting tube wall. A fundamental question underlying these processes is how the interplay between diffusion, advection, and precipitation determines the elongation rate of the tubes. Here we report experimental and theoretical results that reveal a regime in which there exists a new scaling law for tube growth. The model system studied consists of a jet of aqueous ammonia injected into a ferrous sulfate solution, precipitating iron hydroxides with varying oxidation states at the jet boundary. Despite the complex chemistry and dynamics underlying the precipitation, the tube growth exhibits a strikingly simple scaling form, with characteristic lengths and times increasing linearly with the mean velocity of the jet. These observations follow from a kinetic model of advection-dominated flows.

Letter↗
PubMed1991

Pressure support ventilation using a new tracheal gas injection tube.

In order to explore new types of jet ventilation, we tested a tracheal gas injection tube (TGIT) which included six thin capillaries and provided high pressure injection. The driving pressure was chosen to yield a plateau of inspiratory tracheal pressure of 10 cm H2O. An original controller was built to monitor spirometry and trigger injection in order to deliver both pressure controlled ventilation (PCVTGIT) and a new mode of inspiratory pressure support jet ventilation (IPSTGIT). The PVCTGIT mode maintained the same end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration as conventional ventilation with the same tidal and minute ventilation. We studied 10 patients after abdominal surgery. During spontaneous breathing, the patients were allowed to breathe through the tube, successively with and without IPSTGIT. IPSTGIT, compared with spontaneous breathing increased minute ventilation (from 5.7 (SD 1.6) to 7.1 (1.7) litre min-1) (P less than 0.001). It reduced the total work of breathing (from 0.625 (0.223) to 0.263 (0.151) J litre-1, respectively) (P less than 0.01) and the occlusion pressure (from 2.62 (1.28) to 1.36 (0.74) cm H2O, respectively) (P less than 0.01). It is concluded that this TGIT used with a specific system for sensing and triggering ventilation allows inspiratory pressure support during low frequency jet ventilation.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Reducing the risk of unsafe injections in immunization programmes: financial and operational implications of various injection technologies.

The unsafe use and disposal of injection equipment continues to put patients, health care workers, and the general community at risk of infections such as hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus. Although the potential for unsafe injection practices varies substantially with the type of equipment that is used, technology alone cannot totally eliminate the risk. A knowledge of the cost, practicality and, most importantly, the potential for misuse, is critical for selecting the most appropriate injection equipment for each immunization setting. Four types of injection equipment are currently available for administering vaccines: sterilizable needles and syringes; standard disposable needles and syringes; autodestruct needles and syringes; and jet injectors. In general, the cost per injection is lowest with sterilizable equipment and highest with autodestruct. However, only autodestruct syringes virtually eliminate the risk of unsafe injection practices. Owing to differences in cost and programme factors, in some settings it may be appropriate to use a combination of equipment. For example, autodestruct syringes may be used in areas where it is difficult to ensure adequate supervision, while in medium-sized, fixed-site clinics with safe injection practices, sterilizable equipment will be the most cost-effective.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The role of acoustic resonance in realizing the effect of high-frequency artificial ventilation of the lungs].

A new explanation of improved oxygenation during high-frequency jet ventilation has been suggested. The mechanism is based on resonance oscillations generated by oscillation and injection high-frequency jet ventilation and promoting gas penetration into the alveoli, PaO2 elevation in perimembrane layer and O2 concentration gradient increase between the alveolar and convection zones. Alveolar and bronchial fluctuations facilitate their drainage and decrease pulmonary shunting. The suggested mechanism is explained, using facts known from the practical application of high frequency jet ventilation. The advantages of combined volumic-oscillation high-frequency jet ventilation over the jet one are established, except cases of lung ventilation in patients with open bronchus and in patients transmitted to spontaneous respiration after prolonged controlled lung ventilation.

Acoustics↗
PubMed2002

Model-based estimates of risks of disease transmission and economic costs of seven injection devices in sub-Saharan Africa.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate and compare seven types of injection devices for their risks of iatrogenic transmission of bloodborne pathogens and their economic costs in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: Risk assumptions for each device and cost models were constructed to estimate the number of new hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections resulting from patient-to-patient, patient-to-health care worker, and patient-to-community transmission. Costs of device purchase and usage were derived from the literature, while costs of direct medical care and lost productivity from HBV and HIV disease were based on data collected in 1999 in Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Uganda. Multivariate sensitivity analyses using Monte Carlo simulation characterized uncertainties in model parameters. Costs were summed from both the societal and health care system payer's perspectives. FINDINGS: Resterilizable and disposable needles and syringes had the highest overall costs for device purchase, usage, and iatrogenic disease: median US dollars 26.77 and US dollars 25.29, respectively, per injection from the societal perspective. Disposable-cartridge jet injectors and automatic needle-shielding syringes had the lowest costs, US dollars 0.36 and US dollars 0.80, respectively. Reusable-nozzle jet injectors and auto-disable needle and syringes were intermediate, at US dollars 0.80 and US dollars 0.91, respectively, per injection. CONCLUSION: Despite their nominal purchase and usage costs, conventional needles and syringes carry a hidden but huge burden of iatrogenic disease. Alternative injection devices for the millions of injections administered annually in sub-Saharan Africa would be of value and should be considered by policy-makers in procurement decisions.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed1996

[High-frequency jet ventilation with the HFV 970 prototype in laryngeal microsurgery: comparison of 2 injection systems].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the results obtained with the use of a high frequency jet ventilation system with the HFV 970 prototype through two types of injector, an intratracheal cannula and an endotracheal tube, in 12 patients undergoing laryngoscopic microsurgery. PATIENTS AND METHOD: After anesthetic induction with propofol and succinylcholine, an intratracheal cannula was placed in the patients in group A by way of cricothyroid membrane puncture. The tracheas of group B patients were intubated with a number 7 tube, through which was inserted the same type of cannula as had been used with group A patients. A prototype Servo HFV 970 respirator was used with the following protocol: minute volume 120 ml/min, inspiratory time 30%, respiratory rate 120 cycles/min and a FiO2 of 1. Anesthesia was maintained with propofol in continuous perfusion. The parameters studied were peak airway pressure, PCO2, PO2 and pH. Data were recorded at baseline and every 5 min thereafter until the end of surgery. RESULTS: During high frequency jet ventilation there were no statistically significant differences between groups A and B with respect to peak airway pressure. PCO2 in group A increased significantly during surgery, while in group B it decreased significantly. Oxygenation was excellent in both groups, being significantly higher than baseline values at all times studied, with no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Our results for the efficacy of ventilation and oxygenation with the prototype HFV 970 are similar to those published for conventional high frequency jet ventilation. Using a tracheal tube assures adequate ventilation, but supposes a tendency to entrapment, whereas use of an intratracheal cannula is associated with lower ventilatory efficacy and less entrapment. Oxygenation is excellent with both systems.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Trial of sclerosing agents in patients with oesophageal varices.

Forty-five cirrhotic patients with oesophageal varices underwent endoscopic injection sclerotherapy in a prospective randomized trial carried out to compare two sclerosing agents (5 per cent ethanolamine oleate and 2 per cent sodium tetradecyl sulphate (STD] with respect to safety, efficacy and complications. Twenty-three patients were allocated to the ethanolamine group and twenty-two to the STD group. The rate of control of acute bleeding was 100 per cent (6/6) in the ethanolamine group and 75 per cent (3/4) in the STD group. There was a significantly lower rate of postinjection bleeding after the over-tube was removed at the initial session of sclerotherapy when ethanolamine was injected 0/23 versus 7/22, 32 per cent; P less than 0.01) and at the second session there was a significantly (P less than 0.01) higher rate of jet-like bleeding from injection sites in the STD group (6/21, 29 per cent) than in the ethanolamine group (0/22). The disappearance rate of red colour signs 1 week after the initial session of sclerotherapy in the ethanolamine group was 100 per cent and 62 per cent in the STD group. Early oesophageal ulcers developed less frequently in the ethanolamine group (0 and 9 per cent) than in the STD group (24 per cent and 43 per cent both after the initial (P less than 0.05) and the second session of sclerotherapy (P less than 0.01]. Early bleeding from an oesophageal ulcer occurred only in the STD group (5/21, 24 per cent) before the third session of sclerotherapy (P less than 0.05). The rate of early mortality did not differ between the two groups. We conclude that ethanolamine seems to be safer and more efficacious than STD for sclerosing oesophageal varices.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1979

[Possibility of using the BI-3 jet injector for gamma globulin administration].

The results of weighing glass flasks before and after "shooting" preparations varying in viscosity into these flasks from type BI-3 jet injectors indicated that the ejected dose of gamma globulin corresponded to the preset value. Studies carried out by means of radioisotyope technique with the use of Tc99m showed that the intramuscular injection of gamma globulin with type BI-3 jet injector resulted in 75% of the preset dose penetrating the body. For this reason in mass vaccination against Botkin's disease the dose of the preparation in the injector should be increased by 1/3.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1978

Neurodermatitis and intralesional steroids.

The present work describes the results of treatment of 30 cases of neurodermatitis circumscripta by intralesional injections which were given by Dermo-Jet. 15 cases were treated with triamcinolone acetonide (0.25 mg/cm2 of the skin) and the rest with aqua distillata every week for 8 weeks and were followed for another 4 weeks. The results of treatment were excellent in 66% of triamcinolone treated cases and 46% of aqua distillata treated cases. The difference in the response was statistically insignificant. So we conclude that aqua distillata might have worked as suggestion therapy in emotionally labile individuals.

Female↗
PubMed2002

Subcutaneous lidocaine delivered by jet-injector for pain control before IV catheterization in the ED: the patients' perception and preference.

To evaluate patients' perceptions and preferences concerning pain control during intravenous (IV) catheterization, a sample of 50 adult patients received subcutaneous lidocaine (0.2 mL 1%) by jet injector, or no anesthetic with a sham injection before IV catheterization. Visual analog scale (VAS), pain intensity score (PIS), and adverse reactions were recorded. A significant difference existed in the scores of patients who received lidocaine versus those who did not VAS (P <.001) PIS (P <.004). Patients' receiving lidocaine via jet-injector experienced more minor and potentially preventable adverse effects such as mild bruising and trauma to the veins. Patients in both groups (84% overall) preferred local anesthesia based on this experience. Using the jet-injector to provide local anesthesia before IV catheterization in the ED is effective, fast, and does not require sharps disposal and handling precautions.

Adolescent↗